Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Mediation effect of stroke recurrence in the association between post-stroke lactate dehydrogenase and functional disability","authors":"Qian He, Miaoran Wang, Haoyue Zhu, Ying Xiao, Rui Wen, Xiaoqing Liu, Yangdi Shi, Linzhi Zhang, Yu Wang, Bing Xu","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2024.1450863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1450863","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundWe aimed to use lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a marker of inflammation burden and quantify post-stroke inflammation’s direct and indirect effect on functional disability.MethodsWe analyzed 5,129 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) admitted to Shenyang First People’s Hospital. Stroke recurrence and functional outcome measured by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were assessed at 90 days. Functional disability was defined as mRS score > 2. Receiver operating characteristic curve and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis were conducted to illustrate the associations between LDH levels and 90-day functional outcomes in patients with AIS. Mediation analyses were performed to examine the potential causal chain in which stroke recurrence may mediate the relationship between LDH and functional outcome. Positive correlation between LDH and hs-CRP was found and mediation effects of stroke recurrence in the association between LDH or hs-CRP and functional disability were both less than 20%. Sensitivity analyses in different subgroups showed comparable results.ResultsAmong 5,129 included AIS patients, the median (IQR) level of LDH was 186 (161–204.4) U/L. Functional disability was seen in 1200 (23.4%) patients and recurrence was observed in 371(7.2%) patients at 90-day follow-up. Each standard deviation increase in the concentration of LDH was linked to an increased risk of functional disability (adjusted odds ratio[aOR], 1.07; 95%CI,1.04–1.09) and stroke recurrence (aOR,1.02; 95%CI, 1.01–1.04) within 90 days. The highest quartile of LDH (>204.2 U/L) had an elevated risk of suffering functional disability (aOR, 1.21; 95%CI, 1.00–1.47) and recurrence (aOR, 1.21; 95%CI,1.00–1.47) compared with the lowest quartile of LDH (<161 U/L). Stroke recurrence during follow-up explained 12.90% (95%CI, 6.22–21.16%) of the relationship between LDH and functional disability. Positive correlation between LDH and hs-CRP was found and mediation effects of recurrence in the association between LDH or hs-CRP and functional disability were both less than 20%. Sensitivity analyses in different subgroups showed comparable results.ConclusionThe relationship between LDH and functional disability at 90 days among AIS patients is partially mediated by stroke recurrence, accounting for less than 20%. LDH deserves equal attention as hs-CRP in predicting recurrence and functional outcome. In addition to traditional secondary prevention measures, innovative anti-inflammatory strategies warrant further investigation.","PeriodicalId":12450,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge mapping of ferroptosis in Parkinson’s disease: a bibliometric analysis: 2012–2023","authors":"Juanqin Li, Yanli Wang, Jing Huang, Daokai Gong","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2024.1433325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1433325","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundFerroptosis is a crucial pathogenic mechanism in Parkinson’s disease, offering significant potential for pharmacological intervention. Despite its importance, the number of bibliometric analyses examining the relationship between ferroptosis and Parkinson’s disease remains limited. This study aims to elucidate the knowledge structure and primary research focuses within this field using various bibliometric tools search.Materials and methodsWe conducted a comprehensive literature son ferroptosis in Parkinson’s disease using the Web of Science Core Collection database. Bibliometric analyses and visualizations were performed with VOSviewer, examining the geographical and institutional distribution of publications, journal interconnections, and keyword prevalence. Furthermore, CiteSpace was used to visually explore and analyze journal interactions and citation dynamics. The bibliometrix R package facilitated the delineation of collaborative networks across different countries and the construction of visual network representations illustrating relationships among authors, keywords, and journals. Data visualization was further enhanced with Microsoft Office Excel 2021.ResultsRecently, there has been a significant increase in publications on ferroptosis, with China emerging as a leading contributor in this research area. Keyword analysis highlights the critical role of ferroptosis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, identifying GPX4 as a key enzyme mitigating lipid peroxidation. This study also elucidates the connections and distinctions between ferroptosis and other cell death processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis. Current research primarily focuses on immunotherapy, prognosis, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and the tumor microenvironment.ConclusionThis study provides a comprehensive initial analysis of the research landscape, identifying current focal points and potential future directions for ferroptosis research in Parkinson’s disease. The findings leverage a variety of bibliometric methodologies to offer valuable insights into this emerging field.","PeriodicalId":12450,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling in aging","authors":"Yihao Li, Li You, Eugenie Nepovimova, Vojtech Adam, Zbynek Heger, Klaudia Jomova, Marian Valko, Qinghua Wu, Kamil Kuca","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2024.1453710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1453710","url":null,"abstract":"Aging encompasses a wide array of detrimental effects that compromise physiological functions, elevate the risk of chronic diseases, and impair cognitive abilities. However, the precise underlying mechanisms, particularly the involvement of specific molecular regulatory proteins in the aging process, remain insufficiently understood. Emerging evidence indicates that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) serves as a potential regulator within the intricate molecular clock governing aging-related processes. JNK demonstrates the ability to diminish telomerase reverse transcriptase activity, elevate β-galactosidase activity, and induce telomere shortening, thereby contributing to immune system aging. Moreover, the circadian rhythm protein is implicated in JNK-mediated aging. Through this comprehensive review, we meticulously elucidate the intricate regulatory mechanisms orchestrated by JNK signaling in aging processes, offering unprecedented molecular insights with significant implications and highlighting potential therapeutic targets. We also explore the translational impact of targeting JNK signaling for interventions aimed at extending healthspan and promoting longevity.","PeriodicalId":12450,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep-learning-based segmentation of perivascular spaces on T2-Weighted 3T magnetic resonance images","authors":"Die Cai, Minmin Pan, Chenyuan Liu, Wenjie He, Xinting Ge, Jiaying Lin, Rui Li, Mengting Liu, Jun Xia","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2024.1457405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1457405","url":null,"abstract":"PurposeStudying perivascular spaces (PVSs) is important for understanding the pathogenesis and pathological changes of neurological disorders. Although some methods for automated segmentation of PVSs have been proposed, most of them were based on 7T MR images that were majorly acquired in healthy young people. Notably, 7T MR imaging is rarely used in clinical practice. Herein, we propose a deep-learning-based method that enables automatic segmentation of PVSs on T2-weighted 3T MR images.MethodTwenty patients with Parkinson’s disease (age range, 42–79 years) participated in this study. Specifically, we introduced a multi-scale supervised dense nested attention network designed to segment the PVSs. This model fosters progressive interactions between high-level and low-level features. Simultaneously, it utilizes multi-scale foreground content for deep supervision, aiding in refining segmentation results at various levels.ResultOur method achieved the best segmentation results compared with the four other deep-learning-based methods, achieving a dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.702. The results of the visual count of the PVSs in our model correlated extremely well with the expert scoring results on the T2-weighted images (basal ganglia: rs = 0.845, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; rs = 0.868, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; centrum semiovale: rs = 0.845, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001; rs = 0.823, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001 for raters 1 and 2, respectively). Experimental results show that the proposed method performs well in the segmentation of PVSs.ConclusionThe proposed method can accurately segment PVSs; it will facilitate practical clinical applications and is expected to replace the method of visual counting directly on T1-weighted images or T2-weighted images.","PeriodicalId":12450,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alteration in temporal-cerebellar effective connectivity can effectively distinguish stable and progressive mild cognitive impairment.","authors":"Chen Xue,Darui Zheng,Yiming Ruan,Wenxuan Guo,Jun Hu,","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2024.1442721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1442721","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundStable mild cognitive impairment (sMCI) and progressive mild cognitive impairment (pMCI) represent two distinct subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Early and effective diagnosis and accurate differentiation between sMCI and pMCI are crucial for administering targeted early intervention and preventing cognitive decline. This study investigated the intrinsic dysconnectivity patterns in sMCI and pMCI based on degree centrality (DC) and effective connectivity (EC) analyses, with the goal of uncovering shared and distinct neuroimaging mechanisms between subtypes.MethodsResting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging combined with DC analysis was used to explore the functional connectivity density in 42 patients with sMCI, 31 patients with pMCI, and 82 healthy control (HC) participants. Granger causality analysis was used to assess changes in EC based on the significant clusters found in DC. Furthermore, correlation analysis was conducted to examine the associations between altered DC/EC values and cognitive function. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the accuracy of abnormal DC and EC values in distinguishing sMCI from pMCI.ResultsCompared with the HC group, both pMCI and sMCI groups exhibited increased DC in the left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), left posterior cerebellum lobe (CPL), and right cerebellum anterior lobe (CAL), along with decreased DC in the left medial frontal gyrus. Moreover, the sMCI group displayed reduced EC from the right CAL to bilateral CPL, left superior temporal gyrus, and bilateral caudate compared with HC. pMCI demonstrated elevated EC from the right CAL to left ITG, which was linked to episodic memory and executive function. Notably, the EC from the right CAL to the right ITG effectively distinguished sMCI from pMCI, with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.5806, 0.9512, and 0.828, respectively.ConclusionThis study uncovered shared and distinct alterations in DC and EC between sMCI and pMCI, highlighting their involvement in cognitive function. Of particular significance are the unidirectional EC disruptions from the cerebellum to the temporal lobe, which serve as a discriminating factor between sMCI and pMCI and provide a new perspective for understanding the temporal-cerebellum. These findings offer novel insights into the neural circuit mechanisms involving the temporal-cerebellum connection in MCI.","PeriodicalId":12450,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142267196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of spontaneous brain activity in distinguishing parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy from Parkinson’s disease at an early stage","authors":"Shichan Wang, Yi Xiao, Yanbing Hou, Chunyu Li, Lingyu Zhang, Ruwei Ou, Qianqian Wei, Junyu Lin, Tianmi Yang, Ningning Che, Qirui Jiang, Xiaoting Zheng, Jiyong Liu, Huifang Shang","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2024.1427991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1427991","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundThe overlapping clinical manifestations in parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA-P) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) can complicate clinical diagnostic accuracy, particularly in the early stage. The study aims to uncover the patterns of brain function in the initial phase of the two conditions.MethodsWe recruited 24 MSA-P patients, 34 PD patients and 27 healthy controls (HC). Voxel-wise fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) was compared to characterize regional brain function, followed by seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to examine the diagnostic accuracy of fALFF.ResultsCompared to HC, decreased fALFF was observed in the bilateral basal ganglia (BG) of MSA-P patients, while decreased fALFF was identified in the left BG of PD patients. Additionally, elevated fALFF was found in the superior cerebellum for MSA-P patients and the temporo-occipital cortex for PD patients. Furthermore, PD patients exhibited increased FC in the cortico-striatal loop compared to MSA-P patients. The fALFF of the left caudate distinguished MSA-P from HC with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.838 (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and from PD with an AUC of 0.772 (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). The fALFF of the left putamen distinguished PD from HC with an AUC of 0.736 (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.002).ConclusionOur findings indicated common and distinct abnormalities in spontaneous brain activity within BG, cerebellum, and cortices in early-stage MSA-P and PD patients. PD patients employed more compensatory mechanisms than MSA-P patients. Furthermore, fALFF may aid in early differentiation between MSA-P and PD.","PeriodicalId":12450,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of capillary dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease","authors":"S. Vorobev, S. Yanishevskiy, S. Efimtsev, A. Sokolov, V. Dyachuk","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2024.1458455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1458455","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is currently considered the major cause of cognitive impairment in older adults. This explains the close attention to the issue of AD research. The pathomorphological basis of the disease is a neurodegenerative process, the early stages of which are formed in the hippocampus and the morphofunctionally deep parts of the temporal lobes of the brain closely related to it. Several hypotheses have been advanced concerning the causes of neurodegeneration: the amyloid hypothesis, the calcium homeostasis impairment hypothesis, the inflammatory hypothesis, and the prion hypothesis. However, these hypotheses cannot explain the early stages of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease. This health problem requires further comprehensive study of available data, as well as additional investigations to determine the nature of such a process. In this review, the data on microcirculatory disorders in the capillaries of the hippocampus and mediobasal structures of the temporal lobes of the brain, which may be an initiating factor that triggers neurodegenerative events, are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":12450,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction: Testosterone protects mitochondrial function and regulates neuroglobin expression in astrocytic cells exposed to glucose deprivation.","authors":"","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2024.1485294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1485294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00152.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12450,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11389462/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142283134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of cross-talk pathways and PANoptosis-related genes in periodontitis and Alzheimer’s disease by bioinformatics analysis and machine learning","authors":"Xiantao Chen, Yifei Dai, Yushen Li, Jiajun Xin, Jiatong Zou, Rui Wang, Hao Zhang, Zhihui Liu","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2024.1430290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1430290","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectivesPeriodontitis (PD), a chronic inflammatory disease, is a serious threat to oral health and is one of the risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A growing body of evidence suggests that the two diseases are closely related. However, current studies have not provided a comprehensive understanding of the common genes and common mechanisms between PD and AD. This study aimed to screen the crosstalk genes of PD and AD and the potential relationship between cross-talk and PANoptosis-related genes. The relationship between core genes and immune cells will be analyzed to provide new targets for clinical treatment.Materials and methodsThe PD and AD datasets were downloaded from the GEO database and differential expression analysis was performed to obtain DEGs. Overlapping DEGs had cross-talk genes linking PD and OP, and PANoptosis-related genes were obtained from a literature review. Pearson coefficients were used to compute cross-talk and PANoptosis-related gene correlations in the PD and AD datasets. Cross-talk genes were obtained from the intersection of PD and AD-related genes, protein-protein interaction(PPI) networks were constructed and cross-talk genes were identified using the STRING database. The intersection of cross-talk and PANoptosis-related genes was defined as cross-talk-PANoptosis genes. Core genes were screened using ROC analysis and XGBoost. PPI subnetwork, gene-biological process, and gene-pathway networks were constructed based on the core genes. In addition, immune infiltration on the PD and AD datasets was analyzed using the CIBERSORT algorithm.Results366 cross-talk genes were overlapping between PD DEGs and AD DEGs. The intersection of cross-talk genes with 109 PANoptosis-related genes was defined as cross-talk-PANoptosis genes. ROC and XGBoost showed that MLKL, DCN, IL1B, and IL18 were more accurate than the other cross-talk-PANoptosis genes in predicting the disease, as well as better in overall characterization. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the four core genes were involved in immunity and inflammation in the organism. Immune infiltration analysis showed that B cells naive, Plasma cells, and T cells gamma delta were significantly differentially expressed in patients with PD and AD compared with the normal group. Finally, 10 drugs associated with core genes were retrieved from the DGIDB database.ConclusionThis study reveals the joint mechanism between PD and AD associated with PANoptosis. Analyzing the four core genes and immune cells may provide new therapeutic directions for the pathogenesis of PD combined with AD.","PeriodicalId":12450,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in strategies for overcoming the blood–brain barrier to deliver brain-targeted drugs","authors":"Zhichuang Qu, Juan Luo, Zheng Li, Rong Yang, Jiaxi Zhao, Xin Chen, Sixun Yu, Haifeng Shu","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2024.1353003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1353003","url":null,"abstract":"The blood–brain barrier is known to consist of a variety of cells and complex inter-cellular junctions that protect the vulnerable brain from neurotoxic compounds; however, it also complicates the pharmacological treatment of central nervous system disorders as most drugs are unable to penetrate the blood–brain barrier on the basis of their own structural properties. This dramatically diminished the therapeutic effect of the drug and compromised its biosafety. In response, a number of drugs are often delivered to brain lesions in invasive ways that bypass the obstruction of the blood–brain barrier, such as subdural administration, intrathecal administration, and convection-enhanced delivery. Nevertheless, these intrusive strategies introduce the risk of brain injury, limiting their clinical application. In recent years, the intensive development of nanomaterials science and the interdisciplinary convergence of medical engineering have brought light to the penetration of the blood–brain barrier for brain-targeted drugs. In this paper, we extensively discuss the limitations of the blood–brain barrier on drug delivery and non-invasive brain-targeted strategies such as nanomedicine and blood–brain barrier disruption. In the meantime, we analyze their strengths and limitations and provide outlooks on the further development of brain-targeted drug delivery systems.","PeriodicalId":12450,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142214300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}