Frontiers in Endocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Associations of triglyceride-glucose index with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and mortality in middle-aged and elderly individuals.","authors":"Haitao Xie, Le Shen, Jianghong Li, Chuxin Lv, Tong Sun, Peng Yu, Xiaohu Chen, Shuhua Tang","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1657724","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1657724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The triglyceride-glucose (TYG) index is a simple marker for insulin resistance (IR). However, its relationship with elevated NT-proBNP levels is not well understood in middle-aged and elderly individuals without known cardiovascular diseases (CVD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study cohort data were derived from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and inpatients of the Department of Cardiology at Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (JSHTCM). Multivariable logistic regression was employed to assess the relationship between the TYG index and elevated NT-proBNP. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted risk ratio of the TYG index for all-cause mortality. Furthermore, restricted cubic spline (RCS) plots were generated to visually represent the linear or non-linear relationships between the TYG index and elevated NT-proBNP as well as all-cause mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The age-standardized prevalence of elevated NT-proBNP among middle-aged and elderly individuals was 29.21% in females and 17.08% in males. A negative correlation was observed between the TYG index and elevated NT-proBNP, study cohort 1: [T3 vs T1: OR (95% CI): 0.73 (0.55, 0.96), <i>p</i> for trend= 0.027]; study cohort 2: [β (95% CI): -37.58 (-59.11, -16.06), <i>p</i> for trend=0.002]. Each unit increase in the TYG index is correlated with a 25% increase in the adjusted risk of all-cause mortality [HR (95% CI): 1.25 (1.08, 1.44), <i>p</i>=0.003]. The RCS plots supported the multivariate regression model findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The TYG index level is negatively correlated with the incidence of elevated NT-proBNP and is associated with all-cause mortality, regardless of the presence of elevated NT-proBNP.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1657724"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12444021/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145112320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Correlation analysis of ApoB and TyG index levels with residual cardiovascular risk in patients with acute myocardial infarction.","authors":"Yuanyuan Wang, Dachuan Guo, Youzhi Wang, Jianmin Yang, Peng Li","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1699149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1699149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1542190.].</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1699149"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477763/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness and use of evidence-based cardiovascular preventive therapies in type 2 diabetes patients with established or high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.","authors":"Jian-Qing Tian, Zhi-Jun Zhang, Yi-Ting Peng, Jia-Wen Ye, Zhi-Yi Wang, Yu-Hao Lin","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1637035","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1637035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>To explore the association of evidence-based cardiovascular preventive therapies with cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients with established or high risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cohort study, we identified T2DM patients with established or high risk of ASCVD using diagnostic codes from the institutional data of Xiamen Humanity Hospital between 2018 and 2023. Cohort 1 includes participants who were visited between 2018 and 2020, with follow-up until occurrence of an endpoint or December 31, 2020. Participants who were visited between 2018 and 2023 were included in cohort 2. A total of 5,335 patients were included in cohort 1, and 17,320 patients were included in cohort 2. Primary outcomes were hazard ratios (HRs) for the composite of 3-point major adverse cardiovascular event (3-P MACE), hospitalization for heart failure (HHF), and end-stage kidney disease or doubling of serum creatinine level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Relative to patients' non-use of evidence-based cardiovascular preventive therapies, the use of at least one evidence-based cardiovascular preventive therapy was associated with a lower risk of the 3-P MACE (HR, 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 0.98), HHF (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.92) and end-stage kidney disease or doubling of the serum creatinine level (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.89) after adjustment for potential confounders. From 2018 to 2023, the use of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists increased from 2.7% to 13.7%; sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors increased from 3.9% to 16.5%; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-II receptor blockers increased from 28.1% to 43.0%; moderate-intensity statins increased from 61.6% to 70.5%; and aspirin increased from 23.7% to 32.9%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated that T2DM patients with established or high risk of ASCVD might benefit from the use of evidence-based cardiovascular preventive medications with respect to the risk of 3-P MACE, HHF, and end-stage kidney disease or doubling of the serum creatinine level. Despite a modest annual increase in the use of evidence-based cardiovascular preventive medications in T2DM individuals with established or high risk of ASCVD, multiple strategies are needed to overcome barriers to the implementation of evidence-based therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1637035"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477034/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SGLT2 inhibition attenuates diabetic tubulopathy by suppressing SGK1-mediated pyroptosis.","authors":"Xu Shi, Wei Zou, Xuehong Li, Sirui Liu, Tiantian Hu, Qiong Li, Ting Zhang, Lei Chen, Sumin Wu, Cheng Wang, Yongjie Jin","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1620230","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1620230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic tubulopathy is increasingly recognized as a pivotal contributor to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progression. Excessive pyroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells exacerbates inflammation and tissue injury. Although sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors confer renal protection, their mechanistic linkage to pyroptosis remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Renal biopsies from DKD patients, STZ-induced diabetic mice, and high glucose (HG)-stimulated HK-2 cells were analyzed. Pyroptosis markers and SGK1 signaling were assessed following SGLT2 knockdown, overexpression, or treatment with SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin (EMPA) and the SGK1 inhibitor EMD638683 (EMD).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>SGLT2 and Gasdermin D N-terminal domain (GSDMD-N) were upregulated in DKD kidneys and correlated with tubular injury and renal dysfunction. EMPA reduced pyroptosis marker expression, tubular injury, and fibrosis in diabetic mice. <i>In vitro</i>, HG induced SGLT2 upregulation, SGK1 activation, and pyroptosis in HK-2 cells, which were reversed by EMPA. SGLT2 overexpression increased SGK1 and pyroptosis even under normoglycemia, while SGK1 inhibition suppressed HG-induced pyroptosis and NF-κB activation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SGLT2 promotes diabetic tubular injury through SGK1-mediated pyroptosis. Inhibition of the SGLT2/SGK1 axis alleviates pyroptosis and offers a potential therapeutic strategy for DKD.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1620230"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12476994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryo selection at the cleavage stage using Raman spectroscopy of day 3 culture medium and machine learning: a preliminary study.","authors":"Fang Cao, Wei Xiong, Xiaohui Lu, Yanjun Luo, Rui Yan, Li Chen, Yufeng Wang, Hanbi Wang, Xiuliang Dai","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1608318","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1608318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Blastocyst transfer has been associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length in ART-conceived children, suggesting that extended embryo culture may accelerate aging in offspring. Selecting Day 3 embryos with high developmental potential for transfer could address this issue. The aim of this study is to investigate whether machine learning combined with Raman spectroscopy of spent Day 3 culture medium can serve as a potential method for predicting extended embryo culture outcomes, thereby enabling embryo selection at the cleavage stage.<b>Methods:</b> This prospective study analyzed 172 Day 3 culture medium samples with known extended culture outcomes from 78 couples collected between February 2020 and February 2021. Samples were categorized into three groups based on extended culture outcomes: morphologically good blastocysts (group A), morphologically non-good blastocysts (group B), and clinically non-useful embryos (group C). For each sample, 30-40 Raman spectra were acquired. Machine learning analyses (both unsupervised and supervised) were performed for data visualization and clustering. Eighty percent of the samples from each group were used as training data, while the remaining 20% served as the test set. Twelve machine learning models, including both deep learning and traditional approaches, were independently trained and evaluated. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for each model. Finally, the best four top-performing models were further combined using a stacking strategy for final prediction.<b>Results:</b> The study included good-prognosis females (average age: 29.55 ± 2.94 years) with an adequate number of Day 3 embryos (median: 9 [7, 11]). Supervised machine learning of labeled Raman spectra revealed distinct clusters for each group. The best-performing models were multilayer perceptron, artificial neural network, gated recurrent unit, and linear discriminant analysis. Using the stacking strategy, two samples were misclassified, and 33 were correctly predicted. Sensitivity for A, B, and C predictions was 0.92, 1.00, and 0.94, respectively. Specificity for A, B, and C predictions was 1.00, 0.93, and 1.00, respectively. The overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.94, 0.93, and 0.97, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our preliminary study suggests that machine learning combined with Raman spectra of spent Day 3 culture medium represents a promising non-invasive approach for embryo selection at the cleavage stage.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1608318"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12477197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145198861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose-response relationship between the triglyceride-glucose index and metabolic syndrome risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of 1,560 cases.","authors":"Feng Chen, Zixue Gu, Rong Peng","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1615380","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1615380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, as a novel biomarker for assessing insulin resistance, may possess predictive value for metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, its dose-response relationship requires further investigation. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between the TyG index and MS, along with their dose-response relationship, in a T2DM population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study enrolled patients with T2DM from a tertiary hospital in Chengdu between January 2018 and December 2023. Participants were stratified into quartiles (Q1-Q4) based on TyG index levels. We employed multivariable logistic regression to analyze associations between TyG index and MS and its components. Predictive performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, while restricted cubic spline analysis was utilized to examine the dose-response relationship between TyG index and MS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study included a total of 1,560 patients with T2DM. With increasing TyG index levels, patients were significantly younger, had lower HDL-C levels, higher rates of current alcohol consumption, and elevated BMI, TG, TC, LDL-C and FPG values (all P<0.05). The prevalence of MS, overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia also progressively increased with higher TyG quartiles (all P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed the TyG index was positively correlated with BMI, TG, TC, LDL-C and FPG (all P<0.001), while negatively correlated with HDL-C (P<0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that compared with the Q1 group, the Q4 group had a significantly higher risk of MS (OR=26.994), overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia (all P<0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) for TyG index in predicting MS was 0.793,with a sensitivity of 0.864 and a specificity of 0.611. Furthermore, a nonlinear dose-response relationship was observed between TyG index and MS, with MS risk increasing progressively when TyG index exceeded 9.31.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The TyG index serves as an independent predictor of MS risk in patients with T2DM, demonstrating a significant dose-response relationship with MS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1615380"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12463593/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world efficacy of MiniMed™780G recommended settings (glycemic target 100 mg/dL, active insulin time 2 hours) in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes.","authors":"Marta Bassi, Giordano Spacco, Federico Pezzotta, Margherita Di Jorgi, Giulia Siri, Andrea Pintabona, Maria Grazia Calevo, Nicola Minuto, Mohamad Maghnie","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1670266","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1670266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aims: </strong>Despite growing evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of the MiniMed™ 780G recommended settings (Glucose Target 100 mg/dL and Active Insulin Time 2 hours), their adoption in routine practice remains limited, mainly due to concerns about hypoglycemia. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of switching to these settings in pediatric and young patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective longitudinal analysis in children and young adults using MiniMed™780G system at our center. Patients who switched from their initial settings to a glucose target of 100 mg/dL and an active insulin time of 2 hours for clinical indications were included. Data were retrospectively collected 3 months after switch. Glycemic metrics were compared over the 14 days before the switch (T0) and at 1 month (T1), and 3 months (T3).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ninety-one patients with a mean age of 17.89y were included, 81.3% of whom already had a glucose target of 100 mg/dL at baseline. Therefore, in most cases the primary change was reducing AIT from 3 to 2 hours. After switching to the recommended settings, Time in Range (TIR) significantly increased (p<0.001) at T1 (71.9% <i>vs</i> 74.8%) and T3 (71.9% <i>vs</i> 75.0%). Time in target range (TITR) similarly improved from 47.2% at T0 to 51.4% at T1 and 50.9% at T3 (p<0.001) without any significant increase in time below range (TBR). The proportion of patients meeting all ADA-recommended glycemic targets rose from 29.5% at baseline to 40% at T3. Following the switch, the contribution of automatic correction boluses to the total insulin dose increased, while overall daily insulin requirements remained stable.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Switching to the recommended MiniMed™780G settings, driven primarily by AIT reduction in most patients, was safe and effective, improving glycemic control without increasing hypoglycemia. These findings support broader use of these settings in pediatric and young adult patient with type 1 diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1670266"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12463605/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Albumin: a mediator of the association between serum calcium and triglyceride-glucose index among Chinese individuals with osteoporotic fractures.","authors":"Jia-Qi Liang, Jian Xu, Yan Cao, Yin-Lin Wei, Guo-Ji Lin, Jian Jin, Chong Li, Ke Lu","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1574059","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1574059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Osteoporotic fractures (OPFs) are a major global health concern, affecting nearly 200 million individuals worldwide. Notably, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) face a heightened fracture risk, even when bone mineral density (BMD) is normal or elevated. This study investigated the associations between serum calcium (Ca), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, albumin, and their interactions in Chinese patients with OPFs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 1,541 participants who were 50 years of age or older, recruited from the Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University between January 2017 and August 2023. The primary independent and dependent variables were serum Ca and the TyG index, respectively. Albumin served as the mediating factor in this analysis. The relationship between serum Ca or albumin and the TyG index was investigated using multivariable logistic regression analyses. A mediation analysis was conducted to ascertain whether albumin mediated the relationship between serum Ca and the TyG index.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed a positive correlation between serum Ca and TyG index, with each unit increase in serum Ca associated with a 0.903 increase in TyG index. Albumin partially mediated this relationship, accounting for approximately 21.74% of the effect of serum Ca on TyG index. The models demonstrated a consistent association across various adjustments for confounding variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings suggest a mediation link between serum Ca and albumin and the risk of TyG index. The significance of albumin as a mediator deserves recognition and consideration.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1574059"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12463993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MRI-based SIR quantitative biomarkers: a novel imaging diagnostic strategy for thyroid eye disease activity staging.","authors":"Muhan Cai, Jiani Yang, Xuemei Li, Ying Hu, Hongfei Liao, Chao Xiong","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1650116","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1650116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based signal intensity ratio (SIR) between extraocular muscles and white matter/temporal muscle for staging thyroid eye disease (TED) activity, and to provide a novel approach for diagnosis in active TED patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A number of 40 patients with TED (79 eyes) and 65 controls (65 eyes) were recruited. MRI-based parameters of four extraocular muscles, ipsilateral white matter, temporal muscle, and other clinical factors were retrospectively collected. Patients were grouped according to disease activity determined by the Clinical Activity Score (CAS), and intergroup analysis was subsequently performed based on this classification. The signal intensities were measured using fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging (T2WI-FS) sequences from MRI. The SIR of the extraocular rectus muscle to that of the ipsilateral white matter represents SIR1, while the SIR of the extraocular rectus muscle to that of the ipsilateral temporalis muscle represents SIR2.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Active TED group demonstrated elevated SIR1 and SIR2 values across all rectus muscles compared to control group and inactive TED group (P<0.05), with no differences between inactive TED and controls. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified SIR2 as superior to SIR1 for most muscles, with inferior rectus SIR1 achieving the highest AUC (0.837). Based on 95% confidence intervals and cutoff values, we propose redefining TED staging: control ranges (0.936-1.019) as absolute inactive phase, active TED ranges (1.210-1.344) as absolute active phase, and transitional values (1.019-1.210) as clinical vigilance phase requiring heightened attention. The model suggests that patients currently defined as \"inactive\" by CAS may have subclinical inflammation, explaining paradoxical disease progression in some cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The signal intensity ratio (SIR) from fat-suppressed T2-weighted (T2WI-FS) sequences serves as a reliable predictor for TED activity. The 95% confidence interval (CI) for SIR values can provide a new strategy for early diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1650116"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12463646/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between triglyceride glucose-body mass index and cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and bone biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: a single-center, cross-sectional study.","authors":"Nan Xu, Kunyi Wu, Ting La, Ruo Zhang, Bo Cao","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1566818","DOIUrl":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1566818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder with significant global health implications, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors. The triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) has emerged as a novel index for assessing insulin resistance (IR) and cardiometabolic risk in T2D patients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to investigate the associations between TyG-BMI and the characteristics of cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and bone biomarkers in T2D patients, particularly in the context of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) syndrome.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a single-center, cross-sectional study involving 2,981 T2D patients. We assessed TyG-BMI and its correlations with the incidence of cardiovascular events, as well as bone, renal, and hepatic biomarkers. The study included 29 clinical characteristics of T2D patients to understand the progressive nature of T2D complications and the potential of TyG-BMI as a risk assessment tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Preliminary findings suggest a strong association between elevated TyG-BMI and increased trends of cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic, and bone biomarkers in T2D patients. The TyG-BMI showed significantly different trends among quartile subgroups for all identified key assessing indicators, indicating its potential as a convenient and effective tool for risk assessment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The TyG-BMI index is potentially associated with cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, and bone biomarkers in T2D patients. These findings could contribute to the development of strategies for the prevention and translational therapies of related complications in T2D patients, ultimately improving patient outcomes and reducing the burden on healthcare systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12447,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1566818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12463613/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}