Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"Advances and applications of engineered protein therapeutics and their role in precision medicine.","authors":"Wadha Aldossary, Nada Alqahtani, Layla Asiri, Noora Alkhurayef, Samar Alagl, Sana Alturki, Duha Saad, Mashael Al Yahya, Samah Al-Harthi","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1857362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1857362","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proteins are a vital class of biomolecules. They play essential roles in biological processes, including building cellular structures, forming cellular channels and receptors, catalyzing biological reactions, transporting molecules, and contributing to immune defense mechanisms. Advances in protein engineering have enabled the genetic modification of naturally occurring proteins, using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology, leading to the development of therapeutic proteins with enhanced specificity, stability, and clinical performance. Despite the rapid growth of engineered biologics, a comprehensive understanding of how these innovations intersect with precision medicine remains limited. This review addresses this gap by summarizing the major contemporary approaches used in therapeutic protein engineering, including directed evolution, rational design, and <i>de novo</i> protein design, and by analyzing their roles in enabling patient-tailored interventions. It provides an integrated overview of the clinical applications of engineered therapeutic proteins across key medical fields, supported by a list of U.S. Food and Drug Administration- and European Medicines Agency-approved protein therapeutics from 2020 to 2025. The review further provides a comparative perspective on major protein engineering strategies, highlighting their relative advantages and limitations, while examining differences in clinical translation across major disease areas. By combining technological advances with disease-specific applications, this review offers a perspective that has not been fully developed in the literature. Finally, the review discusses the current challenges affecting the implementation of precision medicine, including immunogenicity, regulatory constraints, and ethical considerations, and outlines future directions, such as artificial intelligence-guided protein design, targeted protein degradation, and personalized vaccine development. Collectively, these insights highlight the expanding role of engineered proteins in shaping the next-generation of precision therapeutics and emphasize the growing importance of integrating multidisciplinary approaches to advance therapeutic innovation in modern clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1857362"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13678489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resource-efficient use of industrial residue for multifunctional cacao nanofibers.","authors":"Linn Berglund, Io Antonopoulou, Luísa R Völtz, Pooja Dixit, Carlos Martín, Ola Sundman, Jenny Berg, Kristiina Oksman","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1916485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1916485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluates cacao residue from chocolate production for resource-efficient production of multifunctional nanofibers. The underlying hypothesis is that preserving non-cellulosic constituents during processing can enable resource-efficient nanofiber production while contributing unique functionalities. Cacao residue yielded 30% after bleaching, with the main components being fat and holocellulose. Fibrillation produced cacao nanofibers at an energy demand of 3.9 kWh/kg, compared with the reference, a commercial wood pulp, with 8.2 kWh/kg after the same processing time. The cacao nanofibers displayed bioactivity, hydrophobic behavior, and excellent redispersibility not observed for the reference material, which has cellulose as the main component. The bioactivity of cacao nanofibers included strong antioxidant, mild antibacterial, and moderate anti-collagenase activity. Utilization of the natural composition offers a resource-efficient approach to unlock the potential of cacao residue into specific multifunctional nanofibers with potential for further development of coating, cosmeceutical, and biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1916485"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677836/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variable task difficulty with augmented sensory feedback for motor training in virtual reality.","authors":"Yu Shi, Sophie Dewil, Zachary Marvin, Noam Y Harel, Raviraj Nataraj","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1884697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1884697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study examined how motor task difficulty and augmented sensory feedback (ASF) modality influence task performance, physiological responses, and perceptual experience during virtual reality (VR)-based upper-limb motor training. Building on related brace- and VR-based ASF platforms previously examined in neurotypical and spinal cord injury cohorts, the long-term goal is to support neurorehabilitation-oriented adaptive VR training; however, the present study used neurotypical participants as an initial validation step.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourteen right-handed neurotypical participants used a supportive upper-limb brace and surface electromyography (EMG) for myoelectric control of a virtual robotic arm in a two-dimensional tracking task. A 2 × 2 within-subject design crossed ASF modality (visual feedback versus visual + haptic feedback) with task difficulty (straight-line versus sinusoidal trajectory). Outcomes included normalized path length, task completion time, movement jerk, alpha- and beta-band electroencephalogram (EEG) power over motor cortex, heart rate, EMG amplitude, EMG-displacement-based virtual work, and perceptual ratings of agency, motivation, and utility. Short-term pre-to-post percentage changes were computed for each measure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VHF straight-line training produced the largest reductions in normalized path length (-4.69%) and completion time (-6.12%), whereas VHF sinusoid training produced the largest reductions in movement jerk (-5.67%) and virtual work (-13.33%). ASF modality affected path length, completion time, jerk, EMG amplitude, and virtual work, whereas task difficulty modulated beta-band EEG power and the physiological index. Changes in path length were positively associated with changes in completion time and EMG amplitude.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings suggest that ASF modality and task difficulty can differentially shape short-term behavioral, physiological, and perceptual responses in healthy participants. The exploratory distribution of participant-specific best-case conditions motivates future studies using independent trial subsets to evaluate whether behavioral and physiological measures can support individualized VR training.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1884697"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677916/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of 3D In vitro skin models for psoriasis: from pathophysiology to advanced bioengineering.","authors":"Yuying Cheng, Feifei Wang, Bo Wang","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1918162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1918162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional (3D) skin models have become a transformative choice for replacing animal models in psoriasis research. However, the diversity of platforms, from commercial skin equivalents to organ-on-a-chip systems, has rapidly increased, posing a key selection dilemma for researchers. Based on this, we comprehensively classified the models based on their construction strategies and compared their pathological fidelity from six key dimensions: structural complexity, immune integration, vascular or neural function, scalability, primary application and recommended biological composition. Looking back at the development process of <i>in vitro</i> psoriasis models, it can be found that the construction strategy has gradually shifted: from static structural substitutes to dynamic systems that can reproduce natural tissue function. Although commercial models have strong standardization advantages suitable for high-throughput screening, cutting-edge bioengineering platforms including organoids and organ-on-a-chip devices have bridged the gap between laboratory constructs and clinical phenotypes by reconstructing the neural-immune-vascular axis. This review summarizes the latest progress in in vitro psoriasis modeling, explores the bottlenecks that currently exist in the system, and proposes innovative methods to provide new ideas for constructing the next-generation of models that are closer to the pathological characteristics of real psoriasis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1918162"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13678526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149227628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometry-based design and finite element assessment of primary stability in glenoid baseplate fixation for reverse shoulder arthroplasty for the Indian population.","authors":"Pearline Beulah John, Sharmila Nageswaran","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1927447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1927447","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The geometrical and morphological parameters of the glenoid vary across ethnic groups, affecting the fixation of the baseplates in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Studies have shown that using larger baseplates for smaller glenoids may not facilitate a better biomechanical outcome, and therefore a population-based investigation plays a crucial role in selecting an appropriate implant.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This work investigates finite element analysis of a pear-shaped glenoid baseplate, designed based on the morphometric parameters of the Indian glenoid. A percentile-based method was used to select the representative glenoid to select small, middle and large glenoid variations within the Indian population. Nine glenoid-baseplate assemblies were assembled from three different glenoid dimensions and three baseplate sizes. This baseplate-scapula construct was subjected to finite element analysis under specified loading conditions for various abduction angles to investigate mechanical load sharing and primary stability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>These findings indicated that the fixation outcomes changed based on the baseplate-glenoid assembly, showing that the biomechanical performance did not depend on the baseplate size alone.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Smaller baseplates and intermediate baseplates showed better primary stability in the Indian glenoid, supporting morphometry-guided baseplate selection based on implant-glenoid dimensional compatibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1927447"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677933/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic analysis of bioprinted pancreatic tumor models under different nutrient conditions.","authors":"Busra Buyuk, Ming Li, Xueer Song, Kaiming Ye","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1921652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1921652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a dense stromal microenvironment that restricts nutrient availability and contributes to tumor adaptation. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix components, and tumor cells participate in reciprocal interactions that influence the metabolic state of PDAC tumors.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated nutrient-associated proteomic changes in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted PDAC-CAF tumor constructs and examined alterations in metabolic and cell-junction-related pathways under nutrient-avid and nutrient-deprived conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three-dimensional bioprinted pancreatic tumor constructs composed primarily of PANC1 cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were cultured under nutrient-avid (N) and nutrient-deprived (N-) conditions. Constructs were monitored at Days 0, 6, and 12, and Day 6 was selected for comparative proteomic analysis as an intermediate stage at which nutrient-associated structural divergence was evident while both tumor and stromal compartments remained detectable. Label-free high-resolution LC-MS/MS proteomic profiling was followed by KEGG pathway enrichment and complementary bioinformatic analyses. Selected junction-associated findings were further examined by quantitative real-time PCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Distinct nutrient-associated proteomic signatures were observed in the bioprinted tumor constructs. Nutrient-avid conditions were associated with enrichment of pathways including pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, β-alanine metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. Nutrient-deprived conditions showed enrichment of pathways related to unsaturated fatty-acid biosynthesis, fatty-acid elongation, riboflavin metabolism, folate-associated metabolism, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. Nutrient-associated differences were also observed among proteins assigned to gap-junction, adherens-junction, focal-adhesion, tight-junction, and central-carbon-metabolism pathways. Selected junction-associated proteomic observations were supported at the transcript level by qPCR, although concordance between mRNA and protein abundance varied among targets.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nutrient availability was associated with distinct metabolic and junction-related proteomic signatures in 3D bioprinted PDAC-CAF constructs. These findings provide hypothesis-generating evidence of nutrient-dependent molecular remodeling within a multicellular PDAC model. Functional perturbation studies will be required to determine the causal and therapeutic relevance of the candidate proteins and pathways identified here.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1921652"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13678492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149227654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative analysis of posture and gait in the differential diagnosis of functional and organic motor disorders: a multicenter cross-sectional study.","authors":"Michela Russo, Roberto Erro, Carlo Ricciardi, Marialuisa Gandolfi, Angela Sandri, Marianna Amboni, Elisabetta Sarasso, Andrea Gardoni, Silvia Basaia, Sofia Cuoco, Immacolata Carotenuto, Claudia Vinciguerra, Annibale Botto, Daniele Giuseppe Romano, Ilaria Antonella Di Vico, Mirta Fiorio, Serena Camozzi, Giulia Pedrotti, Anna Fratucello, Giancarlo Mansueto, Francesca Benedetta Pizzini, Marco Barillari, Matteo Francesco Lauriola, Mariachiara Tozzi, Francesca Rusciano, Christian Geroin, Melania Fasoli, Angela Marotta, Francesca Salaorni, Giovanna Maddalena Squintani, Sara Mariotto, Stefano Tamburin, Fabio Paio, Giuseppe De Biasi, Giuseppe Piscosquito, Elisa Sibilla, Elisa Canu, Massimo Filippi, Federica Agosta, Maria Romano, Paolo Barone, Francesco Amato, Michele Tinazzi, Maria Teresa Pellecchia","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1872332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1872332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Functional Motor Disorders (FMDs) are characterized by impaired motor control in the absence of identifiable structural abnormalities, making their distinction from Organic Motor Disorders (OMDs) a persistent clinical challenge. Quantitative evaluation of gait and postural control may offer objective markers to characterize motor abnormalities and support the differential diagnosis between functional and organic conditions. This study aimed to characterize gait and postural performance in individuals with FMDs compared to those with OMDs and healthy controls (HCs), using dual-task and sensory manipulation paradigms, and to examine their relationship with psychometric variables.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this multicenter cross-sectional study, patients with clinically definite FMDs (n = 149), OMDs (n = 99), and HCs (n = 153) underwent standardized assessments of posture and gait under single- and dual-task conditions (both motor and cognitive), as well as with eyes open and closed. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, stabilometric measures, and dual-task effects were analyzed. Psychometric variables were also collected to explore their association with motor performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to OMDs and HCs, individuals with FMDs exhibited significantly greater postural instability, an opposite response to dual-task conditions, and increased stride time variability (all p < 0.05). In this group, motor performance was significantly associated with anxiety, depression, and fatigue, whereas alexithymia was associated with poorer gait performance only in OMDs and HCs (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In conclusion, FMDs display a distinct motor and behavioral profile, particularly in response to dual-task paradigms. Quantitative measures such as dual-task effect, sway area under eyes-closed conditions, and stride time variability (all p < 0.05) may represent promising markers for differentiating functional from organic motor disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1872332"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upcycling agricultural residues into polyhydroxyalkanoates through pilot-scale mixed microbial culture processes.","authors":"Giovanna Pesante, Elvis Montagnese, Claudia Magonara, Alessia Zucca, Gaia Salvatori, Lionel Nguemna Tayou, Luca Di Leva, Matteo Migliorini, Marianna Villano, David Bolzonella","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1952375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1952375","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produced by mixed microbial cultures (MMCs) represent a promising alternative to conventional plastics, enabling the valorisation of agricultural residues within circular biorefineries. However, despite extensive laboratory-scale research, integrated pilot-scale studies encompassing the complete production chain, from feedstock fermentation to downstream polymer recovery, remain scarce. In this study, poly (hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) production from agricultural residues was investigated in a pilot plant integrated within a full-scale agricultural anaerobic digestion facility. The process included acidogenic fermentation, microbial selection, PHBV accumulation, biomass recovery, while downstream extraction and purification were evaluated at laboratory scale on pilot-produced biomass. A total of 15 pilot-scale campaigns were carried out, allowing progressive optimisation. Two representative campaigns were selected: Batch 12, fed with a synthetic carboxylic acid (CA) mixture, and Batch 14, which used a real agricultural feedstock derived from cattle slurry and maize silage. Acidogenic fermentation of the agricultural substrate produced up to 16.7 gCOD/L of CAs, with valeric acid accumulation, providing suitable precursors for PHBV synthesis. Microbial community analysis confirmed the successful enrichment of recognised PHA-storing genera, including <i>Corynebacterium</i>, <i>Lampropedia</i>, <i>Paracoccus</i> and <i>Thauera</i>. Pilot-scale accumulation produced PHBV with a 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV) content of 14%-26% (w/w), while intracellular PHA contents reached 26% and 30% (w/w) for Batch 12 and Batch 14, respectively. More than 1 kg of PHBV-rich biomass was recovered in both campaigns, while 10.2 kg throughout the 15 campaigns. Among the downstream treatments investigated, a NaOH-HAc protocol provided the best compromise between polymer purity, molecular weight preservation, operational simplicity and process economics. For the synthetic-feedstock biomass, PHA content increased from 26% to a purity of 58% after NaOH-HAc treatment, whereas purification of the real-feedstock biomass reached 37%, highlighting the greater complexity of processing heterogeneous waste-derived substrates. Although polymer purities remained lower than those typically achieved with pure cultures, the PHBV obtained exhibited HV contents that may favour flexibility and support its potential use in agricultural applications requiring flexible compounds. Overall, this work provides one of the few integrated pilot-scale demonstrations of MMC-based PHBV production from agricultural residues, identifies downstream processing as a key bottleneck and contributes to advancing the industrial implementation of sustainable waste-based PHA biorefineries.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1952375"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online capacitance-integrated development of a hybrid bioprocess model for industrial fungal fermentations.","authors":"Marc Lemperle, Julian Kager, Benny Cassells, Stuart M Stocks, Krist V Gernaey, Pedram Ramin","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1919748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1919748","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing demand for fermentation-based products has increased interest in bioprocess modelling approaches compatible with routinely available industrial process data. Capacitance probes are promising because they provide online data related to viable biomass, but their use in filamentous fungal fermentations remains challenging, as state-of-the-art cell-count-based calibration methods of capacitance data are not applicable to hyphal organisms under industrial settings. This study presents a capacitance-integrated hybrid modelling workflow for highly viscous, enzyme-producing filamentous fungal fermentations at pilot scale under data-scarce conditions. The oxygen mass transfer coefficient <math> <mrow><msub><mi>k</mi> <mi>L</mi></msub> <mi>a</mi></mrow> </math> was developed using an intra-batch design covering agitation, pressure, and aeration dynamics. The correlation achieved a model fit of <math> <mrow><msup><mi>R</mi> <mn>2</mn></msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.95</mn></mrow> </math> and approximately 8% relative validation error. Capacitance data were used to define a pseudo-viable biomass state based on a single CDW-derived anchor point, reducing the need for repeated offline CDW measurements. A ±20% perturbation of this calibration point had only a minor effect on overall model accuracy within the dataset investigated. The hybrid model was assessed on two pilot-scale fermentations with distinct operating trajectories. One of the two batches was used for viscosity model selection and therefore does not represent a fully independent validation batch. Product concentration was predicted with NRMSE values of 5.8% for a closed-loop and 4.3% for an open-loop simulation, although several flow-, oxygen-transfer-, and biomass-related states showed larger deviations. Overall, the results provide a proof of concept for capacitance-integrated hybrid modelling, reducing the number of fermentation batches by 66.7% and decreasing offline sampling requirements from previously 10-15 samples for both, CDW and viscosity per batch to one CDW sample and no viscosity samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1919748"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13677858/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon dots in tissue repair: from cell behavior to microenvironment remodeling.","authors":"Xumin Li, Junsi Luo, Shuangjiang Li","doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2026.1912437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1912437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tissue repair is essential for restoring structural integrity and function after injury. Carbon dots (CDs) have garnered considerable interest in biomedicine due to their high specific surface area, excellent water solubility, biocompatibility, and facile doping and surface functionalization. Within biological systems, CDs facilitate tissue repair through multifaceted mechanisms: they restore cellular functions by enhancing migration, proliferation, and differentiation while suppressing senescence and apoptosis; simultaneously, they modulate the injured microenvironment <i>via</i> antioxidant and immunoregulatory effects. Despite growing research, a comprehensive review detailing the roles of CDs in tissue repair remains unavailable. This review addresses this gap by systematically summarizing CDs' applications across various tissue types and elucidating their underlying mechanisms. Additionally, it critiques current research limitations and provides future perspectives, offering both theoretical insights and practical guidance for advancing CDs-based repair materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":12444,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology","volume":"14 ","pages":"1912437"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13678484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}