Folia microbiologica最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of aztreonam-avibactam against the Burkholderia cepacia complex.","authors":"Ozlem Oyardi, Damla Damar Celik, Taylan Turan, Burak Aksu","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01569-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01569-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Beta-lactamase production by Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) leads to beta-lactam resistance and worsens patient prognosis. This study describes the activity of aztreonam, a monobactam, in combination with avibactam, a beta-lactamase inhibitor, against Bcc isolates. Broth microdilution and time-kill assays were conducted for planktonic cells. Additionally, broth microdilution was repeated using media supplemented with 5% and 10% bovine serum albumin to evaluate its impact on MICs. The effects of aztreonam/avibactam on biofilm formation and the metabolic activity of mature biofilms were determined in all biofilm-positive isolates. Additionally, the biofilm matrix of selected strains was analyzed in terms of viable bacterial count, total protein content, and extracellular DNA (eDNA) concentration, and the biofilm architecture was visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All the strains were determined to be resistant to aztreonam, and the MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ of aztreonam/avibactam were found to be 4/4 mg/L and 8/4 mg/L, respectively. Aztreonam/avibactam exhibited activity against planktonic form of Bcc, and decreased the aztreonam MIC values. Serum albumin activity was insignificant at low doses but affected the MIC more at high doses. Moderate to strong biofilm formation was observed in 25 of the 29 isolates, and aztreonam/avibactam showed strain- and concentration-dependent activity against Bcc biofilm formation and mature biofilms. The combination also reduced biofilm matrix components such as total protein and eDNA, and some strain-specific effects were observed at sub-inhibitory concentrations. These findings support the potential use of aztreonam/avibactam as a therapeutic option against Bcc infections by targeting both planktonic bacteria and key components of biofilm matrix.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148701178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward microbiota-friendly design and evaluation of antimicrobial peptides: a mini-review.","authors":"Aseel Alrashdan","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01570-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01570-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria driven by the prolonged use and misuse of conventional antibiotics poses a severe threat to global healthcare systems. To combat this risk, considerable research efforts have focused on the discovery of new antibacterial agents. Over the last decade, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as a highly promising alternative therapy due to their broad-spectrum activity and low propensity for inducing resistance. While numerous therapeutic AMPs have been introduced in the literature and examined for safety and antimicrobial efficacy, their impact on the human microbiota has remained relatively underexplored. Owing to the structural similarities between pathogenic and beneficial bacteria, some of these peptides may adversely affect commensal bacteria, especially at higher doses or following certain routes of administration. Given the importance of preserving ecological homeostasis, this review emphasizes the integration of microbiota safety evaluations at all stages of AMP design and development. It proposes a structured framework for microbiota-inclusive assessment and strategies for the design and delivery of microbiota-friendly variants. This work offers a comprehensive perspective that has received limited systematic attention, providing valuable insights for future research in microbiology and pharmacology.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148701205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and virulence gene modulatory effects of supercritical CO₂ extracts of Thymbra spicata against clinical MRSA isolates.","authors":"Mehmet Çimentepe, Salim Yakut, Akin Yigin, Fadile Yıldız Zeyrek, Metin Yildirim","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01572-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01572-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, extracts of Thymbra spicata were obtained using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) extraction under two different pressure conditions, namely 120 atm (T1) and 300 atm (T2), while maintaining a constant temperature of 40 °C. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that increasing the extraction pressure from 120 to 300 atm enhanced the recovery of the major bioactive constituents, with thymol and carvacrol increasing from 22.65% to 14.05% in T1 to 28.04% and 18.48% in T2, respectively. The antibacterial activities of the obtained extracts were evaluated against 16 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. In addition, the antibiofilm activity of the extracts against MRSA was investigated. Morphological alterations in bacterial cells following treatment were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the effects of the extracts on the expression levels of the icaA, dltB, and vraR genes were assessed. The T2 extract exhibited stronger antibacterial activity than the T1 extract, as evidenced by its lower MIC values. Notably, the MIC value of T2 was determined to be 64 µg/mL for 15 of the tested MRSA isolates. The agar well diffusion results further supported these findings, with T2 producing significantly larger inhibition zones than T1 (p < 0.05). At a concentration of 2×MIC, the T2 extract inhibited more than 66% of biofilm formation. Morphological evaluation revealed pronounced damage to the integrity of bacterial cells. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that T2 significantly downregulated the expression of the icaA, dltB, and vraR genes, suggesting its potential to attenuate biofilm formation, cell wall-associated functions, and stress response mechanisms in MRSA. Biocompatibility assessment demonstrated that both extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity toward L929 fibroblast cells, with cell viabilities of 89% for T1 and 87% for T2 at 1000 µg/mL. Overall, the superior antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the T2 extract may be attributed to its higher thymol and carvacrol contents, highlighting the influence of extraction pressure on the recovery of bioactive compounds and its potential as a safe natural antimicrobial agent against MRSA.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148677046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network-based bioinformatics for the prediction of candidate SNPs in Staphylococcus aureus virulence and resistance genes.","authors":"Agueda Maria De França Tavares, Eliane Macedo Sobrinho Santos, Renata Gabriela Chaves Ferreira, Leonardo Ferreira Oliveira, Cintya Neves De Souza, Adriana Fróes Do Nascimento Souto, Hércules Otacílio Santos, Maria Eduarda Ramalho Lopes, Demerson Arruda Sanglard, Anna Christina de Almeida","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01557-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01557-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study proposes a network-based bioinformatics strategy to predict candidate genes for SNPs in Staphylococcus aureus that act as points of convergence between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. Based on 19 Staphylococcus aureus resistance and virulence genes, a protein-protein interaction network was constructed on the STRING platform and expanded with 20 first-degree interactors. The topology revealed central hubs with high connectivity, such as IcaA (degree 18), Atl (14), SarA (11), ClfA/FnbA (15-21), and low-degree proteins such as vraSR (2) and mgrA (4). MCL analysis divided the network into 10 functional clusters; Cluster 1 grouped adhesion and biofilm proteins together with the mecA resistance gene, highlighting molecular integration. Functional enrichment (Gene Ontology) showed significant over-representation of cell adhesion (FDR = 1.83 × 10⁻⁶) and transcriptional regulation (FDR = 0.042), with an overall interaction p-value < 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁶. The hubs were stratified into regulators (Group 1: SarA, MgrA, VraS), with a cascade effect, and effectors (Group 2: IcaA, Atl, ClfA/FnbA), with a direct effect on the structure. These six predicted candidate genes may represent the main points of convergence between resistance mechanisms and biofilm formation, constituting priority targets for genomic association studies and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148668885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunoinformatics-driven multi-epitope vaccine design as a promising strategy against multidrug-resistant pathogens: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Rameen Nasir, Muhammad Mutayyab Javaid, Raheen Rahman, Rimsha Abbasi, Muneeb Khalid, Muhammad Arslan, Muhammad Amjad Sajjad, Ahsan Ibrahim","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01565-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01565-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, have transformed into a silent global pandemic. These pathogens, especially ESKAPE pathogens, exhibit wide resistance patterns to several clinically significant antibiotics. This has decreased the effectiveness of already available antibiotics, increasing mortality, morbidity, economic burden and prolonged hospital stay. As the discovery of new antibiotics is an extensive and time-consuming process, an urgent need for innovative and practical preventive strategies arises. This review emphasizes the need, advancement and practicality of immunoinformatic tools and in silico vaccine designing and development against MDR pathogens. Research shows that MDR pathogens demonstrate a variety of resistance pathways, including target alteration, enzymatic degradation and efflux pumps, to tolerate therapeutically available antibiotics. The notable benefits of in silico vaccine designing include rapid identification of conserved antigens, even in variable pathogens, epitope prediction with antigenic potential, population coverage across various populations, less time, cost and improved precision in creating a multi-epitope vaccine against these MDR pathogens. Moreover, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulations, immune simulations and expression analysis assist in predicting the molecular behavior of the designed vaccine. The increasing prevalence of MDR infections emphasizes the critical need for prevention measures rather than conventional therapy options. Use of immunoinformatics and in silico approaches presents a potent, efficient and cost-effective method to design and create multi-epitope vaccines against MDR pathogens. However, limitations such as false positives, reproducibility concerns with varying software and potential bias due to the use of curated databases in reverse vaccinology may pose a challenge. Incorporation of in silico vaccine development in future research can play a pivotal role in combating antimicrobial resistance and improving health outcomes globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148653352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive global-scale evaluation of the COVID-19 pandemic associated with 234 countries, territories, and sub-national locations during 2020-2024.","authors":"Chiranjib Chakraborty, Manojit Bhattacharya, Srijan Chatterjee, Sang-Soo Lee, Prosun Bhattacharya, Elijah Ige Ohimain, Zhi-Hong Wen, Arpita Das, Anu Rai, Ali Saber Abdelhameed, Govindasamy Agoramoorthy, Hatem Zayed, Siddappa N Byrareddy","doi":"10.1007/s12223-025-01299-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12223-025-01299-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Comprehensive estimation of COVID-19, including infection, death, excess mortality, case fatality rate (CFR), and infection fatality rate (IFR), is essential for understanding the pandemic's pattern. The location-specific estimates of infection, death, and excess mortality of COVID-19 from January 1, 2020, to February 11, 2024, and we have cumulative infections and cumulative deaths worldwide. Using the WHO dataset and Our World in Data, we estimated infection, mortality, excess mortality, CFR, and IFR in 234 countries and territories during COVID-19. We found a cumulative 0.774631 billion infections and 7.031 million deaths worldwide. The global highest infection peak was noted on December 25, 2022, with 42.5 million infection cases. Similarly, considering region-wise infection, cumulative infection was highest in Europe (428.4 M) and lowest in Africa (9.6 M). The global highest death peak was noted on January 24, 2021, with 103.7 K million deaths; this might be due to the spread of the Delta variant in some regions of Asia. Similarly, region-wise mortality was calculated. The considerable excess mortality pattern was noted in Europe, South America, and North America. Decreasing trends in excess mortality were noted in Oceania, Asia, and Africa. Our studies could be beneficial in formulating public health strategies and implementing policies about those regions, which are crucial to global health and will help future pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":"933-963"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144741769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-yield production and functional analysis of novel rhizobial-type glutaminase-free L-asparaginase from Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus.","authors":"Tomáš Podzimek, Karolína Loužecká, Veronika Urbánková, Jan Beránek, Petra Lipovová, Eva Benešová","doi":"10.1007/s12223-025-01296-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12223-025-01296-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>L-Asparaginases are enzymes known for decades due to their use in medicine for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Recently, they have also found application in the food industry, and other possibilities are emerging in the treatment of infectious diseases or in the design of biosensors. For this reason, an ongoing effort has been made to find and characterize new enzymes with properties suitable for these specific applications. In this work, L-asparaginase from Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus (isoenzyme 1) belonging to the least explored group of L-asparaginases derived from L-asparaginase from Rhizobium etli was recombinantly produced with high yields (335 mg per L of culture medium) in E. coli cells and characterized: K_M = (26 ± 8) mmol L^-1, pH_opt = 10.3, without L-glutaminase and urease activity. A probable oligomeric structure (homodimer) was derived by computer modeling and confirmed by gel chromatography experiments. The results of this work extend the current limited knowledge about the poorly described class of R. etli L-asparaginases. Moreover, this L-asparaginase exhibits suitable properties for use in biosensor construction because of the high yields during recombinant production, K_M value, stability, and absence of L-glutaminase activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":"875-887"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13541837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144607899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of empagliflozin and metformin on biofilm formation and pathogenicity factors of urinary Escherichia coli isolates.","authors":"Aybala Temel, Ayşegül Ateş, Zinnet Şevval Aksoyalp","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01520-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12223-026-01520-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Escherichia coli, a major cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs), forms biofilms that contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Antidiabetic medications have gained attention for their potential antimicrobial effects, though data remain limited. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of empagliflozin and metformin against urinary E. coli isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined via broth microdilution, and synergistic interactions were assessed using the checkerboard method. Biofilm inhibition at sub-inhibitory drug concentrations was evaluated spectrophotometrically, and gene expression of fimH and luxS, were analyzed using RT-qPCR. Empagliflozin and metformin inhibited bacterial growth, with MICs ranging from 3.12-6.25 mg/mL and 25-50 mg/mL, respectively. A synergistic effect was observed in two isolates. Both drugs significantly reduced biofilm formation (51.8-72.9%) and downregulated fimH and luxS gene expression (p < 0.01). This study showed that empagliflozin and metformin could have inhibitory effects against urinary E. coli isolates, supporting their potential in drug repurposing strategies. Empagliflozin and metformin demonstrated significant dose-dependent in vitro antivirulence and antibiofilm activities, further supported by the downregulation of key virulence-associated genes (fimH and luxS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the in vitro effects of empagliflozin against urinary E. coli isolates, and further investigation is required to determine the impact of antidiabetic medications on E. coli.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":"847-861"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13541807/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148149171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gene amir_2071 of Actinosynnema mirum DSM 43827 encodes a dimethylallyltryptophan synthase superfamily protein responsible for the production of prenylated tyrosine.","authors":"Sofiia Melnyk, Yuriy Rebets, Dmytro Bratiichuk, Andriy Luzhetskyy, Bohdan Ostash","doi":"10.1007/s12223-025-01305-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12223-025-01305-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Actinosynnema mirum DSM 43827 is a bacterium from the small genus Actinosynnema within the rapidly growing actinomycete family Pseudonocardiaceae (Land M et al. Stand Genomic Sci 1:46-53 2009). Despite its diverse repertoire of specialized metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), the potential of A. mirum for production of bioactive molecules is not fully explored. Here, we used a heterologous expression approach to gain deeper insight into this issue. In this work we report that expression of in silico predicted BGC#4 from A. mirum in S. albus Del14 and S. lividans ΔYA9 led to production of several prenylated derivatives of tyrosine. Their most likely structures, according to MS and MS/MS data, agreed with 4-O-prenyl-(L)-tyrosine and its N-acetyl derivative, previously described in lichen-forming fungi (Iacovelli R et al. J Nat Prod 87:2243-2254 2024). Further experiments confirm the production of the aforementioned compounds is governed by a single structural gene, amir_2071 for prenyltransferase of dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (DMATS) superfamily, whose homologs are abundant in bacterial genomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":"965-976"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endophytic Meyerozyma guilliermondii augmented growth attributes and metabolite production in Triticum aestivum under salinity stress.","authors":"Zeeshan Khan, Muhammad Irshad, Anwar Hussain, Arshad Iqbal, Zamarud Shah, Waheed Murad, Eman R Elsharkawy, Muhammad Nafees","doi":"10.1007/s12223-025-01308-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12223-025-01308-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abiotic stress, particularly salinity, has always posed a significant challenge to crop production, especially in dry and semi-arid regions. Fungal endophytes have shown potential in enhancing plant growth and yield under salt stress conditions. In the present research, the hypothesis whether the endophytic fungus Meyerozyma guilliermondii isolated from a salt-tolerant plant, Typha latifolia, can enhance the growth of wheat under salt stress was tested. The fungus was identified as M. guilliermondii isolate RK01 based on DNA sequence analysis. Firstly, the response of both M. guilliermondii and wheat to NaCl stress was examined individually, while in the second phase, the impact of M. guilliermondii in mitigating the effect of NaCl stress on wheat was evaluated. M. guilliermondii produced a significantly small amount of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA), while a notable increase in abscisic acid (ABA), flavonoids, proline, and carbohydrates was witnessed in the fungus under elevated salt stress. A significant decline in photosynthetic pigments, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and GA contents was recorded upon exposure of wheat to NaCl stress, while salicylic acid and ABA contents of wheat under the same stress were significantly increased. Upon co-treatment with M. guilliermondii under NaCl stress, all the growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, and hormones of wheat were significantly improved. Moreover, the combined treatment also resulted in significant reductions in various metabolites, stress markers, free radical scavenging enzymes, and Na⁺ ion uptake compared to salt stress alone. This study concludes that M. guilliermondii effectively mitigates NaCl stress in wheat and has the potential to alleviate the adverse effects of salinity in other important crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":"977-990"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144768581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}