Folia microbiologica最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities of an adenosine-benzoic acid conjugate against Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli: insights from molecular docking.","authors":"Nadia Fattahi, Nazia Tabassum, Fazlurrahman Khan, Young-Mog Kim, Won-Kyo Jung","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01550-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01550-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapidly growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogenic bacteria has become one of the most critical public health challenges, with high mortality; hence, the development of innovative antibacterial agents and therapeutic techniques is urgently needed. In this study, an adenosine-benzoic acid conjugate containing both ester and amide functional moieties was synthesized with a yield of 32%, and its structure was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS), where a prominent peak at m/z 476.09 [M + H]⁺ confirmed the target dibenzoylated structure. The synthesized conjugate was evaluated for its in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, exhibiting a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1024 µg/mL against both strains. The conjugate exhibited a strain-dependent antibiofilm profile; specifically, it outperformed free adenosine against S. mutans, whereas free benzoic acid demonstrated more potent inhibition against E. coli, achieving 87.01% inhibition compared to 44.87% for the conjugate at a sub-MIC of 512 µg/mL. Molecular docking results provided a molecular basis for the conjugate's interaction with target proteins (PDB IDs: 4LFU and 4TQX), suggesting its potential as a quorum-sensing modulator. These findings highlight the conjugate's potential as a scaffold for modulating bacterial communication pathways, though future research is needed to optimize its efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148469772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water-soluble sulfated exopolysaccharide from Cytobacillus oceanisediminis: Its production, characterization and biological activities.","authors":"Seyda Albayrak, Mesut Taskin, Ahmet Adiguzel","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01553-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01553-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteria-derived exopolysaccharides (EPS) exhibit diverse bioactive properties, making them useful for biomedical, pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic applications. In the present study, soil-derived bacterial isolates were screened for their EPS production capacity, and the isolate DT3-C was determined to be the highest EPS producer (0.4 g/L EPS). This isolate was identified as Cytobacillus oceanisediminis (GenBank No: OR826625). The EPS showed high solubility in water (90% above), moderate solubility in isopropanol, methanol and acetone, and poor solubility in DMSO and ethanol. Based on structural analyses, the EPS was determined to be a sulfated heteropolysaccharide consisting of rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, fructose, and glucose, with a molecular weight of 142 kDa. The EPS was found to possess significant anticancer activity against lung, colon, neuroblastoma, and prostate cancer cell lines. The qRT-PCR and ELISA findings suggested that the anti-cancer effect of EPS may be related to its potential to induce apoptosis. The EPS displayed moderate antioxidant capacity in radical scavenging assays (DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide, and nitric oxide radicals). In addition, the EPS was able to protect dermal fibroblasts against H₂O₂-induced senescence, indicating its anti-skin aging potential. The EPS displayed anti-obesity potential an in vitro adipocyte model. It was determined that the biological activities of EPS are concentration-dependent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focusing on the EPS production from C. oceanisediminis and the structural properties and biological activities of the purified EPS.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148469883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil to host environmental determinants fueling horizontal gene transfer and global AMR dissemination.","authors":"Monojit Kumar Roy, Abhilash Bhattacharjee, Bidisha Borah, Anil Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01545-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01545-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance poses a critical and escalating threat to global health, with horizontal gene transfer serving as a primary driver of resistance dissemination among microbial communities across diverse ecological niches. The three classical horizontal gene transfer mechanisms, including transformation, transduction, and conjugation, are complemented by supplementary routes involving outer membrane vesicles, gene transfer agents, and nanotubes. Both internal and external drivers synergistically influence horizontal gene transfer. Factors influencing the within-host microbiome include gut metabolites, antibiotic exposure, temperature fluctuations, and microplastic ingestion, while external environmental drivers such as antibiotic residues, heavy metals, agrochemicals, and micro/nano-plastics similarly enhance the mobility of antimicrobial resistance genes. The main mechanisms contributing to increased antimicrobial resistance gene transfer include elevated oxidative stress markers, altered membrane permeability, and stimulation of conjugation-related gene expression. The synergistic effects of these biotic and abiotic pressures have accelerated the co-selection of antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetic elements, intensifying the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance in both clinical and environmental reservoirs. Novel mitigation strategies such as conjugation inhibitors, bacteriophage-based interventions, and biochar amendments show promise in curbing horizontal gene transfer-mediated antimicrobial resistance; however, these approaches still lack insight into the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying horizontal gene transfer and often act non-specifically against different pathogens. Moreover, strategies utilizing biochar remain time-consuming and require further optimization. Overall, understanding the mechanistic interplay between environmental stressors and genetic exchange pathways is essential for developing sustainable interventions to counteract antimicrobial resistance. This review highlights the pressing need for integrated surveillance and ecological risk assessment to effectively manage the environmental aspects of antimicrobial resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148430248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green synthesis and antifungal evaluation of Moringa oleifera-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles against Rhizopus stolonifer infecting Coleus scutellarioides.","authors":"Sadaf Anwaar, Maryam Bibi, Ansa Muqaddas, Ayesha Arif, Osama Alam, Tauseef Anwar, Huma Qureshi, Hossam S El-Beltagi, Muydinjon M Muminov, Mohammed S Alotaibi, Khudiyev Orkhan, Ibtisam M Alsudays, Khalid H Alamer, Rasha M Alzayed, Sondos A Alhajouj","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01522-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01522-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungal diseases reduce the ornamental and medicinal value of Coleus scutellarioides, while reliance on synthetic fungicides raises concerns regarding resistance development and environmental safety. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts offers a potentially safer alternative for disease suppression. This study evaluated Moringa oleifera leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and assessed their antifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer under greenhouse conditions. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using four treatments: control, 2 ppm, 4 ppm, and 7 ppm. Each treatment had three biological replicates. Disease severity and disease incidence were recorded 7 days after inoculation and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD test at p < 0.05. UV-Vis analysis showed a distinct absorption peak at 595 nm. FTIR confirmed Fe-O absorption in the 400-600 cm⁻¹ region, while XRD identified crystalline α-Fe₂O₃. SEM showed flake-like aggregated particle domains ranging from 175 to 247 nm. Disease severity declined from 73.33% in the control to 26.66% at 7 ppm, whereas disease incidence decreased from 56.25% to 26.31%. ANOVA showed significant treatment effects for disease severity (F = 34.27, p < 0.001) and disease incidence (F = 28.14, p < 0.001). Green-synthesized iron oxide particles derived from M. oleifera significantly reduced Rhizopus disease development in C. scutellarioides in a dose-dependent manner under short-term greenhouse conditions. Future studies should include validation with additional R. stolonifer isolates, culture-collection reference strains, mechanistic assays, longer evaluation periods, positive fungicide controls, and field validation before broader application is considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gramine disrupts quorum sensing and biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An integrated experimental and computational analysis.","authors":"Paramita Pakhira, Sampathkumar Ranganathan, Paramanantham Parasuraman, Jung-Kul Lee, Kitlangki Suchiang, Mahesh Ramatchandirane, Siddhardha Busi","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01546-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01546-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial resistance towards antibiotics has become a major problem worldwide. Bacteria become more resistant towards available antibiotics due to quorum sensing and biofilm formation. Alkaloids exhibited potential anti-bacterial activity. In the present study, the anti-quorum sensing and antibiofilm abilities of gramine (GRM) are evaluated. Gramine, an alkaloid already reported for several biological activities includes antiviral, anti-bacterial and antitumor was evaluated for its inhibition of quorum sensing and biofilm mediated virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The anti-infective effect of GRM using Caenorhabditis elegans and Galleria mellonella models was determined. Gramine reduced violacein production by 78% in C. violaceum. GRM inhibit 84% biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. Notably, GRM inhibits several virulence factors (Pyocyanin, Pyoverdine, HCN, Alginate and several others) of P. aeruginosa. Further validation by qRT-PCR showed that GRM significantly downregulated several virulence associated genes. In silico studies revealed the GRM interaction with the three main quorum sensing signal receptors (LasR, RhlR and PqsR) of P. aeruginosa. In vivo anti-infective experiments suggested GRM's protective effect in C. elegans and G. mellonella infection models. Our results suggests that GRM as an effective anti-biofilm and anti-infective agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From symptom management to immune prevention: a comprehensive review of chikungunya treatment and vaccine development.","authors":"Xin Li, Zijun Yuan, Junjie Ni, Dinglei Rao, Wenxian Yin, Xu Wu, Mingxing Li, Fukuan Du, Yueshui Zhao, Jing Shen, Xi He, Chi Hin Cho, Zhangang Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01548-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01548-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chikungunya is an acute illness caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and spread by Aedes mosquitoes. It has now been reported in over 100 countries, posing an increasing public health challenge. The disease presents with a range of symptoms, most commonly fever, rash, and joint pain. There are still no specific antiviral drugs available, and treatment remains largely supportive. Vaccine development has made some headway, but challenges around safety, immune response, and real-world use persist. This article reviews what is known about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, treatment options, and vaccine progress for chikungunya. It also looks at the key bottlenecks that continue to hinder translation from basic research to clinical practice, and argues that new technology platforms and stronger international collaboration are needed to advance the development of targeted drugs and safe, effective vaccines-so that we can better tackle this global health threat.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148420076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host-pathogen interactions during ESKAPE-mediated urinary tract infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a review.","authors":"Tejpal Sharma, Pankaj Chandley","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01549-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01549-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most critical healthcare concerns worldwide, specifically amplified by the ESKAPE pathogens, which represent the six most nosocomial pathogens: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species. The ESKAPE pathogens pose a crucial challenge due to their unique ability to acquire resistance to most of the currently available drugs. Globally, a serious and alarming prevalence trajectory of ESKAPE pathogens has been seen, responsible for healthcare-associated infections, such as urinary tract infection (UTI) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). These infections are considered one of the major contributors to morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. This review highlights an emerging trend of AMR associated with UTI and VAP in hospital settings. Furthermore, this review discusses the key mediators of host immune response against ESKAPE pathogens involved in causing UTI and VAP. Developing specific therapeutics and enhancing antimicrobial stewardship strategies against these pathogens may contribute to curbing the growing menace of AMR.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148411010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, characterization, and proof of concept evaluation of serially adapted bacteriophages against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli.","authors":"Varun Rathi, Prakash R Nayak, Namdeo R Bulbule, Milind M Chawak, Atharva Poundarik","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01544-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01544-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted to test serially passaged bacteriophages for combating multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains and to address the urgent need for sustainable alternatives to antibiotics. Bacteriophages were isolated from diverse environmental sources against E. coli MTCC 1687. All bacteriophages were sequentially passaged for adaptation against three multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, E. coli (R1, R2, and R4), with host efficiency expansion measured by efficiency of plating (EOP). Two phages (VR1 and VR4*) were selected based on their in vitro lytic, antibiofilm activity, and live-dead analysis. Both phages were characterized for adsorption kinetics, one-step growth parameters, pH tolerance, and thermal stability. A proof-of-concept in vivo study was conducted with a two-phage (VR1 and VR4*) cocktail. Phages were orally delivered in drinking water to one-week-old chickens 24 h after an intraperitoneal challenge with MDR E. coli R4. Bacteriophages exhibited significant lytic and antibiofilm activity in a dose-dependent manner. Short latent periods of 10 min (VR1) and 15 min (VR4*), stability > 50% at pH ≥ 4, when formulated in a stabilizing buffer, and thermal stability at room temperature were observed in the bacteriophages. In the proof-of-concept study of a controlled chicken infection model using a resistant E. coli strain, an orally administered two-phage cocktail (VR1 and VR4*) achieved 100% survival over a 7-day observation period. Lesion severity and histopathological outcomes were comparable to those of antibiotic treatment. This research established a proof-of-concept for host-adapted bacteriophages as adaptable and potent antimicrobial agents against field-isolated multidrug-resistant strains. The findings provide preliminary support for developing a phage platform to improve animal health, food safety, and, ultimately, human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148404219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lactobacillus strains in the prevention and disruption of antimicrobial-resistance in pathogenic microbial biofilms: a review of mechanisms and clinical perspective.","authors":"Maedeh Kiani, Mahtab Mehboodi, Hadis Khanbabaie, Farzaneh Rafie Sedaghat, Faeze Mahdiun, Elham Isaei","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01543-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01543-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, coupled with the heightened drug tolerance exhibited by biofilm-associated infections, represents a major public health challenge and demands the development of innovative therapeutic interventions. Probiotics, particularly the genus Lactobacilli, offer an effective, multifaceted strategy that targets biofilm-associated pathogens through competitive exclusion, secretion of antimicrobial metabolites, disruption of quorum sensing, enzymatic degradation of extracellular polymeric substances, and host immunomodulation. Studies demonstrate robust efficacy of probiotics against clinically challenging pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridioides difficile, Helicobacter pylori, and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Postbiotics, particularly cell-free supernatants and purified bacteriocins, offer standardized, shelf-life probiotic products. Notably, synergistic combinations with conventional antibiotics, phytochemicals, or bacteriophages enhance antimicrobial activity while enabling dose-reduction strategies to mitigate the development of resistance. However, compelling preclinical evidence, clinical translation remains constrained by the imperative for strain-specific characterization, methodologically robust randomized controlled trials, and comprehensive safety validation. This study critically mentions current mechanisms underlying Lactobacillus-mediated anti-biofilm strategies and identifies priority research essential to accelerating clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148396606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of a lytic Salmonella bacteriophage cocktail and selected antimicrobial agents on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis.","authors":"M Pouladzadeh, S M Hosseini, A Mir-Mohammad Sadeghi","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01534-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12223-026-01534-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salmonella Enteritidis is a major causative agent of gastroenteritis and foodborne illnesses, posing significant therapeutic challenges due to the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. The increasing prevalence of resistant isolates highlights the need for alternative strategies to improve treatment outcomes. Lytic bacteriophage therapy has emerged as a promising complementary approach to antimicrobials. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of a newly formulated cocktail comprising three distinct lytic bacteriophages combined with selected antimicrobials against the standard strain of Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 13076). Three distinct bacteriophages were isolated from poultry farm wastewater, purified based on their different plaque morphologies, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealing short non-contractile tailed caudoviruses. Phage stability was evaluated across a pH range of 3 to 11 and temperatures from 4 to 50 °C. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the macrodilution (tube dilution) method, and viable bacterial counts (CFU/mL) were measured at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h to assess the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on the bacterial strain. The phage cocktail combined with ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone showed significant synergistic activity, resulting in reductions of 5.8 and 4.9 log CFU/mL, respectively, corresponding to up to a 75% reduction in MIC. In contrast, combinations with ampicillin and erythromycin demonstrated the least efficacy. The phage cocktail alone achieved a 3.2 log reduction in CFU/mL. The phage cocktail demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity when combined with ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone, achieving greater reductions in Salmonella Enteritidis counts compared to individual treatments. Minimal synergy was observed with ampicillin and erythromycin. Overall, the evaluated phage-antimicrobial combinations exhibited superior antibacterial effects within the scope of this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148390122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}