Folia microbiologica最新文献

{"title":"Gut microbiome in colorectal cancer: a dual regulator of tumor biology and therapeutic response.","authors":"Dhrity Chawda, Nidhi Tyagi, Mubashra, Ankit Srivastava, Akanksha Shukla, Sameer Srivastava","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01622-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01622-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies and a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It remains a significant health concern, with an alarming rise in early-onset colorectal cancer cases in younger populations. Many factors are reported to have been responsible for its onset, progression, and metastasis, among which the gut microbiome is found to be a crucial one. Dysbiosis among these gut microbes impacts normal cellular functions and homeostasis, which may lead to cancer. Under unfavourable conditions biological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis get disrupted and give rise to pathological traits such as invasion and metastasis. Emerging evidence indicates a rather significant role of the gut microbiome in this transition, influencing both onset and progression. Over the past few decades, our understanding of microbiome-cancer interaction has evolved considerably, yet effective microbiome-based therapies remain limited. This review highlights how these microbes modulate normal biological functions to pathological ones, and we further discuss current microbiome-based therapies along with their future prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149264785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral versus intranasal probiotics for nasal microbiome modulation: a comparative review of route-dependent mechanisms and clinical implications.","authors":"Zahra Saedi Dezzaki, Mohadese Hematian, Ali Khaleghi Panah, Mohammad Reza Ghanbari Boroujeni, Rahem Rahmati, Iraj Alipourfard","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01614-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01614-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Probiotic modulation of the nasal microbiome can be achieved through oral administration, which relies on the gut-nose axis and systemic immunomodulation, or direct intranasal instillation, which provides immediate local action. Despite growing evidence, no systematic comparison of these routes has been published. This narrative review synthesizes clinical and mechanistic evidence comparing oral versus intranasal probiotic strategies to inform route selection based on disease pathophysiology and strain-specific efficacy. We evaluated randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and mechanistic studies investigating probiotic interventions delivered via either route for upper respiratory conditions including allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and pediatric respiratory infections. Orally administered probiotics may exert nasal effects through two mechanisms: (i) systemic immunomodulation via gut-derived short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites, supported by clinical data for Weizmannia coagulans BC99 and by a randomized controlled trial in children with perennial allergic rhinitis for Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CCFM111; and (ii) direct oropharyngeal-to-nasopharyngeal trafficking, exemplified by a slow-release chewable Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG formulation that trafficked to the nasopharynx in 41% of users after 8 weeks, with a decrease in nasal IL-13 observed in both probiotic and placebo groups, and improved symptom control in the probiotic group. The B. longum and Lactobacillus plantarum combination NVP-1703 reduced type-2 cytokine ratios in children. Intranasal probiotics, including Bacillus spore sprays and Streptococcus salivarius 24SMB/S. oralis 89a, have shown pathogen displacement and clinical benefit in individual trials involving pediatric acute rhinosinusitis and otitis media, adenoid hypertrophy, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis-associated chronic rhinosinusitis, although within-group improvements in the latter were not consistently confirmed in between-group comparisons. However, a multi-strain Lactobacillus nasal spray failed in a crossover trial in seasonal allergic rhinitis, and a lactic acid bacterial spray of honeybee origin showed no benefit in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps, underscoring the importance of strain-disease matching. Route selection may tentatively be guided by disease pathophysiology: systemic type-2-driven conditions may favor oral immunomodulation, while acute localized dysbiosis may favor intranasal delivery. Priority research includes direct comparative trials, microbiome-based stratification, and sustained-release formulations. Until then, clinical decision-making must rely on mechanistic plausibility and strain-specific data.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149243874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomics profiling of Calocybe indica for identification of potential ligands that bind to bacterial DNA Gyrase B.","authors":"Rituparna Sarkar, Bejoysekhar Datta","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01619-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01619-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for novel antibacterial agents from natural sources. In the present study, the antibacterial potential of Calocybe indica KUFC144 was investigated through metabolite profiling and computational analysis. Tissue culture was established from fruiting bodies and molecularly identified based on ITS and 28 S rRNA gene sequences, confirming its identity as C. indica. The methanolic mycelial extract exhibited antibacterial activity against both Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with inhibition zones of 10.33 ± 0.43 mm and 13.78 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) further demonstrated greater antibacterial efficacy against K. pneumoniae. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified 33 metabolites belonging to diverse chemical classes, including phenylethanoid glycosides, flavonoids, limonoids, thiophene derivatives, lipids and organic acids. Based on identification confidence, relative abundance, structural diversity, and reported antimicrobial or pharmacological activities, six metabolites: forsythiaside, leonoside A, myricoside, salannin, (10)-gingerol and 5-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene, were prioritized for molecular docking against the ATPase domain of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase B (PDB ID: 1EI1). Among the tested ligands, forsythiaside exhibited the highest Vina score (predicted binding affinity of - 9.7 kcal/mol), followed by leonoside A (- 9.0 kcal/mol) and myricoside (- 8.7 kcal/mol), with extensive hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions within the active site. STRING analysis further placed GyrB within a functionally interconnected network associated with DNA topology, replication, repair and transcription. ADME profiling revealed distinct pharmacokinetic characteristics among the metabolites, with (10)-gingerol and 5-(4-hydroxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene showing comparatively favourable predicted gastrointestinal absorption and drug-likeness. In contrast, the highly polar glycosidic metabolites exhibited low predicted gastrointestinal absorption. Normal mode analysis indicated favourable structural stability and flexibility of the protein-ligand complexes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that C. indica KUFC144 is a rich source of antibacterial metabolites and highlight forsythiaside as a promising GyrB-targeting lead based on the Vina score (predicted binding affinity). At the same time, the ADME analysis provides additional information for prioritizing the identified metabolites. The study provides a foundation for future biochemical validation and the development of mushroom-derived antibacterial agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149243921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clonal integration drives divergent assembly of rhizosphere bacteria and fungi in Hydrocotyle vulgaris under cadmium heterogeneity.","authors":"Xiao-Gai Wang, Bin Liu, Xin-Xin Wang, Hao Jing, Bing-Nan Zhao, Jiao Yan, Dan Li, Rui Zhang, Chao Si","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01620-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01620-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clonal plants enhance their fitness in heterogeneous environments through clonal integration, which enables resource sharing among interconnected ramets. However, how clonal integration shapes rhizosphere microbiome assembly and function remains poorly understood. In this study, we constructed patchy heterogeneous soils with cadmium-polluted and unpolluted substrates to simulate fragmented polluted habitats. Apical ramets were grown in cadmium-polluted soil and basal positions were cultivated in unpolluted soil, with stolons left either intact or severed. Rhizosphere and root-zone soils were sampled, and bacterial and fungal communities were characterized via 16 S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing. Our results demonstrated that stolon integration significantly altered rhizosphere microbial composition, with elevated relative abundances of Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota and Ascomycota and a reduction in Firmicutes. Beneficial genera Streptomyces and Savoryella were enriched under intact stolon treatments. Bacterial α-richness (Chao1) was significantly higher in the rhizosphere of stolon-intact plants, especially at the basal positions, whereas fungal α- richness showed no significant difference among treatments. Beta-diversity analysis revealed that bacterial communities were more sensitive to stolon integration than fungal communities, with fungal community structural shifts observed only in the basal rhizosphere. Amplicon sequence variant (ASV) analysis showed that intact stolons increased unique bacterial ASVs but reduced unique fungal ASVs in the basal rhizosphere. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that clonal integration differentially regulates the assembly of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere. This study highlights the distinct ecological roles of bacteria and fungi in plant-soil feedback and emphasizes multi-kingdom assessments of clonal integration under heterogeneous Cd condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149243926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifungal activity of biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) against three different formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum.","authors":"Sophia González-Martínez, Carlos Belman-Rodríguez, Domingo Martínez-Soto, Ernestina Castro-Longoria","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01615-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01615-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fusarium oxysporum is a major pathogen of economically important crops, including strawberries, blackberries, tomatoes, and many others. Conventional fungicides are often ineffective, and their excessive use poses risks to health and the environment. As an alternative, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) synthesized through eco-friendly methods have shown promising antifungal activity. To identify the optimal reducing agent for nanoparticle synthesis, this study evaluated supernatants from Trichoderma harzianum cultured at different temperatures against F. oxysporum. The supernatant obtained at 30 °C exhibited the highest intrinsic inhibitory activity (15.5%), followed by 33 °C (11.6%) and 25 °C (5%). The extract produced at 30 °C was selected and used for CuONPs biosynthesis to obtain a synergistic effect. CuONPs formation was confirmed by a UV-vis absorption peak at 290 nm. Dynamic light scattering analysis revealed a hydrodynamic diameter of 743.9 ± 150.2 nm, a Zeta potential of - 31 ± 4.48 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.544. Using an automated machine-learning segmentation approach, transmission electron microscopy combined with machine-learning segmentation, showed nanoparticles with a mean Feret diameter of 2.73 ± 0.90 nm and were predominantly quasi-spherical in shape with a mean circularity of 0.80 ± 0.13. The biosynthesized CuONPs showed concentration-dependent antifungal activity across the tested range (0.357-0.716 mg/ml), with the highest inhibition (100%) observed at 0.716 mg/mL against F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae (Fof), 90.98% against F. oxysporum f. sp. mori (Fom), and 93.52% against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). These findings demonstrate that CuONPs biosynthesized using temperature-optimized T. harzianum supernatants act as a highly effective synergistic nanobiopesticide (achieving 90.98%-100% inhibition at 0.716 mg/mL) across multiple F. oxysporum formae speciales, serving as a novel and sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149237583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culture-based detection of clinically relevant carbapenemase genes in Gram-negative bacteria from aquatic environments in western Algeria.","authors":"Meryem Berrazeg, Sarra Hamdad, Rezak Drali, Nadir Boudjlal Dergal","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01617-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01617-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires environmental surveillance because aquatic systems can receive resistant bacteria, antimicrobial residues and mobile resistance genes from domestic, agricultural, hospital and industrial sources. This culture-based study investigated culturable Gram-negative bacteria recovered from 12 inland, saline, wetland and coastal aquatic sites in western Algeria between January and April 2023. Bacterial isolates were identified by conventional biochemical methods and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disk diffusion and selected broth microdilution assays, with colistin interpreted only by minimum inhibitory concentration. Phenotypic screening for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-like and carbapenemase-associated activity was followed by targeted PCR and Sanger sequencing in selected high-risk isolates. Fifty-four Gram-negative isolates were recovered, including 44 fermenting and 10 non-fermenting isolates. Ten isolates, all fermenting Gram-negative bacteria, fulfilled the multidrug-resistant definition after exclusion of species-related intrinsic resistance. Targeted sequencing confirmed blaOXA-48 in two Escherichia coli isolates and one Cronobacter sakazakii isolate. One Escherichia coli isolate co-harbored blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48. The colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate was negative for mcr-1. These findings provide baseline evidence that selected aquatic environments in western Algeria harbor culturable Gram-negative bacteria carrying clinically important carbapenemase genes. The study should be interpreted as targeted culture-based surveillance rather than a quantitative assessment of the aquatic resistome. These data represent the environmental component of AMR surveillance within a One Health framework and do not establish an epidemiological linkage to human or animal reservoirs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149223495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart carrier-engineered microbial consortia for precision nutrient delivery in next- generation biofertilizers.","authors":"Sangeeta Chhetri, Sharon Nagpal","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01613-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01613-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the increasing demand for sustainable agricultural productivity under a changing climate, the advancement of new-generation biofertilizers specifically based on engineered microbial consortia and smart delivery systems has become an integral part of agricultural activities. The development of next-generation biofertilizers based on engineered microbial consortia and smart delivery systems has emerged as a promising approach for sustainable nutrient management. The drawback associated with conventional microbial inoculants is their inconsistent field performance, which is attributed to the limited viability of microbes under field conditions, environmental factors, and poorly controlled nutrient release. Recent advances in synthetic biology, microbial engineering, and biomaterials have enabled the development of beneficial microbial consortia for agricultural applications. Combining these engineered microbial consortia with advanced carrier technologies, including hydrogels derived from biopolymers, nanomaterials, bio-based polymers, and responsive encapsulation matrices, can enhance microbial protection, controlled delivery, and persistence in soil. The application of methods for encapsulating microorganisms, such as spray drying, ionic gelation, extrusion, and microfluidic encapsulation, can regulate microbial release and may improve microbial survival and rhizosphere colonization. Smart carrier systems are designed to protect microbial cells and regulate their release in response to environmental and plant-associated conditions, thereby supporting more controlled microbial activity and nutrient delivery. This review examines recent developments in engineered microbial consortia, advanced encapsulation techniques, and controlled-release systems for improving nutrient-use efficiency in next-generation biofertilizer formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative genomic characterization of publicly available human- and food-associated Aeromonas genomes from diverse countries.","authors":"Laura Toniolo Dias, Juliana Pfrimer Falcão, Felipe Pinheiro Vilela","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01611-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01611-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aeromonas spp. are emerging and neglected human pathogens widely distributed in nature. Despite their medical importance, the genomic characteristics of this genus remain incompletely understood. This study screened A. hydrophila (n = 63), A. veronii (n = 236), A. dhakensis (n = 78), and A. salmonicida (n = 13) genomes from strains isolated from human and food sources across 19 countries over a 42-year period for antimicrobial resistance, stress, and virulence genes, as well as plasmid replicons. Their genetic relatedness was assessed by searching single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) clusters, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), core-genome MLST (cgMLST), and fragmented-genome analyses. A total of 123 genes encoding resistance to 13 antimicrobial classes and 16 genes associated with heavy-metal tolerance and resistance to heat and disinfectants were observed. Six plasmid replicons were detected in 19 genomes. A total of 245 virulence genes associated with adhesion, secretion systems, and toxins were identified. All phylogenetic analyses suggested high intraspecies diversity, regardless of isolation country, year, or source. In conclusion, the high diversity and frequency of clinically important antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes carried by genetically diverse strains of clinically and environmentally relevant Aeromonas species reinforce the potential hazard of infections caused by these pathogens and the need for more effective surveillance by public health authorities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149192304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the plant growth-promoting potential of cormobacteria of saffron grown in a non-traditional cultivation region during two growth stages.","authors":"J Verma, A Verma, A Gorka, R Chib, M Bhardwaj, K Chouhan, R Jasrotia, T Ali, S Ambardar","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01606-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01606-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In India, saffron cultivation is mainly confined to the Jammu and Kashmir region, contributing 10% to the total world production, but its production has declined significantly over the past two decades. In order to combat the decline in saffron production, saffron cultivation is being extended to various new non-traditional areas. The present study aims at exploring the plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria of saffron when the corms procured from traditional area (Kashmir) were cultivated in a non-traditional area (Mandi, Poonch). Cormosphere bacteria were isolated during vegetative and flowering stages using different culture media, with bulk soil as control. PGP bacteria were compared between the two stages and against earlier reports from traditional sites. Bacterial abundance was consistently higher in the cormosphere than bulk soil across both growth stages, however overall bacterial load in the non-traditional area was lower than in traditional areas. In total, isolated bacteria were identified into 84 bacterial strains belonging to 27 species and seven genera namely Bacillus, Priestia, Solibacillus, Terribacillus, Lysinibacillus, Cytobacillus, and Pseudomonas. The genus Bacillus was the most dominant bacteria in the cormosphere of saffron in both growth stages. Out of 84 bacterial strains, 27 bacterial strains belonging to four bacterial species namely, Priestia aryabhattai, Priestia megaterium, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilus were found common in bulk soil and cormosphere during two growth stages. These bacterial species were also reported from traditional sites, indicating a potential stable association across all stages and environments. Overall, saffron cormosphere communities in non-traditional areas may be shaped by both persistent saffron-associated bacteria and locally recruited soil bacteria, reflecting combined host and environmental influences.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heteroresistance tolerance and persistence in antibiotic treatment failure.","authors":"Aida Ombašić, Farah Assala Messaoudi","doi":"10.1007/s12223-026-01612-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-026-01612-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibiotic susceptibility testing measures growth inhibition but incompletely describes the population heterogeneity and time-dependent survival that can compromise bacterial eradication. This narrative review integrates foundational experiments with recent mechanistic, diagnostic and clinical studies of heteroresistance, tolerance and persistence. Four complementary dimensions organize interpretation: growth during exposure, population fraction, minimum inhibitory concentration behaviour and killing kinetics. These dimensions distinguish phenotypes without making them mutually exclusive. Heteroresistance can arise through resistance-gene amplification, plasmid copy-number changes or regulatory and mutational variation; recent studies demonstrate alternative routes to increased gene dosage and limitations of targeting amplification alone. Tolerance and persistence involve context-dependent changes in growth, energy allocation, damage avoidance and repair, but neither dormancy nor toxin-antitoxin activation provides a universal explanation. Experimental evolution and longitudinal clinical isolates support links to resistance evolution, whereas patient-level outcome associations remain inconsistent. Positive findings in Escherichia coli bloodstream infections and selected cefiderocol-treated cohorts must be interpreted alongside negative studies and methodological limitations. An integrated workflow combines routine susceptibility testing, population analysis, time-kill measurements and survivor retesting, with single-cell approaches used to resolve ambiguous results. Evidence tables separate mechanistic and animal findings from clinical associations. The principal translational challenge is to establish whether phenotype-informed management improves outcomes beyond conventional susceptibility-guided care, rather than assuming that detection alone establishes clinical causality or dictates treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":12346,"journal":{"name":"Folia microbiologica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}