Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2024-12-17DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2438757
Nadine Al Akoury, Julia Spinardi, Hammam Haridy, Mostafa Moussa, Mohammed Attia Elshabrawi, Carlos Fernando Mendoza, Jingyan Yang, Josie Dodd, Moe H Kyaw, Benjamin Yarnoff
{"title":"Modeling the potential public health and economic impact of different COVID-19 vaccination strategies with an adapted vaccine in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.","authors":"Nadine Al Akoury, Julia Spinardi, Hammam Haridy, Mostafa Moussa, Mohammed Attia Elshabrawi, Carlos Fernando Mendoza, Jingyan Yang, Josie Dodd, Moe H Kyaw, Benjamin Yarnoff","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2438757","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2024.2438757","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The dynamic evolution of the virus causing COVID-19 necessitates the development of adapted vaccines to protect against emerging variants.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>A combined Markov-decision tree model estimated the outcomes of alternative vaccination strategies. The Saudi Arabian population was stratified into standard-risk and high-risk subpopulations, defined as either the population comprising individuals aged ≥ 65 years and individuals with at least one comorbidity. The model estimated the health and economic outcomes of vaccination based on age-specific inputs taken from published sources and national surveillance data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The vaccination strategy targeting the elderly and high-risk subpopulation (was estimated to prevent 156,694 cases 12,800 hospitalizations, and 2,919 deaths and result in cost savings of SAR 1,239 million in direct costs and SAR 4,145 million in indirect costs. These gains increased with the vaccination strategies additionally targeting other subpopulations. Compared to the base case (aged ≥65 and those at high-risk), expanding vaccination coverage to 75% of the standard-risk population prevented more cases (323%), hospitalizations (154%), and deaths (60%) and increased the direct (232%) and indirect (270%) cost savings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The adoption of broad vaccination strategies using a vaccine adapted to the dominant variant in circulation would yield substantial benefits in Saudi Arabia.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142791487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2554690
Kyle Fahrbach, Allie Cichewicz, Haitao Chu, Manuela Di Fusco, Heather Burnett, Hannah R Volkman, Morodoluwa Akin-Fajiye, Carlos Fernando Mendoza, Joseph C Cappelleri
{"title":"Reply to letter to editor \"Comparative effectiveness of omicron XBB.1.5-adapted COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis\".","authors":"Kyle Fahrbach, Allie Cichewicz, Haitao Chu, Manuela Di Fusco, Heather Burnett, Hannah R Volkman, Morodoluwa Akin-Fajiye, Carlos Fernando Mendoza, Joseph C Cappelleri","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2554690","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2554690","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"857-859"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144948392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2550979
Cihan Yeşiloğlu, Bülent Altun, Onur Keskin, Ömer Dizdar, Sedat Kiraz, Serhat Ünal, Yahya Büyükaşık, Selim Badur
{"title":"Addressing barriers to and strategies for herpes zoster vaccination in immunocompromised patients in Türkiye: an expert consensus.","authors":"Cihan Yeşiloğlu, Bülent Altun, Onur Keskin, Ömer Dizdar, Sedat Kiraz, Serhat Ünal, Yahya Büyükaşık, Selim Badur","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2550979","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2550979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Immunocompromised (IC) patients are at increased risk of herpes zoster (HZ; i.e. shingles) and subsequent complications which can significantly impact quality of life. While current evidence indicates a strong disease presence of HZ in Türkiye, literature on the management of HZ in this population is lacking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a survey with 6 disease experts from various medical specialties in Türkiye to understand their opinions on the burden of HZ and the challenges faced by IC patients, in order to establish a comprehensive and evidence-based expert consensus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Experts agreed that the burden of HZ is significant among IC patients in Türkiye. However, they identified a need for increased local epidemiological data to better understand the health impact of HZ in Türkiye. Improved dissemination of information regarding HZ to physicians was also highlighted to increase awareness of HZ.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Strategies to enhance current practices and increase vaccine coverage should include incorporation of HZ vaccination into official guidelines and recommendations, with full or partial reimbursement for HZ vaccination in IC patients. Setting up official or society-initiated online platforms could also support ongoing collaboration and provide continuously updated guidelines reflecting the latest advances in HZ vaccination and disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"860-869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144948404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2538561
Qian He, Yi Zhang, Zhihao Fu, Xiao Ma, Zhenglun Liang
{"title":"Broad-spectrum coronavirus vaccines: integrated strategies to combat viral diversity.","authors":"Qian He, Yi Zhang, Zhihao Fu, Xiao Ma, Zhenglun Liang","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2538561","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2538561","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The early 21st century witnessed three consecutive public health emergencies caused by Betacoronavirus infections, drawing considerable global attention to the hazards posed by Betacoronaviruses. Vaccines have proved instrumental in mitigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, yet the persistent emergence of novel variants underscores the necessity for continuous development of updated vaccines tailored to circulating strains. In addition, new coronavirus outbreaks or the reemerging of previously prevalent coronaviruses may occur in the future.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Broad-spectrum coronavirus vaccines, especially pan-coronavirus vaccines, can serve as powerful weapons against known and unknown coronavirus risks. This article presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in broad-spectrum coronavirus vaccine development, identifies persistent challenges, and outlines strategic directions for vaccine development. It aims to provide essential references and strategic considerations for broad-spectrum or universal coronavirus vaccines.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Prioritizing Betacoronavirus-focused vaccines may provide practical near-term solutions, while long-term success hinges on integrating AI and structural biology for precision engineering. Future efforts must emphasize durable immunity, mucosal strategies, and adaptability to viral diversity. Collaboration across computational, immunological, and virological fields will be essential to achieve universal coronavirus protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144698013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-07-22DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2536093
Cale Harrison, Simon Brassel, Sulayman Chowdhury, Claud Theakston, Matthew Napier, Jeffrey Vietri, Diana Mendes, Jingyan Yang, Tianyan Hu, Lotte Steuten
{"title":"The broader socio-economic value of adult respiratory disease vaccinations in the UK - results from a benefit cost analysis.","authors":"Cale Harrison, Simon Brassel, Sulayman Chowdhury, Claud Theakston, Matthew Napier, Jeffrey Vietri, Diana Mendes, Jingyan Yang, Tianyan Hu, Lotte Steuten","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2536093","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2536093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Respiratory infections such as pneumococcal disease (PD), RSV, influenza (flu), and COVID-19 impose a major socio-economic burden in the UK. Adult vaccination programs cost-effectively reduce this burden, yet their societal value remains under-assessed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A benefit-cost analysis (BCA) using life-table-based disease modeling estimated morbidity and mortality reductions from current age- and risk-based recommendations. Mortality risk reduction was monetized using two approaches: value of a statistical life year (VSLY) and hence adjusting for remaining life expectancy, and value of a statistical life (VSL), assuming equal valuation across ages. Scenarios included current and expanded eligibility. Outcomes were reported as benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) and net benefits (NBs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Over each cohort's lifetime, vaccinations prevented 313,000 hospitalizations, freed up 1.9 million bed days, and averted over 86,000 deaths. First-year BCRs were 5.1 (VSLY) and 19.3 (VSL), with NBs of £5.1 billion and £23 billion, respectively. Lifetime net benefits ranged from £35.5 billion to £200.1 billion, with BCRs of 5.8 and 27.8. Expanded eligibility further increased NBs but lowered the BCR.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adult respiratory vaccination delivers socio-economic benefits well beyond direct health-care savings, yet investment remains low. Considering broader impacts beyond standard cost-effectiveness can better align policy with public health and economic goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"644-655"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144667436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The public health and economic impact of the Greek pediatric national immunization program.","authors":"Ilias Gountas, Sandra E Talbird, Justin Carrico, Cameron Cook, Anastasis Skroumpelos, Eleni Boutselakou, Georgios Trimis, Athanasios Michos, Ioanna Pavlopoulou, Goran Bencina, Ugne Sabale","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2564170","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2564170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vaccines are one of the most effective healthcare tools to prevent morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>A decision tree model was used to evaluate the public health and economic impact of the Greek pediatric national immunization program (NIP) over the lifetime of the 2022 Greek birth cohort. The model included nine Greek NIP routine vaccines for children aged 2 months to 11 years, targeting 14 vaccine-preventable diseases: diphtheria, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B, measles, meningococcal disease, mumps, pertussis, pneumococcal disease, poliomyelitis, rotavirus, rubella, tetanus, and varicella. The outcomes (discounted 3% annually) included estimated disease cases and deaths averted, life-years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained, total costs averted (2022 euros), and benefit-cost ratios (BCR) from healthcare-sector and societal perspectives.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Greek pediatric NIP prevented 447,221 disease cases and 242 deaths, resulting in 6,682 LYs and 9,741 total QALYs gained for the 2022 birth cohort. Costs averted were €23.2 million (BCR = 1.3) from the healthcare-sector perspective; costs averted from the societal perspective were €201.4 million (BCR = 3.1), plus €514.0 million in value of QALYs gained (BCR = 8.5).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Greek pediatric NIP provides extensive public health and economic benefits for Greece by reducing morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"924-935"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145112454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adverse reaction characteristics of five COVID-19 vaccines across different technology platforms: a pooled analysis of nine clinical trials.","authors":"Yue Liu, Qian Liu, Lai-Run Jin, Wei-Wei Han, Ming-Wei Wei, Si-Yue Jia, Feng-Cai Zhu, Jing-Xin Li","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2502031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2025.2502031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Evidence regarding the comparative safety of different COVID-19 vaccines remains limited. This study aims to characterize and compare the safety profiles of five COVID-19 vaccines in terms of adverse reactions after immunization.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective analysis of adverse reactions reported among adults aged 18-59 years from nine clinical trials. The analyzed vaccines included inactivated, recombinant protein, intranasal influenza-vectored, aerosolized and intramuscular Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccines. Factor analysis and association rule analysis were used to characterize adverse reaction patterns, while multivariate logistic regression was employed to assess the influence of vaccine type and demographic factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Inactivated, recombinant, and intramuscular Ad5 vectored vaccines commonly caused injection site pain, fatigue, headache, and pyrexia from the SOC of 'General disorders and administration site conditions.' Intranasal influenza-vectored vaccines mainly cause respiratory symptoms such as rhinorrhea and nasal congestion, while dry mouth and oropharyngeal pain from 'Gastrointestinal disorders' were primarily observed in aerosolized Ad5 vectored vaccines. Younger age (<i>p</i> < 0.001), female sex (<i>p</i> = 0.001), comorbidities (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and intramuscular Ad5 vectored vaccines (<i>p</i> < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher adverse reaction risks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>COVID-19 vaccines developed through different technological approaches have distinct adverse reaction profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":"24 1","pages":"339-349"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-02-07DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2457463
Yang Zhang, Shiyuan Wang, Guifan Li, Jinhui Shi, Xianyun Chang, Hao Zhang, Fengcai Zhu, Jingxin Li, Hongxing Pan, Jinfang Sun
{"title":"Immunogenicity and safety of a live attenuated varicella vaccine in healthy subjects aged between 13 to 55 years: a double-blind, randomized, active-controlled phase III clinical trial in China.","authors":"Yang Zhang, Shiyuan Wang, Guifan Li, Jinhui Shi, Xianyun Chang, Hao Zhang, Fengcai Zhu, Jingxin Li, Hongxing Pan, Jinfang Sun","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2457463","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2457463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescents and adults who contract chickenpox are at a higher risk of severe complications. Vaccination with the varicella vaccine (VarV) effectively prevents chickenpox.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>In this phase III, single-center, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial, 1,200 healthy participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses of either the test vaccine or the active control vaccine. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibody was detected before vaccination and 42 days after the two doses of vaccination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The lower limits of the 95% CI for the differences in seroconversion rates and geometric mean titer (GMT) ratios between the two groups were greater than their respective pre-set non-inferiority margins. The overall incidence of Adverse events (AEs) and adverse reactions (ARs) in the test group was significantly lower than those in the control group. Additionally, the incidence rates of swelling and fatigue were lower in the test group compared to the control group after vaccination.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The test freeze-dried live attenuated VarV demonstrated good immunogenicity and higher safety compared to the active control vaccine in healthy participants aged 13-55 years.</p><p><strong>Clinical trials registration: </strong>www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT06592456.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"157-164"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143364213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-05-22DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2508517
Martin F Bachmann, Pierre van Damme, Florian Lienert, Tino F Schwarz
{"title":"Virus-like particles: a versatile and effective vaccine platform.","authors":"Martin F Bachmann, Pierre van Damme, Florian Lienert, Tino F Schwarz","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2508517","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2508517","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Traditional live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines have limitations, including risks associated with uncontrolled replication, reduced immunogenicity, or production complexities. To address these issues, alternative platforms such as virus-like particles (VLPs) have been developed.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>VLPs are self-assembling structures composed of viral proteins that mimic native viruses but are noninfectious. This review provides an overview of their structure, design and manufacture that make them an attractive platform for vaccine development. We then discuss the clinical development of some recently approved VLP vaccines and those widely used in immunization programs, summarizing the clinical trial data that underpins their efficacy and safety profiles. Additionally, we explore VLP vaccines in late-stage clinical development for respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>VLPs are a versatile and promising platform for vaccine development. Their ability to mimic native viruses while eliminating the risks associated with live vaccines positions them as an attractive platform for vaccine design. Currently approved VLP vaccines demonstrate that they can provide effective protection against a wide range of diseases. Advances in VLP design and production are likely to lead to highly effective vaccines, significantly contributing to global immunization efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"444-456"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Expert Review of VaccinesPub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-03-27DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2025.2483719
Matthew F Daley, Kamonthip J Homdayjanakul, Laura P Hurley, Peng-Jun Lu, Yuping Tsai, Carla L Black, Suchita Patel, James A Singleton, Lori A Crane
{"title":"Strengths and limitations of non-survey-based data sources for assessing adult vaccination coverage in the United States.","authors":"Matthew F Daley, Kamonthip J Homdayjanakul, Laura P Hurley, Peng-Jun Lu, Yuping Tsai, Carla L Black, Suchita Patel, James A Singleton, Lori A Crane","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2483719","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2483719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Non-survey-based data sources (e.g. electronic health records, administrative claims) have been used to estimate vaccination coverage among US adults. However, these data sources were not collected for research or surveillance purposes and may have substantial limitations. The objectives of this narrative review were to: 1) identify published studies that used non-survey-based data sources to estimate adult vaccination coverage for one or more routinely recommended vaccines; and 2) summarize the strengths and limitations of these data sources for coverage assessments.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Thirty-four publications derived from 9 data sources were reviewed: 16 publications were in a general population (i.e. defined by age), 12 were among pregnant women, and 6 were among individuals with chronic health conditions. While several data sources used continuous health insurance enrollment to define the study population, doing so limited generalizability to stably insured populations. Methods for obtaining race and ethnicity data were complex and potentially subject to bias. None of the reviewed studies presented any formal assessment of vaccine data validity.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>While multiple non-survey-based data sources have been used to assess adult vaccination coverage in the United States, important limitations exist, including related to generalizability, data validity, and risk of bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"230-241"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12083505/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143700038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}