Expert Review of Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"Typhoid conjugate vaccines: is a single dose enough for durable protection?","authors":"Vipin M Vashishtha, Puneet Kumar","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2476525","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2476525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Typhoid fever is widespread in developing countries. Most typhoid vaccines have gone into some disrepute for their substantial side effects and low efficacy. The latest typhoid vaccines use <i>Salmonella's</i> Vi-capsular polysaccharide (Vi-CPS) conjugated to a protein carrier. The WHO recommends a single typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) dose at six months in endemic countries. However, this schedule is contested.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>The molecular structure of Vi-CPS, emerging Vi capsule variants, the impact of de-O acetylation on vaccine immunogenicity, the key features of an effective Vi-PS conjugate vaccine, the immunological correlates of protection, the impact of boosting by a TCV on Vi-antibodies, and knowledge gaps were examined. We have also reviewed TCV efficacy and durability data. Our analysis shows that the vaccines are effective, although immunity wanes after five years, especially in children under two. We also offered ways to improve TCV efficacy and briefly discussed new typhoid vaccine development.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>We believe the TCV schedule necessitates revision. Extending the primary immunization age or incorporating a booster upon school enrollment are reasonable alternatives. Region-specific or universal modifications require further deliberation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"194-205"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The protective effects of two varicella vaccination strategies: A Bayesian modeling study in two megacities in South China.","authors":"Xing Huang, Jialing Li, Yihan Li, Weilin Zeng, Qi Zhu, Jun Liu, Pei Hu, Zhihua Zhu, Zhongyi Fan, Ying Yang, Siqing Zeng, Zhihao Li, Jianpeng Xiao, Limei Sun, Jianfeng He","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2476524","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2476524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>China implemented diverse varicella vaccination strategies from 2012 to 2022, with unclear protective effects. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of two varicella vaccination (VarV) (the two-dose self-paid VarV and the two-dose free VarV) strategies implemented in Guangdong Province, China.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>We collected data on varicella cases and doses administered to children aged 0-14 in Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Foshan from 2012 to 2022. Using Bayesian Structured Time Series (BSTS) model, we estimated the effects of the two VarV strategies in Guangzhou and Shenzhen starting from 2018, by referencing Foshan.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Post-implementation of the two-dose self-paid VarV strategy 36,749 (95% CI: 29070, 44428) and 24,179 (95% CI: 16400, 31958) varicella cases were averted in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, with a protection rate of 41.8% (95% CI: 36.3%, 46.5%) and 38.9% (95% CI: 30.2%, 45.7%), respectively. After the adoption of the two-dose free VarV strategy, a substantial relative protection rate of 64.2% (95% CI: 58.0%, 68.7%) in varicella cases was observed in Shenzhen, with 38,828 (95% CI: 29979, 47677) cases averted by 2022.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The two-dose VarV strategies have proven highly effective in reducing varicella incidence. The experience in Shenzhen underscores the benefits of a two-dose free VarV strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"212-220"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic analysis of 15-valent and 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines among older adults in Ontario, Canada.","authors":"Gebremedhin B Gebretekle, Ryan O'Reilly, Stephen Mac, Shaza Fadel, Natasha S Crowcroft, Beate Sander","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2488495","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2488495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health Canada approved two new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), 15-valent (PCV15) and 20-valent (PCV20), and we assessed their cost-effectiveness for older Ontarians.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>We conducted a cost-utility analysis using an individual-level state transition model to compare one dose of PCV (alone or in series with PPV23) with PPV23-only. We estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) expressed in costs (C$2022) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) from the healthcare payer perspective, discounted at 1.5% annually.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A sequential comparison of vaccinations with no indirect effect from childhood vaccination resulted in an ICER of $44,324/QALY for PCV15-alone compared to PPV23-only, and $70,751/QALY for PCV20-alone versus PCV15-alone. None of the PCV15/20 combined with PPV23 programs were cost-effective at a C$50,000/QALY threshold. PCV20 alone had an ICER of C$46,961/QALY compared to PPV23-only. When considering indirect effects, PCV15/20 alone or in series with PPV23 were not cost-effective. ICERs were mostly influenced by vaccine characteristics (effectiveness, waning, cost) and the incidence of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vaccinating older adults with PCV15/20 likely reduces burden of pneumococcal disease and would be cost-effective initially, but is expected to be less economically attractive in the longer term when herd immunity benefits from childhood vaccination programs are considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential public health and economic impact of maternal vaccination with bivalent respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F (RSVpreF) vaccine for the prevention of acute respiratory infection among infants in the United States.","authors":"Ahuva Averin, Amy W Law, Derek Weycker, Mark Atwood, Erin Quinn, Jessica E Atwell, Alejandro Cane, Bradford D Gessner, Sarah Pugh, Kimberly M Shea","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2503966","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2503966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The U.S. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends use of bivalent stabilized prefusion F subunit vaccine (RSVpreF) among pregnant persons to protect their infants against lower respiratory tract illness due to RSV (RSV-LRTI).</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>Using a cohort model depicting clinical outcomes and economic costs of RSV acute respiratory infection (RSV-ARI) among US infants from birth to age 1 year, we evaluated the impact of seasonally administered maternal RSVpreF versus no intervention. Outcomes included cases of medically attended RSV-ARI, RSV-related deaths, medical costs, and indirect costs. Costs were reported in 2023 US$.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 3.7 million US infants aged <12 months each year, a total of 1,148,967 RSV-ARI cases (hospital: 48,384; emergency department [ED]: 246,118; outpatient clinic [OC]: 854,465) were projected to occur, yielding total annual costs of $2.4 billion (direct: $1.7B; indirect: $0.7B). With 54.9% uptake, RSVpreF would prevent 89,908 cases (hospital: 10,308; ED: 20,538; OC: 59,062), corresponding with a $368 million decrease (direct: $286 M; indirect: $81 M) in total 1-year costs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Even with limited uptake and without considering benefits to pregnant persons or reductions in RSV-related sequelae, maternal vaccination with RSVpreF would substantially reduce the public health and economic burden of RSV-ARI in US infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"403-411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) to prevent pneumococcal disease in the Greek pediatric population.","authors":"Charalampos Tzanetakos, Ioanna Kokkinaki, Myrto Barmpouni, Vasiliki Kossyvaki, Marina Psarra, Johnna Perdrizet, George Gourzoulidis","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2515596","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2515596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) compared to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and 15-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV15) for prevention of pneumococcal disease in the pediatric population in Greece.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A published decision-analytic Markov model was adapted from payer perspective, to compare PCV20 (under a 3 + 1 dosing schedule per EMA approval) with PCV13 and PCV15 (both under a 2 + 1 dosing schedule) over a 10-year time horizon. Inputs for epidemiology, serotype coverage, vaccine effectiveness, utilities, and direct medical costs (€2024) were sourced from published literature and official data. Model outcomes included number of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), noninvasive hospitalized pneumonia, non-hospitalized pneumonia and otitis media (OM) cases, attributable deaths, costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) for each vaccination strategy and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for each comparison. Scenario analyses assessed PCV20 in a 2 + 1 schedule per recent national recommendations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis indicated that, vaccination with PCV20 compared to PCV13 and PCV15 prevents an additional 1,953 and 1,514 cases of IPD 54,956 and 42,069 noninvasive hospitalized and non-hospitalized pneumonia cases, 343,353 and 271,864 OM cases and 1,377 and 987 deaths respectively, resulting in incremental gain of 23,065 (vs PCV13) and 17,118 (vs PCV15) QALYs respectively. The lower number of pneumococcal disease cases with PCV20 compared to PCV13 and PCV15, translated to a reduction in total medical care cost of €249 M vs PCV13 and €192 M vs PCV15 over the modeled time horizon. Scenario analyses showed that PCV20 remained dominant under a 2 + 1 dosing schedule.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Vaccination with PCV20, whether in a 2 + 1 or a 3 + 1 schedule, was estimated to be a dominant vaccination strategy over PCV15 or PCV13 for the prevention of pneumococcal disease in Greek infants, as expansion of serotype coverage prevents additional morbidity and costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"486-498"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling the COVID-19 pandemic through vaccination: a perspective from Indonesia.","authors":"Rano K Sinuraya, Auliya A Suwantika, Maarten J Postma","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2451883","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2451883","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"91-95"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142964427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies to increase influenza vaccination coverage in the Italian pediatric population: a literature review and expert opinion.","authors":"Paolo Bonanni, Michele Conversano, Giancarlo Icardi, Rocco Russo, Alberto Villani","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2487915","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2487915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Vaccination rates in Italian children must be substantially increased to control the transmission of seasonal influenza and mitigate the associated socio-economic burden. This work aimed to describe strategies to improve the effectiveness and reach of pediatric influenza vaccination campaigns in Italy.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>Based on a literature review, influencing factors and potential strategies to enhance vaccination coverage were explored, focusing on settings, logistics, and communication aspects.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>School-based interventions should be deeply implemented in Italy by offering a cost-effective and safe approach to vaccination and successfully overcoming socio-economic and cultural challenges. Scheduled educational programs and institution-supported childhood influenza vaccination awareness campaigns that thoroughly inform about the risk of influenza and its socio-economic consequences, counter vaccine hesitancy, and discuss the benefits of vaccination are desirable, thus concretely prompting all children, families, and healthcare professionals to get vaccinated. Digitalizing procedures could lead to improved adherence by healthcare professionals to immunization programs. Nationwide implementation of these strategies would establish a robust, sustainable system for pediatric influenza vaccination. This would significantly increase childhood vaccination rates, leading to improved disease control and substantially reducing the overall national burden of influenza.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":"24 1","pages":"278-288"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the potential public health and economic impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccination strategies using an adapted COVID-19 vaccine in Mexico.","authors":"Carlos Fernando Mendoza, Jose Luis Huerta, Iustina Chirila, Dania Abreu, Moe H Kyaw, Benjamin Yarnoff","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2505087","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2505087","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study evaluated the impact of vaccination strategies using an adapted COVID-19 vaccine in Mexico.</p><p><strong>Research design and methods: </strong>This study used a previously published combined Markov-decision tree model adapted for the Mexican context. The base case examined the population aged ≥ 65 years and the high-risk population (defined as those with one or more comorbidities associated with high risk of severe disease) aged 12-64 years. Scenario analyses examined lower age cutoffs for eligibility in the standard risk population (≥50 years, ≥18 years, and ≥12 years). Sensitivity analyses varying the parameters by ± 20% was conducted to assess uncertainty.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to no vaccination, the base case was estimated to prevent 1,509,194 cases, 132,166 hospitalizations 24,575 deaths, and 276,223 lost quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), increasing direct costs by $602,446,820 and decreasing societal cost by $2,264,266,271. The ICER was dominant from the societal perspective and $2,181 from the payer perspective, which was cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of 1× GDP per capita ($11,812). The benefits were further increased in scenarios expanding vaccination to additional age groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vaccination strategies targeting a broader age range with an adapted vaccine would result in considerable health and economic benefits and be cost-effective in Mexico.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"393-402"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144063036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dilemma in prevention of pertussis infection among infants under six months in China.","authors":"Xiang Sun","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2459745","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2459745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pertussis poses a significant threat to infants under six months due to their immature immune systems, limited maternal antibody protection, and constraints in the vaccination schedule. Despite vaccination efforts, this group remains highly susceptible to severe complications. Addressing these challenges is crucial for improving the health outcomes of infants in China.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This review examines the primary challenges in preventing pertussis infections among infants under six months in China, focusing on factors such as underdeveloped immune system and inadequate maternal antibody protection. It analyzes limitations in current vaccination strategies and the impact of socio-cultural factors, healthcare resource distribution, and surveillance inadequacies. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify potential solutions, including enhancing maternal immunization, adjusting early vaccination strategies, increasing vaccine coverage, and developing new vaccines. The review synthesizes current research findings and data to provide a detailed overview of these issues.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Infants under six months are particularly vulnerable to pertussis. Early and effective prevention strategies, such as enhanced maternal immunization and adjusted vaccination schedules, are needed. Increasing vaccine coverage and developing safer, more immunogenic vaccines are essential. Policymakers should prioritize these measures to reduce pertussis incidence and complications among infants in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"138-145"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143046160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking the cycle: considerations for a life-course vaccination strategy against varicella-zoster virus.","authors":"Giacomo Casabona, Paolo Bonanni, Giovanni Gabutti, Volker Vetter, Maurine Duchenne, Raunak Parikh","doi":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2514527","DOIUrl":"10.1080/14760584.2025.2514527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly contagious virus that manifests as varicella (chickenpox) as primary infection and reactivates as herpes zoster (HZ, shingles), with the potential for severe complications. Vaccines against varicella and HZ are available and highly effective, but recommendations vary between countries.</p><p><strong>Areas covered: </strong>This qualitative review discusses the literature regarding (i) the burden of varicella and HZ; (ii) current approaches to vaccination against VZV-related diseases and reasons why varicella and HZ vaccination may not have been widely implemented, and (iii) real-world evidence and trends from countries with vaccination program experience.</p><p><strong>Expert opinion: </strong>Varicella and HZ pose significant burdens. The availability of effective vaccines with established safety profiles means that prevention of both manifestations of VZV disease is now largely possible. Reasons why National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups may not recommend varicella and HZ vaccination programs include cost-effectiveness, considerations relating to the interplay of both diseases, and low awareness of the true disease burden. Nevertheless, real-world evidence from countries with existing vaccination programs is demonstrating positive impacts of vaccination on disease incidence and cost. Including both varicella and HZ vaccines in National Immunization Programs can be an effective life-course strategy to tackle the burden of VZV-related diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":12326,"journal":{"name":"Expert Review of Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":"556-569"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144283177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}