F1000Research最新文献

{"title":"Designing an AI-Responsive Early Childhood Curriculum: A Conceptual Framework for Supporting Developmental Learning Trajectories in Preschool Education.","authors":"Herlina Herlina, Chandra Apriyansyah, Rusmayadi Rusmayadi, Herman Herman","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.185645.2","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.185645.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning technologies into education creates new opportunities for personalized learning in early childhood education (ECE). Yet limited research has examined how educators interpret and enact AI-responsive curriculum decisions in preschool settings, particularly in culturally diverse contexts.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study explores educators' experiences in designing and implementing AI-responsive curricula and develops a conceptual framework explaining how AI can inform curriculum decision-making for young children without displacing teacher judgment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>An interpretive phenomenological study was conducted at TK Harapan Bangsa, Makassar, Indonesia, with nine adult participants: six preschool teachers, two curriculum specialists, and one AI tool developer-collaborator whose expert interview supplied technical context. Data comprised two in-depth interviews with each teacher, interviews with curriculum specialists and the developer-collaborator, 18 non-participant observations, and analysis of AI-supported planning documents. MAXQDA 2024 supported data management. Giorgi's phenomenological method was operationalized through first-order meaning units, second-order interpretive themes, and third-order composite constructs. Triangulation, reflexive memoing, an audit trail, member checking, and peer debriefing supported trustworthiness.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Three interconnected constructs emerged. Predictive Developmental Tracking describes AI-supported identification of developmental readiness and possible concerns. AI-Responsive Curriculum Adaptation captures teachers' active interrogation and contextual modification of algorithmic recommendations. Deep Learning as Pedagogical Scaffold positions AI as a support that amplifies, rather than replaces, professional expertise. Together, the constructs informed the AI-Responsive Curriculum Design (ARCD) Framework.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ARCD Framework explains AI-responsive curriculum implementation as a relational process combining predictive insight, ecological sensitivity, and educator agency. It offers implications for curriculum policy, teacher professional development, and ethical AI integration in ECE.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"1172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673081/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149215267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and expert validation of the OEPR learning model for sea turtle conservation educational tourism in Pacitan, Indonesia.","authors":"Wahyu Prihanta, Yuni Pantiwati, Abdulkadir Rahardjanto, Poncojari Wahyono","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.191070.1","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.191070.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sea turtle conservation sites can function as authentic learning environments, but educational visits frequently remain informal, knowledge-centred, and disconnected from sustained participation. This study developed and established the initial content validity of an experiential learning model for conservation-based educational tourism at Taman Beach, Pacitan, Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An educational research-and-development study combined a preliminary needs assessment, document and literature analysis, field observation, stakeholder interviews, model design, and expert validation. Qualitative evidence was organised into six design needs. The resulting Orientation-Exploration-Practice-Reflection (OEPR) model was reviewed independently by experts in education, environmental education, and sea turtle conservation using five-point instruments covering syntax, social system, reaction principles, support system, model effects, model handbook, and facilitator guide. Scores were summarised as percentages, while written comments were analysed thematically and converted into revision decisions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The needs assessment identified fragmented visit sequences, mainly lecture-based interpretation, limited media, weak community coordination, no structured learner assessment, and no systematic follow-up. Eleven years of monitoring records contained 14,441 eggs and 11,892 hatchlings; annual hatching proportions varied substantially, reinforcing the need to connect education with authentic monitoring data. Expert validity was 98.33% for education, 96.94% for environmental education, and 98.24% for conservation. Reviewers retained the four-stage syntax but strengthened sense of place, inquiry, social-ecological analysis, authentic practice, standard operating procedures, safety, scaffolding, reflection, and action planning.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>OEPR offers a coherent, place-based structure for transforming a conservation visit into an experiential and reflective learning cycle. The evidence supports content validity and readiness for feasibility and pilot testing, but not yet effectiveness. Subsequent studies should evaluate implementation fidelity, learner outcomes, and ecological safeguards with larger participant samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"1674"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13658989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149180264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart governance and its role in achieving digital transformation requirements: A survey study in selected Iraqi universities.","authors":"Ahmed Majeed Ghareeb, Muhamed Khamis Sami Alisawi, Yousif Obed Hama Amin, Younis M Kh Al-Sabaawe, Ahmed Abbas Hammadi, Sara Hamid Diab","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.174187.2","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.174187.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With modern technology ever more entrenched in tertiary schooling, digital change has become an urgent necessity to enhance both the educational and administrative processes within universities. Anbar, Fallujah, and Maarif Universities now aim to adopt digital transformation strategies to improve academic and administrative efficiency while developing services provided to students and faculty. Within this framework, savvy governance plays a pivotal role in ensuring the application of principles like transparency, accountability, and participation, which are core factors for boosting the effectiveness of digital change. Literature indicates that integrating smart governance practices into higher education institutions contributes to achieving a modern and flexible educational environment with the dexterity to keep pace with technological progress.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>The research followed a descriptive and analytical approach. The method used was a questionnaire administered to a sample of 83 employees in positions (dean, assistant dean, department head) at the universities under study (Anbar University, Fallujah University, and Al-Maarif University). The study will be conducted over the period from April 7, 2025, to September 1, 2025.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The descriptive results reveal that the university has consistently adopted smart governance tools, particularly the efficient use of the dimensions of transparency, participation, accountability, collaboration, and innovation, which have contributed to the universities' transformation into a digital system. The study also demonstrated a high positive correlation of 0.93 between smart governance and digital transformation in the universities in the study area, confirming the close relationship between the studied variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Integrating smart governance with digital transformation plays a pivotal role in enhancing institutional efficiency by promoting transparency, accountability, and innovation. This contributes to improving service quality, increasing beneficiary satisfaction, and supporting sustainable development.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13202199/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148041621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-Friendly Modified Fabrication of poly (lactic- <i>co</i>-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Nanoparticles from a Novel Utilized date seed Extract with Potent Antibacterial Properties isolated from Osteomyelitis patients.","authors":"Elaf Sameer, Suzan Saadi Hussain, Raad S Sabry, Saba Talib Hashim","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.173692.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.173692.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Green nanotechnology presents an opportunity in management of osteomyelitis, whereby environmental friendly procedures are used to provide nanoparticles that are of minimal toxicity. Green nanomaterials have the potential of effectively delivering antibiotics to the infected bone sites by incorporation of biocompatible materials to improve the efficiency of the delivery as well as reducing side effects. This sustainable treatment does not only provide safer treatment but also enhances faster healing and curbs infection spread that provides a more viable and environmentally friendly solution in managing osteomyelitis. This study is the first to synthesize poly lactic- <i>co</i>-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles by using <i>Phoenix dactylifera L.</i> (Zahidi date) seeds extract as a capping agent in a green approach. 120 osteomyelitis specimens were collected; the nanoparticles were fabricated via a modified double emulsion solvent evaporation/diffusion technique followed by lyophilization. Characterization via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Antimicrobial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration of green-synthesized PLGA nanoparticles was determined. 40% of the specimens contained <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>; 20%, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>; 10%, <i>Proteus mirabilis</i>; 10%, <i>Enterococcus faecium</i>; and 20%, different Gram-negative bacilli. PLGA nanoparticles do not exhibit considerable crystallization using the date seed extract in XRD analysis, FTIR spectroscopic analysis of PLGA nanoparticles reveals absorption bands characteristic of the polymer's chemical structure and indicates the presence of functional groups from both PLGA and the bioactive constituents of the date pit extract. (FE-SEM) confirmed the formation of uniformly sized spherical particles (23-33 nm) with an amorphous polymeric structure and maintaining the inherent chemical integrity of PLGA. Importantly, the incorporation of bioactive phytochemicals from the date seed extract was confirmed, indicating their participation in the functional activity of the nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activities determined using the broth microdilution method revealed high inhibition against <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (MIC: 75-125 μg/mL) and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (MIC: 100-125 μg/mL). The findings highlight the significance of incorporating agro-industrial waste into the sustainable production of bioactive nanocarriers. The developed PLGA nanoparticles constitute an efficient carrier system with high antibacterial activity and represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treating osteomyelitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13650325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149166915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":" Open Science in Spain: Influence of Personal and Contextual Factors on Deposit Patterns.","authors":"Daniel de Gracia Palomera","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.160207.2","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.160207.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study investigates factors influencing the deposit of academic publications and research data in open access repositories by Spanish researchers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using survey data from a sample of Spanish academics, the research examines the impact of personal attributes (e.g., gender, age, knowledge of open science) and contextual variables (e.g., academic discipline, institutional type) on deposit behaviours. Quantitative methods, including chi-square tests and regression analysis, reveal significant associations between knowledge of open science and deposit practices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Researchers familiar with open science principles were more likely to deposit multiple versions of articles and datasets, albeit with varying intensity. Key findings highlight disciplinary and institutional differences: researchers in Life Sciences and Experimental Sciences showed higher engagement with both article and data deposits, whereas Health Sciences lagged. Gender differences were also observed, with male researchers depositing articles and datasets more frequently than their female counterparts, though age showed limited impact. Public institutions exhibited lower data deposit rates despite mandates supporting open access.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study underscores the need for tailored policies, including awareness campaigns, infrastructure investment, and discipline-specific strategies, to promote equitable and widespread adoption of open science practices. Findings contribute to understanding open science implementation, emphasizing the interplay of individual, institutional, and systemic factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"14 ","pages":"212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13662382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149191994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sample size variation in single-time post-dose assessment <i>vs</i> multi-time post-dose assessment.","authors":"Sarfaraz Sayyed, Ashwini Mathur, Asha Kamath","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.124917.4","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.124917.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many randomized trials measure a continuous outcome simultaneously at baseline and after taking the drug. For a single continuous post-treatment outcome, the sample size calculation is simple, but if there are assessments at multiple time point post-treatment then this longitudinal data may give more insights by analyzing the data using the repeated measures method. Also, if the sample size is calculated using the single time-point method for longitudinal data, it may lead to a larger than required sample size, increasing the cost and time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this research, an effort is made to determine the size of the sample for repeated measures case and then compare with the single post-baseline case. The sample sizes were examined under different scenarios for the continuous type of response variable. Under 'Mean contrast' and 'Diff contrast' the sample sizes were calculated with different correlations. These two scenarios were again examined under compound symmetry as well as discrete Auto regressive of order 1 type of correlation structure in longitudinal data. The graphical presentation is given for better visualization of the scenarios.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample size required for highly correlated longitudinal data using the multi-timepoint sample size derivation method led to a smaller sample size requirement compared to the single timepoint sample size calculation method.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study will help researchers to make better decisions in choosing the right method for sample size determination which may reduce the time and cost of conducting the experiment. Additionally, it is crucial to carefully evaluate and choose the appropriate method when the correlation is weak, as this can significantly impact the accuracy of the results. More complex correlation structures are not studied in this article but can be studied in the same fashion.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"11 ","pages":"1550"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13662387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149192040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Psychometric Validation of a Multidimensional Clinical Coding Quality Assessment Instrument in Casemix Systems.","authors":"Kori Puspita Ningsih, Hartono Hartono, Nur Hafidha Hikmayani","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.183114.3","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.183114.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In casemix-based payment systems, clinical coding quality plays a critical role in determining data validity, reimbursement accuracy, and overall performance. Financial inefficiencies, skewed morbidity data, and claim denials might result from incorrect coding. However, the majority of studies pay little attention to thorough and context-specific evaluation, instead concentrating mostly on coding accuracy.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to use the Indonesian Case-Based Groups (INA-CBG) as the empirical backdrop for the development and psychometric validation of a multidimensional instrument for evaluating clinical coding quality in casemix systems.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An instrument development strategy based on ICD-10, ICD-9-CM, WHO coding guidelines, national casemix requirements, and results from coding audits was used to conduct a methodological investigation. The Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (I-CVI, S-CVI) were used to evaluate the content validity. Cohen's Kappa was used to assess inter-rater reliability, while Cronbach's alpha with 95% confidence intervals was used to quantify internal consistency. JASP was used for data analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Clinical Coding Quality Assessment Instrument for Casemix (CCQAI-CM) comprises seven conceptual domains operationalized through 11 assessment items: diagnosis documentation, procedure documentation, documentation support, coding compliance, coding accuracy, diagnosis reselection, and procedure reselection. The instrument demonstrated high content validity (S-CVI = 0.972), varying item-level inter-rater agreement, and very high overall internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.982).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings provide initial evidence of the content validity and reliability of the CCQAI-CM as a multidimensional framework for assessing clinical coding quality in casemix systems. Further validation across healthcare settings and against relevant casemix outcomes is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"1138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13594603/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capital Adequacy as a Driver of Profitability: Panel Evidence from Nepalese Wholesale and Retail Microfinance Institutions.","authors":"Basu Dev Lamichhane, Satyanarayan Choudhary, Bharat Ram Dhungana, Manika Shrestha","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.178815.3","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.178815.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Capital adequacy is essential for the sustainable operation of microfinance institutions (MFIs). MFIs can expand their outreach to low-income and marginalized people if the institutions are sustainable.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is based on secondary data collected from the annual reports of the selected microfinance institutions. A descriptive and causal comparative research design was used. The study sampled 10 microfinance institutions from 57 MFIs, including wholesale and retail. The independent variables were capital adequacy ratio, leverage ratio, size, growth, inflation, and type. The dependent variables were return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The purposive sampling method was used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The panel regression model observed that the regression coefficients for SIZE and GDP growth in the fixed-effect panel regression model, and CAR, LR, SIZE, GDP growth, and TYPE are statistically significant for ROA. This study did not find a statistically significant effect on ROE. Profitability of microfinance institutions is not only determined by the sum of capital and investments but also through the strategic balance between financial stability and operational efficiency. High levels of capital adequacy necessitate restrained management to avoid diminishing returns. The regression coefficient for TYPE is statistically significant; the profitability of Retail MFIs and Wholesale MFIs is different.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Capital structure, asset size, and leverage are determinants of the profitability of microfinance institutions. One remarkable result is that the type of microfinance institutions is statistically significant; the profitability of retail MFIs and wholesale MFIs is different. Wholesale MFIs are more capitalized but less profitable than retail MFIs. This implies that capital position does not necessarily translate into higher profitability. Retail business models in terms of financial performance may not necessarily work in wholesale business models. Capital adequacy is a significant determinant of the type of MFI profitability in Nepal. Policymakers should not apply a one-size-fits-all regulation but develop diverse supervisory and capital adequacy frameworks for wholesale and retail MFIs. This study is particularly useful for regulators and microfinance institutions for policy formulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"447"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13594598/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149030112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Initiation of Thyroid Hormone Therapy Versus Watchful Waiting or Delayed Treatment or no Treatment in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocol.","authors":"Aravind P Gandhi, Kalyani P Deshmukh, Anupriya Kaliyappan, Akash Bang, Neha Gangane","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.179360.3","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.179360.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in the general population is notably high, ranging from 4% to 20%, and varies according to sex and age. SCH has been reported to be associated with multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women. While the therapeutic decision for overt hypothyroidism is fairly straightforward, treatment of SCH, especially the timing of the initiation of therapy, has been a point of discussion.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the effect of early initiation of treatment (thyroid hormone therapy) compared to watchful waiting, delayed initiation, or no treatment on progression to overt hypothyroidism, prevention of complications, and associated adverse outcomes through a \"systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA)\".</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The SRMA protocol adhered to the \"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P 2015)\" guidelines. Only \"randomized controlled trials (RCTs)\" will be included. The databases \"PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library\" will be searched from inception until 30.12.2025. Two stages (title abstract followed by full-text review) and two-pass screening (two authors independently) with a third reviewer adjudication of conflicts will be adopted. Data will be extracted, and the risk of bias will be assessed independently by two authors using a process to resolve differences. The risk of bias for RCTs will be assessed using Cochrane ROB 2.0. Pooled estimates will be calculated for meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression will be performed if heterogeneity was present. The certainty of the evidence will be ascertained through \"GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation)\".</p><p><strong>Intended outcomes: </strong>The SRMA can inform the framing of clinical guidelines for SCH management for all population groups and also intends to bring out gaps in the existing literature for future studies.PROSPERO ID: CRD420251270021 (Date: 08 February 2026).</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13613001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Beekeeping Sector of Kazakhstan and Contributions to the Pharmaceutical Industry: Promising Flavonoids with the Pharmacokinetic Properties Via the Computational Evaluations.","authors":"Şeyda Kaya, Zeliha Selamoglu, Sevgi Durna Daştan, Tulkinzhon Gaipov, Taner Daştan, Nurdana Salybekova","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.188625.2","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.188625.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bee products are rich sources of bioactive flavonoids with potential applications in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical research. However, differences in the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of individual flavonoids may substantially influence their drug-likeness and bioavailability. This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic, physicochemical, and drug-likeness profiles of four representative flavonoids commonly associated with bee products myricetin, galangin, kaempferol, and quercetin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>In silico</i> pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness analyses were performed using the SwissADME web platform. The investigated compounds were evaluated in terms of physicochemical properties, lipophilicity, aqueous solubility, gastrointestinal absorption, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate status, and compliance with established drug-likeness rules, including Lipinski, Veber, Egan, and Muegge criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All four flavonoids exhibited favorable molecular properties and an identical predicted bioavailability score of 0.55. Galangin, kaempferol, and quercetin showed high predicted gastrointestinal absorption and fully complied with the Lipinski, Veber, Egan, and Muegge drug-likeness criteria. In contrast, myricetin exhibited comparatively lower predicted gastrointestinal absorption, which may be associated with its higher polarity, greater hydrogen-bonding capacity, and elevated topological polar surface area. None of the investigated flavonoids was predicted to penetrate the BBB or to act as a P-gp substrate. Variations in hydroxyl substitution were associated with marked differences in lipophilicity, aqueous solubility, membrane permeability, and overall pharmacokinetic behavior. Among the compounds evaluated, galangin displayed the most balanced physicochemical and medicinal chemistry profile, whereas kaempferol and quercetin also demonstrated favorable characteristics for oral drug development.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings indicate that flavonoids associated with Kazakhstan bee products possess distinct but generally favorable drug-likeness and predicted pharmacokinetic profiles. In particular, galangin emerged as the most balanced candidate among the compounds examined. Integrating <i>in silico</i> pharmacokinetic assessment with knowledge of bee-product composition may contribute to the scientific evaluation, quality standardization, and value-added utilization of Kazakhstan's apicultural resources, while providing a basis for further experimental investigation of their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"1422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13583342/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}