F1000Research最新文献

{"title":"What informs a one-party state's foreign policy? The prospects of a neoclassical realism interpretation of Laos' ASEAN Chairmanships.","authors":"Bama Andika Putra","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.176844.3","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.176844.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How do state actors act in regional organizations? For decades, international relations scholars assessing Southeast Asia have examined the agency of middle powers in the region, exerting influence and shaping the introduction of regional norms. However, less has been assessed in the context of smaller states such as Laos, which has displayed some unique traits in its foreign policy. Among the empirical anomalies is Laos' display of neutrality, despite growing closer to China's lucrative economic opportunities in the past decades. As a means to understand why Laos's chairmanship roles have displayed neutrality, this study bridges the relevance of neoclassical realism's theoretical framework to make sense of foreign policies that are out of the ordinary. Drawing on primary and secondary data on Laos' ASEAN chairmanships in 2016 and 2024, this study argues that domestic considerations (the growing negative sentiment towards economic ties with China) and external determinants (power relations with China and ASEAN regionalism) affect Laos' external outlook.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13129525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147812973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Digital Fashion Skills in Green TVET: Foundations for Future Vocational Teacher Competency Framework through Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis.","authors":"Roudlotus Sholikhah, Mochamad Bruri Triyono, Sukarno -Sukarno, Sudiyono -Sudiyono, Dias Aziz Pramudita, Hamid Nasrullah","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.176893.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.176893.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The fashion industry is undergoing a digital transformation, creating a pressing demand for digital fashion skills in Green TVET. However, a comprehensive mapping of sustainability-oriented digital fashion skills and their relationship to vocational teacher competency frameworks is still limited. The research conducted in this paper aims to map trends in existing research and identify key digital fashion skills that should be taught in Green TVET, which will be used in designing a digital fashion skills framework for future vocational teachers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The method used was a systematic literature review (SLR) using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Additionally, bibliometric analysis was used to examine research patterns and the evolution of themes. As a result, 62 peer-reviewed journal articles indexed in Scopus and published between 2021 and 2025 were included according to predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The core skill domains identified in the digital fashion world for future vocational education teachers in Green TVET resulted in eight skills: 1) Digital Design Skills, 2) Digital Pattern Skills, 3) Digital Production Skills, 4) Digital Sustainability Skills, 5) Digital Ethics & Data Security Skills, 6) Digital Learning & Pedagogy Skills, 7) Digital Communication & Marketing Skills, and 8) Digital Entrepreneurship Skills. Overall, these domains form a competency framework that encompasses the technical, cognitive, and pedagogical dimensions of sustainability-oriented vocational fashion teachers.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides a robust, evidence-based foundation for transforming the fashion vocational curriculum, creating professional development schemes, and strengthening policy measures targeting the development of digital and green skills in vocational education and training (TVET). The proposed framework paves the way for training the next generation of fashion teachers who are ready to face the challenges of digitalization and sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13146484/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147835731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Research Trends in AI-Based Tourism and Hospitality Marketing: A Bibliometric and Thematic Review.","authors":"Pankaj Kumar Tyagi, Priyanka Aggarwal, Priyanka Tyagi, Asokan Vasudevan, Premendra Kumar Singh","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.177254.2","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.177254.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally transformed tourism and hospitality marketing through enhanced data-driven decision-making, personalized customer experiences, and intelligent destination management. However, the field lacks a comprehensive synthesis of its intellectual landscape and thematic evolution, limiting understanding of research trajectories and emerging directions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic literature review following the SPAR-4-SLR procedure was conducted on 320 peer-reviewed papers published between 2003 and 2025, sourced from the Scopus database. Publication trends, leading journals, prolific authors, trending areas, and bibliographic coupling of documents and countries were visualized using bibliometric analysis tools (VOSviewer and Biblioshiny). Thematic analysis employed keyword co-occurrence networks to identify emerging research themes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Academic publications on AI in tourism and hospitality demonstrated a significant surge during 2017-2020, reflecting the industry's growing emphasis on smart marketing applications. Thematic analysis identified four major research clusters: (i) Digital Influence and Tourist Behaviour Analytics; (ii) AI-Enabled Smart Tourism and Commerce Ecosystems; (iii) Technology-Driven Hospitality and Experience Innovation; and (iv) Data-Driven Decision Making in Predictive Tourism Modelling.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This bibliometric and thematic assessment reveals the evolving intellectual landscape of AI applications in tourism and hospitality marketing, documenting substantive research growth and the emergence of distinct thematic clusters that shape current and future research agendas in this dynamic field.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12936479/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147325140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Report: Improved Oxygenation after One Lung Ventilation in Severe Cardiomegaly due to Cor Pulmonale; analysis with Heart-Lung Interaction Approach.","authors":"Bambang Pujo Semedi, Willy Kurniawan, Arinanda Lalita Hayu, Yoppie Prim Avidar, Suryanti Chan","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.171612.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171612.4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>One-lung ventilation (OLV) is used to isolate one lung during thoracic surgery, but manipulation and positioning can affect heart-lung interaction. Cardiomegaly may exacerbate these changes, especially in the left lateral decubitus (LLD) position.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the effect of cardiomegaly on heart-lung interaction during OLV, particularly in the LLD position.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 20-year-old male with recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax was scheduled for right-sided <i>bronchopleural</i> fistula repair via thoracotomy. The patient presented with cardiomegaly (cardiothoracic ratio 75%) and echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular and atrial dilation. In the LLD position, OLV led to desaturation when both lungs were ventilated, but oxygenation improved when only the left lung was ventilated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cardiomegaly alters heart-lung interaction during OLV, particularly in the LLD position. The enlarged heart exerts pressure on the left lung, impairing ventilation. When both lungs are ventilated in this position, ventilation is directed toward the right lung, reducing oxygenation and causing desaturation. However, restricting ventilation to the left lung improved oxygenation due to better lung compliance and less interference from the enlarged heart.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cardiomegaly affects heart-lung interaction during OLV in the LLD position. Oxygenation improves when only the left lung is ventilated, likely due to less compression of the left lung. The supine position may further enhance oxygenation even with bilateral ventilation. This case highlights the importance of considering cardiomegaly in OLV management. This section should be written as per the CARE checklist item 3.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13126001/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147812980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlating the Densities of Hunter-schreger Bands With Function and Surfaces of Teeth: A Micrometric Analysis.","authors":"Radhika Agarwal, Lavangi Sehgal, Jefferson Prince, Srikant Natarajan, Shreya Bhat, Siambiakthang Valte","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.175647.2","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.175647.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hunter-Schreger bands (HSBs) are distinctive optical features observed in enamel and are characterized by alternating dark and light bands that reflect the orientation of the enamel prism. Despite their clinical relevance, variations in HSB patterns across different tooth surfaces remain poorly understood. <i>The aim of this study</i> wass to correlate the width and density of HSB with the surface (labial, lingual, mesial distal and occlusal) of the tooth and the type of tooth.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Eighty intact permanent human teeth (20 each: incisors, canines, premolars, molars) from the maxillary and mandibular arches were sectioned in mesiodistal or labiolingual planes. Reflected-light photomicrographs (4× objective; Olympus CX20i) were analysed with ImageJ. HSB density was defined as the number of HSB pairs per millimetre (one dark + one light = pair). Group differences were assessed via repeated-measures ANOVA and independent t tests; <i>p</i>< 0.05.</p><p><strong>Statistical analyses: </strong>Repeated-measures ANOVA and independent t tests were used to assess differences of HSB densities among surfaces and tooth types. A p value of of <i>p</i><0.05 was considered .</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant variations in HSB density were observed across tooth surfaces within each tooth type and between the maxillary and mandibular arches. Compared with molars, mandibular buccal surfaces presented greater mean HSB densities in premolars ( <i>p</i>=0.001) ( <i>p</i>=0.201),whereas lingual surfaces presented consistent patterns across all tooth types ( <i>p</i><0.05). Notably, incisal/occlusal surfaces demonstrated the greatest variability, with mandibular incisors exhibiting greater densities ( <i>p</i><0.001) than maxillary incisors ( <i>p</i><0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This micrometric analysis provides detailed insights into the microstructural variations in the HSB across tooth surfaces, highlighting functional and anatomical influences. These findings underscore the clinical importance of HSB in adhesive restorations and enamel-related conditions, suggesting tailored approaches on the basis of tooth type and surface location. Further research is needed to explore the biomechanical implications and refine the clinical applications in dental practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13070207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147671638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prenatal training module (PTM) with newborn simulation model to enhance primipara mother's knowledge and skill on newborn care in Lower-Middle-Income Setting: A quasi-experimental study.","authors":"Kavya C, Shashidhara Yn, Manjula U","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.177800.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.177800.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Parental knowledge of newborn care is essential, as it can influence the newborn's health, growth, and development. It is challenging due to a lack of mothers' knowledge and skills, insufficient resources, and limited training facilities. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the prenatal training module (PTM) on maternal knowledge and skills on newborn care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A quasi-experimental research design was adopted. Forty women at or beyond 36 weeks of gestation were recruited using a non-probability purposive sampling. The pre-test knowledge was assessed during the antenatal period for both the interventional and control groups. The interventional group received two sessions of prenatal training using a simulation, with a one-week interval. The post-test was conducted for both the Interventional and control groups on the third day of child birth.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was an evident variation between post-test knowledge score (Z = -5.345; P < 0.05) and post-test skill score (Z = -5.144; P < 0.05) among mothers on newborn care between groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Post-training skill demonstration and knowledge were markedly better among women in the interventional group than in the control group. The PTM with the newborn simulation model has shown success in improving knowledge and skills among mothers.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"568"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13139849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147835751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Corporate Political Activity in Shaping Organizational Outcomes: A Systematic Literature Review.","authors":"Sumanggar Milton Pakpahan, Benny Hutahayan","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.169272.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.169272.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Corporate Political Activity (CPA) has gained growing academic attention as a non-market strategy for influencing policy, reducing uncertainty, and enhancing firm-level outcomes. However, existing studies remain fragmented, often confined to single industries, regions, or political mechanisms, with limited cross-country comparisons and minimal exploration of digital political engagement. Moreover, no recent comprehensive synthesis has captured post-2020 developments across diverse institutional and industrial contexts, leaving gaps in understanding the broader patterns and boundary conditions of CPA effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of peer-reviewed empirical articles published between 2020 and 2025, guided by the PRISMA framework. Articles were systematically identified, screened, and synthesized from the Scopus database. Out of 589 initial articles, 20 met the inclusion criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings show that CPA is primarily positioned as an independent variable affecting performance, innovation, and competitiveness. While CPA frequently generates positive outcomes, risks such as agency problems, reputational damage, and bribery emerge in weak governance environments. The review also reveals that integrating Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) with CPA strengthens legitimacy and strategic impact, particularly in politically volatile contexts.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Theoretically, this study contributes by mapping empirical trends, clarifying contextual boundary conditions, and proposing an integrated conceptual framework that bridges resource-based and institutional perspectives on CPA. Practically, it offers guidelines for aligning political engagement with ethical governance, enabling firms to leverage CPA-CSR integration to navigate complex institutional environments while maintaining legitimacy and stakeholder trust.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"14 ","pages":"1046"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147766874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental publications on the treatment of temporomandibular disorders: A bibliometric analysis.","authors":"Fredy Hugo Cruzado-Oliva, Elmo Linder Cruzado-Oliva, Heber Isac Arbildo-Vega, Franz Tito Coronel-Zubiate","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.177216.3","DOIUrl":"10.12688/f1000research.177216.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a common cause of orofacial pain, and research on therapeutic approaches has grown substantially in recent years. This bibliometric study aimed to assess the scientific output of Scopus-indexed articles on temporomandibular disorder (TMD) treatment, highlighting research trends, key authors, keywords and influential patterns.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive search was conducted in the Scopus database from January 2014 to Au-gust 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search retrieved 621 articles; after excluding those not related to TMD treatment, 220 were analyzed. The main topics were treatment types and classifications of TMD. The journal contributing the most scientific content was the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. The leading institutions in this field were three universities from Brazil.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The analysis reveals a steady increase in publications related to TMD treatment. These findings describe publication patterns rather than clinical efficacy or quality of evidence. Further systematic evaluations are needed to determine whether these research trends translate into standardized treatment protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147622208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital transformation as a driver of operational sustainability in manufacturing: a systematic review (2015-2025).","authors":"Luis Edgardo Cruz Salinas, Jessica Macalopú Rimachi, Carlos José Sandoval Reyes","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.178740.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.178740.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This research examines how the adoption of digital technologies-the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, digital twins, and big data analytics-affects operational sustainability in the manufacturing sector.</p><p><strong>Design/methodology: </strong>A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, consulting Scopus, ScienceDirect and Taylor & Francis for the period 2015-2025. Of 1,247 initial records, 50 studies passed the eligibility and methodological quality filters.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>The evidence indicates that the joint implementation of several digital technologies produces reductions of between 20% and 35% in energy consumption and between 25% and 40% in material waste, according to the ranges reported in the primary studies. Digital twins had the greatest effects on process optimisation, followed by industrial IoT and artificial intelligence systems. Organisations that combined three or more complementary technologies achieved improvements 40%-60% greater than isolated implementations.</p><p><strong>Originality: </strong>The work offers a structured synthesis of the specific mechanisms that connect digitalisation with concrete sustainability indicators and identifies knowledge gaps that guide future lines of research.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"544"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13146463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147835649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MEDICATION ADHERENCE AMONG ELDERLY PATIENTS RECEIVING HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN WATERBERG DISTRICT, LIMPOPO PROVINCE: A Qualitative phenomenological study protocol.","authors":"T Mavhungu, A G Mudau, T R Lebese","doi":"10.12688/f1000research.175364.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.175364.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Medication adherence among elderly patients is crucial for maintaining their health and well-being; many face challenges that hinder their ability to follow prescribed regimens. This study aims to investigate the experiences to identify barriers and facilitators influencing adherence and to describe the perceptions of medication adherence among the elderly. Health care professionals can tailor targeted intervention to the challenges faced by the elderly to improve medication adherence among elderly patients. Study design this is a qualitative phenomenological study protocol.</p><p><strong>Methods and analysis: </strong>The target population for this study comprises elderly patients aged 60 years and above residing in the Waterberg District who have been diagnosed with at least one chronic disease and are receiving healthcare services. This study will be conducted in FH Odendaal hospital, in the Waterberg district. The inclusion criteria for this study are elderly patients aged 60 years or above who have been diagnosed with at least one chronic disease and can provide informed consent and have been using medication for at least three months. The researcher anticipates enrolling 15 to 30 participants, stopping when saturation is reached, and no new themes emerge. The data saturation point will determine the final number of participants, ensuring that the diversity and depth of participants' understanding are adequately captured. The researcher will use purposive sampling. Data will be collected through interviews with two central questions, and probing will be used based on the participants' responses. The collected data will be analysed thematically.</p><p><strong>Ethics and dissemination: </strong>The proposal has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Venda. Permission to conduct the study will be obtained from the Limpopo Department of Health, the Waterberg District, and the selected hospital. Autonomy, confidentiality, care for the vulnerable group, and informed consent will be maintained. Key findings will be disseminated through academic publications, community settings, policymakers, and healthcare providers in a selected hospital.</p>","PeriodicalId":12260,"journal":{"name":"F1000Research","volume":"15 ","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13090761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147722335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}