Experimental Aging Research最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of the Effect of Tai Chi Training on Depressive Symptoms in Perimenopausal Women on the Basis of Serum Kynurenine Metabolites.","authors":"Jing Liu, Jingmei Si, Weiwei Zhao","doi":"10.1080/0361073X.2024.2377427","DOIUrl":"10.1080/0361073X.2024.2377427","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To observe the effects of Tai Chi training on depression symptoms and serum kynurenine metabolites in perimenopausal women and explore the mechanism of Tai Chi training in anti-depression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 72 perimenopausal women with depression were randomly selected from Lishi District and divided into a Tai Chi training group (36 cases) and a control group (36 cases). At the same time, 36 perimenopausal healthy women were randomly selected as the normal group. The Tai Chi training group was intervened with 24 simplified Tai Chi exercises, and the depression self-rating scale was used to evaluate the depression status. The levels of tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (KYN) metabolites in serum were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Before the experiment, compared with the normal healthy group, the depression self-rating scale scores, serum KYN and quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels, and KYN/Trp ratio of the control group and Tai Chi group were significantly increased (<i>p</i> < .01), and the serum kynurenic acid (KYNA) level was significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < .01). After the experiment, compared with the normal healthy group, the depression self-rating scale scores of the Tai Chi group were significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < .01), the serum KYNA content was increased (<i>p</i> < .01), the serum KYN and QUIN contents were significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < .01), and the KYN/Trp ratio was significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < .01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tai Chi training can significantly improve depression symptoms in perimenopausal women. The mechanism of Tai Chi training in improving depression symptoms in perimenopausal women may be achieved by regulating abnormal kynurenine metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":12240,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Aging Research","volume":" ","pages":"331-349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141633106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Picture This! Item Frames, Together with Depressive Affect and Humility, Differentially Affect the Memory Self-Efficacy of Young and Older Adults.","authors":"Tara T Lineweaver, Rachel S Henderson, Zoe J Strepek, Emily A Patmore, Grant E Gilsenan, Emily Flandermeyer, Thomas P Hermsen, Shelby Jo Reichle, Keegan G Sawin","doi":"10.1080/0361073X.2025.2493024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2025.2493024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We compared how young and older adults' memory self-efficacy (MSE) responded to changes in item framing and examined how MSE relates to depressive affect, humility, and objective memory abilities in these two age groups.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Ninety-one young and eighty-five older adults completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, the Humility Inventory-15 and a memory self-efficacy questionnaire that contained 27 items from the Memory Assessment Clinics-Self-Report Scale worded positively, neutrally or negatively. They then took an objective memory test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Older adults' MSE was affected by item framing with neutrally worded items resulting in higher MSE than positively or negatively worded items. In contrast, the MSE of young adults was impervious to framing effects. Regardless of question framing, increased depressive affect related to lower MSE across both age groups, whereas higher humility counterintuitively predicted higher MSE in young, but not older, adults.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Together, our results support past research and suggest new avenues for understanding the many factors that influence the subjective memory of young and older adults. Based on our findings, we recommend that researchers and practitioners utilize positively worded questionnaire items to evaluate MSE given that this approach was least vulnerable to depressive affect and resulted in the most accurate memory self-reports.</p>","PeriodicalId":12240,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Aging Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143992960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Benefits of Tai Chi Chuan Exercise on the Cognitive Functions, Aerobic Capacity and Mood States of Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Bowen Ouyang, Liyu Liu, Kanyue Li, Jina Dai, Jianguang Zhang, Haoran Qu","doi":"10.1080/0361073X.2025.2488191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2025.2488191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The evidence of the benefits of Tai Chi Chuan on cognitive functions, aerobic capacity and mood states of older adults remain unclear. A cross-sectional study was designed to explore the potential effects of Tai Chi Chuan on these aspects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 50 older adults were divided into the Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) (<i>n</i> = 17), aerobic exercise (AEE) (<i>n</i> = 17), and sedentary lifestyle (SL) (<i>n</i> = 16) groups. Differences in P3 amplitude, P3 latency, reaction time, maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) and mood states were observed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The reaction time of the subjects in the TCC group was significantly shorter than that in the SL group (<i>p</i> < .05). Meanwhile, the VO₂max of the subjects in the TCC and AEE groups was significantly higher than that in the SL group (<i>p</i> < .001). The P3 amplitude of the subjects in the TCC group was significantly higher than that in the SL group (<i>p</i> < .01). Higher P3 amplitude and shorter latency were found among the subjects in the TCC group compared with those in the SL group (<i>p</i> < .05). In addition, the P3 amplitudes of the subjects at the Cz and Pz sites were significantly correlated with reaction time and VO₂max. The results of the mood states test indicated that TCC improves positive mood and suppresses negative mood among older adults.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggest that TCC may provide superior benefits for the cognitive functions and psychology of older adults compared with aerobic exercises.</p>","PeriodicalId":12240,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Aging Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adult Age, Moral Foundations, and Moral Stereotyping.","authors":"Peter Khalatian, Michael T Bixter","doi":"10.1080/0361073X.2025.2488192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2025.2488192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/study context: </strong>The main aim of the current study was to investigate the role of adult age in the moral stereotyping of moral foundations. The five core moral foundations of Moral Foundations Theory were measured, including the individualizing foundations of <i>harm</i> and <i>fairness</i> and the binding foundations of <i>ingroup loyalty</i>, <i>authority</i>, and <i>purity</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions: a self-evaluation condition where participants completed the moral questionnaire as themselves, a condition where participants provided ratings as they believed a typical younger adult would answer them, and a condition where participants provided ratings as they believed a typical older adult would answer them. Experiment 1 included younger and older adult participants, and Experiment 2 included participants across adulthood (range 19 to 85).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Older adulthood was associated with higher individualizing foundations ratings (Experiment 1, Experiment 2) and higher binding foundations ratings (Experiment 1). Results found significant moral stereotyping, with participants tending to imagine older adults providing significantly lower ratings on individualizing moral foundations than younger adults but higher ratings on binding moral foundations. Finally, older adults were more accurate in their predictions of the moral foundations ratings of younger adults than vice versa.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The authors suggest that adult age group is a salient factor that people form generalizations about regarding moral foundations, which could then contribute to either real or perceived \"generational divides\" on various sociocultural issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":12240,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Aging Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the Physical Activity Level of Master Athletes on Divided Attention and Binding Processes in Episodic Memory: A Virtual Reality Study.","authors":"Indra Nina Maurisse, Pascale Piolino, Lucile Nouvel, Eric Orriols, Alexandre Bellegarde, Samy Chikhi, Bastien Largant, Romuald Lepers, Sophie Blanchet","doi":"10.1080/0361073X.2025.2485620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2025.2485620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Master athletes are a model of successful aging as their high level of physical activity limits the age-related change of physiological functions. This model is used to investigate how a high level of physical activity impacts cognitive functioning. We aim to study the effect of a high level of physical activity on the ability to manage interferences and binding processes in episodic encoding in an ecological situation. Fifty-five participants were recruited and separated into three groups: 18 master athletes (MA, <i>M</i> = 69.39, <i>SD</i> = 1.13 years), 18 young adults (YA, <i>M</i> = 22.44, <i>SD</i> = 1.10 years), and 19 older adults with a moderate level of physical activity (OA, <i>M</i> = 72.11, <i>SD</i> = 1.10 years). Participants performed an episodic memory task assessing binding processes by encoding under either full or divided attention using a virtual reality technique. After encoding under divided attention, MA outperformed OA in the interference task as well as in the binding score on both free and cued recall. After encoding under full attention, YA and MA did not differ in the number of events recalled in cued recall. Furthermore, significant correlations were found between weekly volume of physical activity and cognitive performance. Binding and interference management, and probably the hippocampus along with prefrontal areas, benefit the most from a sustained and regular physical activity in master athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":12240,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Aging Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143771706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Regular Exercise on Cognitive Frailty in the Elderly: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Wenting Ji, Liwei Sun, Qian Geng, Guohua Zheng","doi":"10.1080/0361073X.2025.2485619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2025.2485619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>As one of the common senile syndromes characterized by the co-existence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment without dementia, the occurrence of cognitive frailty (CF) increases the risk of adverse health outcomes in older adults. However, its reversibility has attracted the interest of researchers in the search for effective interventions. A growing number of studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of regular physical exercise intervention on cognitive frailty in older adults with CF, but findings remain inconclusive. This study aimed to synthesize the pooled effect of current regular exercise intervention in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive frailty.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Nine electronic databases (Cochrane Library, PubMed, EBSCOHost, Web of Science, Scopus, CNKI, Wanfang Database, VIP and SinoMed) were searched from their inception to 15 May, 2024. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (ROB 2) for RCTs was applied to assess the methodological quality. The mean difference or standardized mean difference with 95% CIs was calculated by using Stata 18.0.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventeen eligible studies involving a total of 2239 participants were included. The pooled results showed that older adults with CF in the intervention group had significant improvement in global cognitive function performance (MMSE scores: MD = 1.93 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.85, <i>p</i> < .0001, and MoCA scores: MD = 3.24, 95% CI: 1.57 to 4.91, <i>p</i> < .0001), executive function (time of TMT-B test: MD = -20.73, 95% CI: -33.96 to -7.50, <i>p</i> = .002), physical frailty state (Fried frailty phenotype scores: MD = -1.48, 95% CI: -2.37 to -0.58, <i>p</i> = .001, and EFS scores: MD = -0.81 points, 95% CI: -1.13 to -0.49, <i>p</i> < .0001), grip strength (SMD = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.15 to 1.07, <i>p</i> = .02), gait and balance (time of TUG: MD = -2.62, 95% CI: -4.12 to -1.11, <i>p</i> = .001), balance (BBS scores: MD = 8.56, 95% CI:- 3.37 to 13.75, <i>p</i> = .001) and quality of life (SMD = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.30 to 1.21, <i>p</i> = .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>More than eight weeks of regular exercise interventions may improve global cognitive function and physical frailty status, but the effect on specific domains of cognitive or physical function needs further study to confirm.</p>","PeriodicalId":12240,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Aging Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive Training and Enrichment Modulates Neural Plasticity and Enhances Cognitive Reserve in Aging Rats.","authors":"JenishaChris Stephen, Ronyson Kharkongor, UlfathTasneem Khan, Muniraj Kathirvel, Rameshkumar Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.1080/0361073X.2025.2476331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2025.2476331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Cognitive decline in non-pathological aging is widely prevalent among the aging population. The current study assessed the impact of cognitive training (Ct) with multiple modules targeting various facets of learning and memory and the additional influence of an enriched environment (Ct+ee) on hippocampal subfields of aging male rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male Wistar rats aged 18 months were sorted into Control, Ct, and Ct+ee groups and were exposed to the respective modules for 30 days. Spontaneous behavioral tasks to assess working memory and recognition memory were performed. The hippocampal proper (CA1, CA3) and dentate gyrus (DG) neurons were analyzed for dendrite length, arborization, and spine density. The Synaptophysin, PSD 95 and BDNF, p53 and p-tau levels in the hippocampus were quantified.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Ct group and Ct+ee group performed significantly better than the control group in behavioural tasks and had improved dendrite profiles of DG and basal tree of CA1 region of hippocampus. The Ct+ee group had increased dendrite length, arborization, and spine density in CA1, CA3 and DG neurons. Ct and Ct+ee groups showed increased expression of synaptophysin, PSD95 and BDNF and decreased p53 and p-tau levels in the hippocampus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cognitive training modules targeting specific mnemonic functions and enriched environment with diverse cognitive stimulators had a comprehensive effect on the neuronal health augmenting the impoverished cognitive reserve in aging rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":12240,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Aging Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143673522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Evolution of Odor-Evoked Memories Retrieval in Normal Aging: Theoretical and Clinical Implications.","authors":"Desirée Lopis, Dominique Valentin, Céline Manetta","doi":"10.1080/0361073X.2025.2475676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2025.2475676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Olfactory-based cognitive stimulation is frequently proposed for memory-impaired patients (namely dementia patients), but little is known about the scientific rationale underlying odor choice.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Here, we aimed at investigating the evolution of the olfactory experience related to memory evocation in normal aging. Methods. We presented 20 odorants to 25 Young Adults (YA), 36 \"young\" Older Adults (OA; 65 - 74y) and 26 \"old\" OA (75 - 89y) and asked them to freely report what each odor evoked to them. Responses were analyzed using both univariate inferential statistics and multivariate descriptive analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that the ability to experience phenomenological properties of evoked memories decreases with advancing age. Odor identity is increasingly used as a retrieval cue with age, providing necessary support for OA retrieval strategies. However, semantic information does not enhance the chances for old-OA to experience memories' phenomenological properties.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tailoring the choice of odors during stimulating activities is therefore crucial. In this respect, we provided a limited selection of the most well-characterized odorous stimuli and sorted them based on the phenomenological experience they're more likely to trigger across ages.</p>","PeriodicalId":12240,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Aging Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Factors are Associated with Age Differences In Intentional Decision Avoidance?","authors":"Julia Nolte, Corinna E Löckenhoff","doi":"10.1080/0361073X.2025.2473849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2025.2473849","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To examine why older adults avoid choices more, two pre-registered, U.S.-based studies (<i>N</i>_<i>1</i> = 164, <i>M</i>_{<i>age_1</i>} = 50.71, <i>N</i>_<i>2</i> = 485, <i>M</i>_{<i>age_2</i>} = 51.08) evaluated the roles of cognitive load and affect. In Study 2, half were randomized to a writing condition theorized to decrease avoidance. Across studies, older age was positively associated with avoiding choices and improved affect after doing so. Avoidance was linked to perceiving higher cognitive loads but neither load nor other covariates accounted for older adults' avoidance tendencies. The writing condition resulted in lower cognitive loads and more positive decision-related affect but did not decrease avoidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12240,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Aging Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143585320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Back Pain, Depression, and Quality of Life Among Older Adults Living with HIV in Rural Areas of the United States.","authors":"Jordan Gliedt, Jennifer Walsh, Katherine Quinn, Andrew Petroll","doi":"10.1080/0361073X.2024.2377428","DOIUrl":"10.1080/0361073X.2024.2377428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to assess prevalence of back pain among older people living with HIV (PLH) in rural areas of the United States (US); compare the presence of comorbidities, socioeconomic factors, and sociodemographic factors among older PLH in rural areas of the US with and without back pain; and examine the associations between back pain, depression, and QOL among older PLH in rural areas of the US.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional data was collected among US rural dwelling PLH of at least 50 years of age. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the association between back pain and depression. Multiple linear regression was performed to assess the association between back pain and QOL.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 38.8% (<i>n = 164</i>) of participants self-reported back pain. PLH with back pain were more likely to have depression (60.87%, <i>n = 98</i>). PLH with back pain had lower mean QOL scores (53.01 ± 18.39). Back pain was associated with greater odds of having depression (OR 1.61 [CI 0.99-2.61], <i>p</i> = .054) and was significantly associated with lower QOL (<i>p</i> < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Prevention strategies to reduce back pain and poor HIV outcomes among PLH living in rural areas of the US are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":12240,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Aging Research","volume":" ","pages":"209-219"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11717983/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141579364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}