Fitoterapia最新文献

{"title":"Anti-inflammatory benzophenones from the barks of mango (Mangifera indica L.)","authors":"Runfa Liao ,&nbsp;Junjie Cai ,&nbsp;Wenxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yihai Wang ,&nbsp;Jingwen Xu ,&nbsp;Xiangjiu He","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mango (<em>Mangifera indica</em> L.)<em>,</em> commonly known as the “king of fruits”, has been cultivated in South Asia for thousands of years. Its barks are a rich source of naturally occurring phytochemicals, such as benzophenones, phenolic acids, and sterols. Meanwhile, mango has been commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicine for inflammation-related diseases. In this study, phytochemicals in the barks of mango have been carried out and twenty-two benzophenones, including eight undescribed compounds were isolated and purified. Their structures were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic method. Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of the isolated benzophenones were evaluated in BV-2 microglia cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The benzophenones exhibited significant inhibitive effects on the production of nitric oxide (NO), IL-6 and IL-1<em>β</em>. Notably, compound <strong>16</strong> exhibited the strongest activity (IC₅₀ = 12.93 ± 0.67 μM), outperforming minocycline (IC₅₀ = 34.73 ± 4.06 μM). Further mechanistic studies on compounds <strong>19</strong> and <strong>22</strong> revealed they concentration-dependently suppressed of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2, alongside inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation, which suggested NF-κB pathway involvement. These results suggest that the benzophenones from mango barks might be explored as a healthy benefit agent to be used for neurodegenerative diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143890785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ramulus Cinnamomi (Cinnamomum cassia)-Radix Glycyrrhizae (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) herb treat hypoxia-induced injury H9c2 cells by modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway","authors":"Fei Xu ,&nbsp;Qixiao Wang ,&nbsp;Ran Li ,&nbsp;Michael Adu-Frimpong ,&nbsp;Linna Zhu ,&nbsp;Xu Miao ,&nbsp;Hongbei Liu ,&nbsp;Yuchu Chen ,&nbsp;Qilong Wang ,&nbsp;Shanshan Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ramulus Cinnamomi (RC) and Radix Glycyrrhizae (RG) are two herbs commonly used for the combined treatment of hypoxia-induced injury, including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, coronary heart disease and so on. However, the mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic effects of “RC-RG” herbal single decoction and co-decoction on hypoxia-induced injury, and to explore the main active substances and their pathways that exert therapeutic effects. This study systematically investigated the optimal extraction method of “RC-RG” using fingerprint analysis, identified potential active compounds through molecular docking, and elucidated its therapeutic mechanisms through comprehensive in vitro experiments from multiple experimental perspectives. The results demonstrated that the co-decoction of “RC-RG” extract exhibited superior extraction effect compared to the single decoction and the therapeutic effect on Hypoxia-Induced Injury H9c2 Cells was slightly improved. Coumarin (CO), cinnamic acid (CA), cinnamaldehyde (CL), and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) were identified as potential active compounds responsible for the therapeutic effects. Furthermore, treatment with RC-RG and its active monomers significantly ameliorated the damage in hypoxia-induced H9c2 cells, highlighting their protective and restorative potential. Compared with the model group, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was significantly activated following treatment with “RC-RG” extract and CO, CA, CL, GA. In conclusion, this study is the first to reveal that “RC-RG” and its extracts exert therapeutic effects against hypoxia-induced injury by modulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and CO, CA, CL, and GA may be potential active substances that exert therapeutic effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraction, purification, structural characterization, bioactivities and application of polysaccharides from different parts of pine","authors":"Jingqun Liu ,&nbsp;Xiang Yuan ,&nbsp;Yuxin Wei ,&nbsp;Wenhui Yuan ,&nbsp;Zhibin Wang ,&nbsp;Changhong Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106569","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106569","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pine plant belongs to the genus <em>Pinus</em> and the <em>Pinaceae</em> family. Approximately 100 species are predominantly distributed in the northern hemisphere. Historically, various parts of pine trees, including pollen, needles, cones, and nuts, have been used in traditional medicine for their therapeutic properties. Polysaccharides have emerged as key bioactive constituents of pine in recent decades, attracting significant scientific interest due to their immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Despite extensive studies on extraction methods and biological functions of pine polysaccharides, major gaps remain in understanding their structure–activity relationships. Current structural analyses are predominantly limited to monosaccharide composition and molecular weight. Moreover, systematic comparisons of polysaccharides from different pine tissues are scarce. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying the bioactivity and full pharmaceutical potential of pine polysaccharides need elucidation. This study aimed to comprehensively review recent advances in the extraction, purification, structural characterization, and biological activities of polysaccharides derived from distinct pine components. Comprehensive information on the <em>Pinus</em> species was collected <em>via</em> electronic searches (<em>e.g.</em>, GoogleScholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and CNKI) and from reference books. Existing data on structure–activity correlations and applications were integrated, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for future research on pine polysaccharides as novel therapeutic agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeted isolation of isopentenyl flavonoids from Daphne giraldii Nitsche based on feature-based molecular networking and their cytotoxic activities","authors":"Fu-Xin Hu ,&nbsp;Ben-Song Xin ,&nbsp;Gu-Xue Zhang ,&nbsp;Zi-Hao Ge ,&nbsp;Shuang Qiu ,&nbsp;Guo-Dong Yao ,&nbsp;Xiao-Xiao Huang ,&nbsp;Shao-Jiang Song","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Isopentenyl flavonoids were important chemical components in <em>Daphne giraldii</em> Nitsche with significant cytotoxic activities against hepatocellular carcinoma cells in previous study. In this study, Feature-Based Molecular Networking was utilized to perform the targeted isolation of the phytochemical investigation of <em>D. giraldii</em>. As a result, five undescribed isopentenyl flavonoids (<strong>1</strong>, <strong>2a</strong>/<strong>2b</strong>, <strong>3</strong>, and <strong>4</strong>) were isolated from <em>D. giraldii.</em> Their structures and configurations were established by comprehensive spectral analysis and comparing experimental ECD and calculated data. In addition, all isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines. Specifically, compound <strong>2</strong> exhibited significant cytotoxic activities with IC₅₀ values of 11.63 ± 0.22 μM and 0.10 ± 0.02 μM, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut microbiota: A potential enhancing factor for the therapeutic efficacy of bioactive compounds in herbal medicines","authors":"Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Ziqin Lei ,&nbsp;Deying Gu ,&nbsp;Huiling Zhao ,&nbsp;Rong Yu ,&nbsp;Qin He ,&nbsp;Min Xu ,&nbsp;Huan Du","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicines (HMs) is often compromised by the low bioavailability of their bioactive compounds. However, emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota in enhancing their effectiveness. This review summarizes gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of key herbal components, including terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and quinones. Particular emphasis is placed on the diverse gut microbiota, enzymes, and metabolites that participate in the biotransformation pathways of these active components of HMs. Exploring the metabolism between the gut microbiota and bioactive compounds gives a better understanding of HMs with multiple components against multiple targets, complex mechanisms of action, and diverse physiological activities. This review underscores the critical importance of gut microbiota in modulating and potentially enhancing the pharmacological effects of HMs, which offers new insights into gut microbiota-mediated transformation pathways and molecular mechanisms of bioactive compounds and deepens the understanding of the therapeutic effects of HMs. Moreover, it suggests new research directions for studying HMs based on gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological effects of betulinic acid and its protective mechanisms on the cardiovascular system","authors":"Xu Yuan Lao ,&nbsp;Yuan Long Sun ,&nbsp;Zhe Jun Zhao ,&nbsp;Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Xiao Fen Ruan","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin widely found in plants, has attracted attention for its diverse pharmacological activities. Recent studies highlight its cardioprotective potential, promoting its relevance in cardiovascular research.</div></div><div><h3>Aim of the review</h3><div>This review summarizes BA's physicochemical properties, structure–activity relationships, natural sources, and synthesis strategies. It further discusses its pharmacokinetics and toxicity to evaluate its drug development potential, with emphasis on cardioprotective effects and related signaling pathways.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Literature was collected from databases such as PubMed and Web of Science, focusing on studies addressing BA's chemical characteristics, biological activities, pharmacokinetics, and cardiovascular relevance.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>BA exerts cardioprotective effects via multiple signaling pathways, including NRF2, NF-κB, MAPK, and NFAT. These contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-proliferative actions, as well as its enhancement of endothelial function through nitric oxide signaling. BA also reduces lipid accumulation. Combined with favorable physicochemical properties and synthetic accessibility, these findings support BA as a promising multifunctional lead compound in cardiovascular pharmacology.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>BA shows strong potential as a cardioprotective natural compound. Although further research is needed to validate its clinical efficacy and safety, its multi-target actions and structural versatility provide a solid basis for development in cardiovascular drug discovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antidiabetic diarylheptanoids from the leaves of Amomum tsao-ko and their inhibition mechanism against α-glucosidase","authors":"Yun Wang ,&nbsp;Xin-Yu Li ,&nbsp;Sheng-Li Wu ,&nbsp;Pianchou Gongpan ,&nbsp;Yi Yang ,&nbsp;Mei Huang ,&nbsp;Da-Hong Li ,&nbsp;Chang-An Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thirteen diarylheptanoids, including four undescribed ones (<strong>1–4</strong>), were isolated from the leaves of <em>Amomum tsao-ko</em>. Compounds <strong>1</strong> and <strong>2</strong> are two unusual diarylheptanoid-phenylpropanoid hybrids. Several of the isolates were tested for their biological activity in promoting GLP-1 secretion and inhibiting multiple type 2 diabetes-related enzymes. 2-Hydroxymusaitinerin A (<strong>1</strong>) demonstrated broad inhibitory activity against GPa, PTP1B and <em>α</em>-glucosidase with inhibition rates of 99.0 %, 59.4 % and 55.9 %, respectively at 200 μM. Platyphyllone (<strong>12</strong>) is a mixed-type inhibitor of <em>α</em>-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 25.8 μM), inhibiting the enzyme through both non-competitive and anti-competitive modes, as shown by enzyme kinetic study. Fluorescence quenching test confirmed that compound <strong>12</strong> directly interacted with <em>α</em>-glucosidase, forming a basal complex via a single binding site. Molecular docking predicted hydrogen-bonding interactions between OH-4′′, OH-5 and 3‑carbonyl groups of <strong>12</strong> and <em>α</em>-glucosidase. This study highlights that the leaves of <em>Amomum tsao-ko</em> are a rich source of diarylheptanoids with multi-enzyme inhibitory effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytoprotective Effect of Trachystemon orientalis against cigarette smoke extract- Induced toxicity on human bronchial epithelial cells","authors":"Nurdan Yazici ,&nbsp;Kübra Kolci ,&nbsp;Rengin Reis ,&nbsp;Hasan Kırmızıbekmez ,&nbsp;Gülin Renda","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Trachystemon orientalis</em> D.Don is a perennial species belonging to the family Boraginaceae. It is predominantly distributed in the northern parts of Türkiye. The stems, roots, and aerial parts of the species are consumed as food and traditionally used in the treatment of various types of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytoprotective effects of its extracts and metabolites against cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced toxicity on BEAS-2B cells. For the study, <em>T. orientalis</em> roots (<strong>A</strong>) and aerial parts (<strong>B</strong>) were extracted separately using 80 % methanol. <strong>B</strong> exhibited a higher cytoprotective effect than <strong>A</strong> on the BEAS-2B cell line for 24 h. Therefore, <strong>B</strong> was partitioned against <em>n</em>-hexane (<strong>B1</strong>) and <em>n</em>-butanol (<strong>B2</strong>) to yield sub-extracts. <strong>B2</strong> exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity profile among the tested concentrations (0.1–1 mg/mL). Chromatographic separation on <strong>B2</strong> led to the isolation of rosmarinic acid (<strong>1</strong>), kaempferol 3-<em>O</em>-glucoside (astragalin) (<strong>2</strong>), and kaempferol 7-<em>O</em>-glucoside (<strong>3</strong>). Notably, compound <strong>2</strong> was isolated for the first time from the genus <em>Trachystemon</em>, while compound <strong>3</strong> was obtained for the first time from the family Boraginaceae. The extract <strong>B2</strong> (0.1 mg/mL), and isolated compounds <strong>1</strong> (50 μM), <strong>2</strong> (12.5 μM), and <strong>3</strong> (25 μM) exhibited statistically significant cytoprotective activity against CSE-induced cytotoxicity on human bronchial epithelia in the MTT assay. It is anticipated that these findings will provide valuable insights into the development of plant-based adjuvant therapies for respiratory diseases, with a particular focus on secondary metabolites that are responsible for cytoprotective activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4, 9-dihydroxy-α-lapachone as a potent antiproliferation agent for triple-negative breast cancer via ferroptosis","authors":"Zhong He ,&nbsp;Hui Long ,&nbsp;Hongyue Ma ,&nbsp;Wanrong Ran ,&nbsp;Yinhong Song ,&nbsp;Wenjuan Shang ,&nbsp;Junhui Wang ,&nbsp;Ye Qin ,&nbsp;Zhangshuang Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and malignant breast cancer. Ferroptosis is an oxidative, iron-dependent form of regulated cell death. Ferroptosis-targeted therapies is a promising approach to improving treatment outcomes of TNBC. Combining death pathway inhibitors with relevant indices for ferroptosis and LipROS, this study uncovered that a natural product of 4, 9-dihydroxy-<em>α</em>-lapachone (DLN) from <em>Catalpa bungei</em> “jinsi” exhibited <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> inhibitory activity against TNBC <em>via</em> ferroptosis. The molecular mechanism is an activation of the FTH1 led to iron overload, and then inhibition of cysteine-glutamate antiporter (system Xc⁻) and GPX4, which further sensitized TNBC cells to ferroptosis. This study clarified the pathway of DLN-induced cell death in TNBC treatment and exhibited its potential as therapeutic agent for TNBC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive update on phytochemistry and medicinal developments of apocynin","authors":"Anchal Bhatia ,&nbsp;Shimple Thakur ,&nbsp;Rupali Kohal ,&nbsp;Seema Brar ,&nbsp;Ghanshyam Das Gupta ,&nbsp;Sant Kumar Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The natural phenolic compound apocynin, referred to as acetovanillone, generated significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties, especially as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, and it was applicable orally and effectively even at small doses. During chronic inflammation, various pro-inflammatory-related factors such as nuclear factor kappa β (NF-kβ), nitrotyrosine, poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cluster of differentiation 31 (CD₃₁), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), glycoproteins granule membrane protein 140 (GMP140), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), all of which could be targeted by apocynin. Research suggests that apocynin significantly benefits conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders due to its ability to mitigate inflammation and enhance endothelial function. Further investigations are essential to examine apocynin and its derivatives, mainly its long-term potency. Future research must focus on clinical trials to evaluate its safety, effectiveness, and optimal dosing in various applications. This review provides a recent update on apocynin, covering aspects such as its extraction and isolation, chemical framework, biosynthesis, synthetic derivatives, pharmacological activities, patent landscape, stability and specifications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}