Fitoterapia最新文献

{"title":"Gut microbiota: A potential enhancing factor for the therapeutic efficacy of bioactive compounds in herbal medicines","authors":"Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Ziqin Lei ,&nbsp;Deying Gu ,&nbsp;Huiling Zhao ,&nbsp;Rong Yu ,&nbsp;Qin He ,&nbsp;Min Xu ,&nbsp;Huan Du","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicines (HMs) is often compromised by the low bioavailability of their bioactive compounds. However, emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota in enhancing their effectiveness. This review summarizes gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of key herbal components, including terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and quinones. Particular emphasis is placed on the diverse gut microbiota, enzymes, and metabolites that participate in the biotransformation pathways of these active components of HMs. Exploring the metabolism between the gut microbiota and bioactive compounds gives a better understanding of HMs with multiple components against multiple targets, complex mechanisms of action, and diverse physiological activities. This review underscores the critical importance of gut microbiota in modulating and potentially enhancing the pharmacological effects of HMs, which offers new insights into gut microbiota-mediated transformation pathways and molecular mechanisms of bioactive compounds and deepens the understanding of the therapeutic effects of HMs. Moreover, it suggests new research directions for studying HMs based on gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106570"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antidiabetic diarylheptanoids from the leaves of Amomum tsao-ko and their inhibition mechanism against α-glucosidase","authors":"Yun Wang ,&nbsp;Xin-Yu Li ,&nbsp;Sheng-Li Wu ,&nbsp;Pianchou Gongpan ,&nbsp;Yi Yang ,&nbsp;Mei Huang ,&nbsp;Da-Hong Li ,&nbsp;Chang-An Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thirteen diarylheptanoids, including four undescribed ones (<strong>1–4</strong>), were isolated from the leaves of <em>Amomum tsao-ko</em>. Compounds <strong>1</strong> and <strong>2</strong> are two unusual diarylheptanoid-phenylpropanoid hybrids. Several of the isolates were tested for their biological activity in promoting GLP-1 secretion and inhibiting multiple type 2 diabetes-related enzymes. 2-Hydroxymusaitinerin A (<strong>1</strong>) demonstrated broad inhibitory activity against GPa, PTP1B and <em>α</em>-glucosidase with inhibition rates of 99.0 %, 59.4 % and 55.9 %, respectively at 200 μM. Platyphyllone (<strong>12</strong>) is a mixed-type inhibitor of <em>α</em>-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 25.8 μM), inhibiting the enzyme through both non-competitive and anti-competitive modes, as shown by enzyme kinetic study. Fluorescence quenching test confirmed that compound <strong>12</strong> directly interacted with <em>α</em>-glucosidase, forming a basal complex via a single binding site. Molecular docking predicted hydrogen-bonding interactions between OH-4′′, OH-5 and 3‑carbonyl groups of <strong>12</strong> and <em>α</em>-glucosidase. This study highlights that the leaves of <em>Amomum tsao-ko</em> are a rich source of diarylheptanoids with multi-enzyme inhibitory effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106566"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytoprotective Effect of Trachystemon orientalis against cigarette smoke extract- Induced toxicity on human bronchial epithelial cells","authors":"Nurdan Yazici ,&nbsp;Kübra Kolci ,&nbsp;Rengin Reis ,&nbsp;Hasan Kırmızıbekmez ,&nbsp;Gülin Renda","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Trachystemon orientalis</em> D.Don is a perennial species belonging to the family Boraginaceae. It is predominantly distributed in the northern parts of Türkiye. The stems, roots, and aerial parts of the species are consumed as food and traditionally used in the treatment of various types of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytoprotective effects of its extracts and metabolites against cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced toxicity on BEAS-2B cells. For the study, <em>T. orientalis</em> roots (<strong>A</strong>) and aerial parts (<strong>B</strong>) were extracted separately using 80 % methanol. <strong>B</strong> exhibited a higher cytoprotective effect than <strong>A</strong> on the BEAS-2B cell line for 24 h. Therefore, <strong>B</strong> was partitioned against <em>n</em>-hexane (<strong>B1</strong>) and <em>n</em>-butanol (<strong>B2</strong>) to yield sub-extracts. <strong>B2</strong> exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity profile among the tested concentrations (0.1–1 mg/mL). Chromatographic separation on <strong>B2</strong> led to the isolation of rosmarinic acid (<strong>1</strong>), kaempferol 3-<em>O</em>-glucoside (astragalin) (<strong>2</strong>), and kaempferol 7-<em>O</em>-glucoside (<strong>3</strong>). Notably, compound <strong>2</strong> was isolated for the first time from the genus <em>Trachystemon</em>, while compound <strong>3</strong> was obtained for the first time from the family Boraginaceae. The extract <strong>B2</strong> (0.1 mg/mL), and isolated compounds <strong>1</strong> (50 μM), <strong>2</strong> (12.5 μM), and <strong>3</strong> (25 μM) exhibited statistically significant cytoprotective activity against CSE-induced cytotoxicity on human bronchial epithelia in the MTT assay. It is anticipated that these findings will provide valuable insights into the development of plant-based adjuvant therapies for respiratory diseases, with a particular focus on secondary metabolites that are responsible for cytoprotective activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive update on phytochemistry and medicinal developments of apocynin","authors":"Anchal Bhatia ,&nbsp;Shimple Thakur ,&nbsp;Rupali Kohal ,&nbsp;Seema Brar ,&nbsp;Ghanshyam Das Gupta ,&nbsp;Sant Kumar Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The natural phenolic compound apocynin, referred to as acetovanillone, generated significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties, especially as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, and it was applicable orally and effectively even at small doses. During chronic inflammation, various pro-inflammatory-related factors such as nuclear factor kappa β (NF-kβ), nitrotyrosine, poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cluster of differentiation 31 (CD₃₁), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), glycoproteins granule membrane protein 140 (GMP140), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), all of which could be targeted by apocynin. Research suggests that apocynin significantly benefits conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders due to its ability to mitigate inflammation and enhance endothelial function. Further investigations are essential to examine apocynin and its derivatives, mainly its long-term potency. Future research must focus on clinical trials to evaluate its safety, effectiveness, and optimal dosing in various applications. This review provides a recent update on apocynin, covering aspects such as its extraction and isolation, chemical framework, biosynthesis, synthetic derivatives, pharmacological activities, patent landscape, stability and specifications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aristolochia species (Aristolochiaceae) from the Americas, a review of their traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties","authors":"Anna Paizanni Guillén ,&nbsp;Elihú Bautista ,&nbsp;Jesús Morales-Jiménez ,&nbsp;David Douterlungne","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Aristolochia</em> is a pantropical genus with important pharmacological properties. Despite making up 75 % of the global <em>Aristolochia</em>, the species from the Americas have received comparatively little research attention. Here, we exhaustively review the ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry of <em>Aristolochia</em> species from the Americas, based upon 238 literature references and specimen vouchers of 28 Americas herbaria. The resulting database encompasses 919 records on 95 <em>Aristolochia</em> species with 129 documented traditional medicinal uses. South America and Mexico displayed the highest prevalence of traditional medicinal uses at the regional and national levels, respectively. The most recurrent medicinal uses included treatments against poisonous animals (17.6 %), gastrointestinal diseases (15.1 %), and gynecological diseases (9.89 %). American Aristolochia species produce secondary metabolites such as lignans, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, isoquinoline and protopine type alkaloids, aristolactams, and aristolochic acids that have been shown to have substantial therapeutic potential. These compounds exhibit various properties, such as neurotrophic effects, inhibition of myotoxicity, anticholinergic and antihistaminic activities, relaxation of the tracheal muscle, as well as antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal activity and, antispasmodic effects. However, <em>in vivo</em> and toxicity tests remain scarce. For example, less than 5 % of the publications focus on isolating aristolochic acids, known for their association with nephropathy and urothelial cancer. We found no instances of hazardous or fatal incidents resulting from traditional uses, despite their known toxicity. This is likely because traditional healers are aware of the hazards and dosage quantities. Finally, we identified crucial future directions for <em>Aristolochia</em> studies based on promising bioprospecting studies; relatively understudied infrageneric groups; poorly known traditional uses, and species-specific chemical compounds without further studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106549"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143874781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum gymnandrum Maxim. and their anti-inflammatory activity","authors":"Chengfeng Gao ,&nbsp;Man Zhu ,&nbsp;Yang Xu ,&nbsp;Yali Wang ,&nbsp;Dejuan Sun ,&nbsp;Hua Li ,&nbsp;Lixia Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research on the aerial parts of <em>Aconitum gymnandrum</em> Maxim. led to identifying three undescribed diterpenoid alkaloids gymnaconitines H-J (<strong>1</strong>–<strong>3</strong>), along with eleven known analogues (<strong>4</strong>–<strong>14</strong>). Based on 1D/2D NMR and HRESIMS, the structures of these compounds were successfully determined. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of all compounds on NO production were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. It is noteworthy that compounds <strong>1</strong>, <strong>3</strong> and <strong>6</strong> demonstrated significant inhibitory effects, showing IC₅₀ values of 10.36 ± 1.02 μM, 12.87 ± 1.11 μM, and 19.67 ± 1.29 μM, respectively. Using target screening and molecular docking technology, it is hypothesized that compound <strong>1</strong> may play an anti-inflammatory role by combining with Flamin-B.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106553"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143863714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular events responsible for hypoglycaemic attributes of Fernandoa adenophylla extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes","authors":"Ammara Hakeem ,&nbsp;Mohammad Saleem ,&nbsp;Rukhsana Anwar ,&nbsp;Muhammad Asif ,&nbsp;Taha Muhammad ,&nbsp;Sherif S. Ebada ,&nbsp;Nawal M. Al Musayeib ,&nbsp;Mohamed L. Ashour","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditionally, people use the decoction of <em>Fernandoa adenophylla</em> leaves to treat diabetes mellitus. This study investigated the antidiabetic activity of <em>F. adenophylla</em> methanol extract (Fa.Me) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats, with metformin as a positive control. We analysed several relevant biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes using ELISA assays and assessed gene expression (PEPCK, G6-PDH, PFKFB1, GS, GK, and GLUT-4) using qRT-PCR. The obtained results revealed an upregulation of G6-PDH (PPS pathway), PFKFB1 (glycolysis), GS (glycogenesis), and GLUT-4 (glucose transporter), while the PEPCK (gluconeogenesis) gene was downregulated. Besides, the antidiabetic biomarkers showed elevated adiponectin, SOD, and glutathione levels; however, amylase level decreased in the treatment groups. We observed a dose-dependent reduction in HbA1c, insulin, and random blood glucose in the metformin and Fa.Me groups. Histopathological analysis of animals' liver and pancreas showed an intact structure of hepatocytes in extract groups, while atrophic changes in the pancreas were observed in the diseased group. By modulating the oxidative stress and glucose metabolism-control genes, <em>F. adenophylla</em> demonstrated significant antidiabetic properties and held potential for further clinical exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous estimation of bioactive markers using validated HPTLC method and assessment of hepatoprotective effect of HEPASAVE: An Ayurvedic formulation","authors":"Dipal M. Gandhi ,&nbsp;Kriti H. Sharma ,&nbsp;Aakash Kumar S ,&nbsp;Jigar N. Shah ,&nbsp;Snehal S. Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new, precise, and reproducible HPTLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of andrographolide (AG), gallic acid (GA), and kutkin (KT2) in an ayurvedic formulation, HEPASAVE Syrup. The quantification of the three biomarkers was performed on TLC aluminum plates pre-coated with silica gel 60F₂₅₄ as stationary phase. Linear ascending development was carried out in a Camag twin trough glass chamber saturated with toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid: methanol (3:3:0.8:0.4, <em>v</em>/v/<em>v</em>/v) at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). Camag TLC scanner III was used for simultaneous spectro-densitometric scanning and analysis in absorbance mode at 254 nm. The system was found to give compact spots for AG, GA, and KT2 with the respective R_f values of 0.74, 0.66, and 0.21. The data for calibration plots showed a good linear relationship for AG with r² = 0.995, GA with r² = 0.993, and KT2 with r² = 0.992 in the concentration range of 200 ng to 800 ng, 80 ng to 320 ng and 2000 ng to 6000 ng, respectively to the peak area. The amount of AG, GA, and KT2 in the formulation was quantified and found to be 1.27 %<em>w</em>/<em>v</em>, 1.15 %w/v, and 0.014 %w/v, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the method is reproducible for the quantification of AG, GA, and KT2, simultaneously in HEPASAVE Syrup. It also significantly reduced the levels of SGPT, SGOT, and ALP in animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfated modification of polysaccharides from Sophora flavescens: Impact on antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities","authors":"Xiaoliang Zhao ,&nbsp;Qingsong Zhou ,&nbsp;He Mou ,&nbsp;Li Ma ,&nbsp;Yanmei Liu ,&nbsp;Kaili Qi ,&nbsp;Cunjin Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Ji Zhang ,&nbsp;Weijie Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Three polysaccharides, namely SHC, SFH, and SFA, were extracted from <em>Sophora sophora</em> under various conditions. A single-factor experimental design was employed to investigate the influence of reaction solvent, sulfating reagent ratio, reaction time, and temperature on the yield of sulfated products, the degree of sulfate group substitution, and their inhibitory effects on HepG2 cell proliferation. Three sulfated derivatives, SHCS, SFHS, and SFAS, were synthesized and confirmed through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Among these, SFHS exhibited the highest degree of substitution (DS) at 1.22, followed by SFAS at 0.97 and SFCS at 0.56. <em>In vitro</em> analyses revealed that sulfated modification significantly enhanced free radical scavenging activity, tumor cell growth inhibition, and immune response enhancement. Specifically, SFHS exhibited scavenging activities against DPPH, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion free radicals with rates of 69.8 % ± 6.1 %, 50.4 % ± 4.2 %, and 58.5 % ± 5.1 %, respectively, at 5 mg/mL. Furthermore, it inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells by 51.9 % ± 5.6 % at 400 μg/mL and HeLa cells by 43.7 % ± 1.8 % at 800 μg/mL. At 800 μg/mL, SFHS treatment resulted in a phagocytosis rate of neutral red by RAW264.7 macrophages, which was 246.6 % ± 13.9 % relative to the control group, while nitric oxide production was measured at 237.6 % ± 6.2 %. These results suggest that sulfation can enhance the biological functions of polysaccharides derived from <em>S. flavescens</em>, indicating potential applications in functional foods and pharmaceuticals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eight new triterpenoid saponins from the leaves of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge and their neuroprotective effects","authors":"Wen-xiang Xu ,&nbsp;Zhen-yun Liu ,&nbsp;Qing-yue Bu ,&nbsp;Peng Jiang ,&nbsp;Yi-qiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu-meng Luo ,&nbsp;Wei Guan ,&nbsp;Xiao-chi Ma ,&nbsp;Meng-meng Li ,&nbsp;Qing-shan Chen ,&nbsp;Li-li Zhang ,&nbsp;Hai-xue Kuang ,&nbsp;Bing-you Yang ,&nbsp;Yan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Eight new triterpenoid saponins, named huangqiyesaponin IV to XI (<strong>1</strong>–<strong>8</strong>), along with three previously identified compounds (<strong>9</strong>–<strong>11</strong>), were isolated from the 70 % ethanol solution of the leaves of <em>Astragalus membranaceus</em> (Fisch.) Bunge. These compounds were isolated through various column chromatography techniques, including those using silica gel, ODS, and preparative liquid chromatography. Their structures were elucidated based on comprehensive spectral analyses, including 1D and 2D-NMR, HRESIMS, and IR, as well as comparisons with existing literature. Additionally, HT22 cells stimulated with D-galactose were employed to assess the neuroprotective potential of all isolated compounds. The findings revealed that compounds <strong>3</strong> and <strong>7</strong>–<strong>9</strong> demonstrated notable neuroprotective effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12147,"journal":{"name":"Fitoterapia","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}