A comprehensive update on phytochemistry and medicinal developments of apocynin

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q3 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL

Fitoterapia Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI:10.1016/j.fitote.2025.106558

Anchal Bhatia , Shimple Thakur , Rupali Kohal , Seema Brar , Ghanshyam Das Gupta , Sant Kumar Verma

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Abstract

The natural phenolic compound apocynin, referred to as acetovanillone, generated significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties, especially as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, and it was applicable orally and effectively even at small doses. During chronic inflammation, various pro-inflammatory-related factors such as nuclear factor kappa β (NF-kβ), nitrotyrosine, poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase (PARP), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cluster of differentiation 31 (CD₃₁), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), glycoproteins granule membrane protein 140 (GMP140), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK), membrane cofactor protein (MCP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), all of which could be targeted by apocynin. Research suggests that apocynin significantly benefits conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders due to its ability to mitigate inflammation and enhance endothelial function. Further investigations are essential to examine apocynin and its derivatives, mainly its long-term potency. Future research must focus on clinical trials to evaluate its safety, effectiveness, and optimal dosing in various applications. This review provides a recent update on apocynin, covering aspects such as its extraction and isolation, chemical framework, biosynthesis, synthetic derivatives, pharmacological activities, patent landscape, stability and specifications.

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罗布麻苷的植物化学和药物发展的全面更新

天然酚类化合物罗布麻苷，被称为乙酰香草酮，由于其多种药理特性，特别是作为NADPH氧化酶抑制剂，引起了极大的关注，即使在小剂量下也能有效地口服。在慢性炎症过程中，各种促炎相关因子如核因子κ β (NF-kβ)、硝基酪氨酸、聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶（PARP）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、分化簇31 （CD31）、细胞间粘附分子-1 （ICAM-1）、糖蛋白颗粒膜蛋白140 （GMP140）、肿瘤坏死因子α (TNFα)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38 MAPK）、膜辅助因子蛋白（MCP）、白细胞介素6 （IL-6）、这些都可能是夹竹桃素的目标。研究表明，罗布麻素对糖尿病、心血管疾病和神经系统疾病等疾病有显著益处，因为它能减轻炎症和增强内皮功能。进一步的调查是必要的，以检查罗布麻及其衍生物，主要是其长期效力。未来的研究必须集中在临床试验上，以评估其在各种应用中的安全性、有效性和最佳剂量。本文综述了罗布麻苷的最新进展，包括其提取和分离、化学结构、生物合成、合成衍生物、药理活性、专利概况、稳定性和规格等方面。

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来源期刊

Fitoterapia 医学-药学

CiteScore

5.80

自引率

2.90%

发文量

198

审稿时长

1.5 months

期刊介绍： Fitoterapia is a Journal dedicated to medicinal plants and to bioactive natural products of plant origin. It publishes original contributions in seven major areas: 1. Characterization of active ingredients of medicinal plants 2. Development of standardization method for bioactive plant extracts and natural products 3. Identification of bioactivity in plant extracts 4. Identification of targets and mechanism of activity of plant extracts 5. Production and genomic characterization of medicinal plants biomass 6. Chemistry and biochemistry of bioactive natural products of plant origin 7. Critical reviews of the historical, clinical and legal status of medicinal plants, and accounts on topical issues.