Experimental parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Survival analysis of Rhipicephalus microplus larvae treated with coumarinic derivatives","authors":"Carlos Eduardo Rodríguez Molano ,&nbsp;José Jobanni Martínez Zambrano ,&nbsp;Nidya Alexandra Segura Guerrero ,&nbsp;Sergio Ulloa Torres ,&nbsp;Valentina Rodríguez Montaña ,&nbsp;Melisa Daniela Munevar Romero ,&nbsp;Néstor Julián Pulido Suarez","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108927","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108927","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus</em> represents one of the greatest challenges for livestock production in tropical and subtropical regions. Its control has been based on the use of synthetic chemical acaricides, which has led to the development of resistance to active ingredients belonging to the pyrethroid and organophosphate groups. Therefore, the search for new compounds with acaricidal potential is a priority in the control of ticks in cattle. This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of coumarin derivatives (CD) on the survival of <em>R. (B.) microplus</em> larvae by larval bundle testing. The data obtained were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazard model. A reduction in larval survival was observed with coumarins that had methyl substituents in the R4 or R7 positions, especially C12, while an opposite effect was detected with chloromethyl substituents in R4 or isobutyl in R3. These findings highlight the potential of coumarin derivatives in the development of new strategies for tick control and the management of resistance to conventional acaricides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 108927"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143572328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the AnTat A/B and LiTat A/B primers for the detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","authors":"Hamidou Ilboudo ,&nbsp;Martial Kassi N'Djetchi ,&nbsp;Windingoudi Justin Kaboré ,&nbsp;Jacques Kaboré ,&nbsp;Barkissa Mélika Traoré ,&nbsp;Marc Christian Tahita ,&nbsp;Bernardin Ahouty Ahouty ,&nbsp;Stijn Deborggraeve ,&nbsp;Roger Eloiflin ,&nbsp;Adeline Ségard ,&nbsp;Bruno Bucheton ,&nbsp;Mathurin Koffi ,&nbsp;Vincent Jamonneau","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108929","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108929","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) as a public health problem has been reached or is in sight in a number of endemic foci and the next step is now to reach the elimination of transmission. The ability to detect <em>Trypanosoma</em> <em>brucei</em> <em>gambiense</em> (<em>T.</em> <em>b.</em> <em>gambiense</em>) in both the last human cases and in a suspected animal reservoir becomes increasingly important to reach this goal. We have evaluated here the diagnostic performance of the AnTat A/B and LiTat A/B primers in comparison with the TBR, TgsGP and nested TgsGP PCRs that are currently used for the molecular diagnosis of gHAT. The evaluation was based on serial DNA dilutions from two <em>T.</em> <em>b.</em> <em>gambiense</em> strains for sensitivity, purified reference strains for specificity and field strains isolated from pigs in Côte d’Ivoire for field application. Results showed that the two PCRs (AnTat A/B and LiTat A/B) are not specific for <em>T.</em> <em>b.</em> <em>gambiense</em>, limiting their relevance for studies on suspected animal reservoirs. However, they could represent complementary tools to improve the molecular diagnosis of gHAT in the elimination process even if the detection limit was lowest than for the TgsGP PCR. The results also once more suggest that nested TgsGP PCR should be interpreted with caution as they may lead to an over-estimation of the <em>T.</em> <em>b.</em> <em>gambiense</em> prevalence particularly in animal studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 108929"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural insights into Trichuris muris eggs through 3D modeling, Cryo-SEM, and TEM of samples prepared with HPF-FS","authors":"Brunna Vianna Braga ,&nbsp;Ludmila Rocha Lima ,&nbsp;Larissa Figueiredo Belem ,&nbsp;Dayane Alvarinho de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Kildare Rocha de Miranda ,&nbsp;Eduardo José Lopes-Torres","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108924","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108924","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trichuriasis – a disease caused by <em>Trichuris trichiura</em> – affects underserved communities. Infection occurs by the ingestion of embryonated eggs, a resilient structure against environmental fluctuations – an essential feature for the survival and transmission of trichurids. This study aims to enhance our comprehension of the trichurid eggs by providing a characterization of the ultrastructure of eggshell and first-stage (L1) larvae of <em>T</em>. <em>muris</em>, a key experimental model for trichuriasis. We employed the following microscopy techniques: light, fluorescence, confocal, Cryo-SEM, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), analyzing unfixed, chemical and cryofixed samples. Light microscopy revealed the structure of the eggshell, consisting of three main layers: <em>Pellicula ovi</em> (PO), chitinous layer (CHI), and the electron-dense parietal coating (EdPC). Fluorescence microscopy showed the calcein's high affinity for the eggshell and polar plugs, while the DAPI distinctly stained the L1 larval cells. Using confocal microscopy and 3D modeling, we quantified an average of 151 larval cells. TEM of high-pressure frozen and freeze-substituted samples revealed that the PO and the EdPC layers lacked sublayers, while the CHI layer was composed of 12–14 sublayers. The CHI also contained continuous distinct organization structure forming the polar plugs. The combination of different sample fixation methods and advanced imaging techniques was crucial for revealing structural details of both the eggshell and L1 larva, including the arrangement of cells, cuticle, and an anterior pointed structure. These findings provide deeper insights into the structural biology of <em>T. muris</em> and offer valuable information for advancing parasite control strategies in both human and veterinary context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 108924"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imidazolium salt as potent Amoebicide for rapid inactivation of Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoites and cysts","authors":"Denise Leal dos Santos ,&nbsp;Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque ,&nbsp;Francisco Kercher Berté ,&nbsp;Larissa de Miranda Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Fernanda Fraga Matiazo ,&nbsp;Marilise Brittes Rott ,&nbsp;Henri Stephan Schrekker ,&nbsp;Leo Sekine","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Acanthamoeba</em> spp. are amphizoic protozoa capable of causing several severe diseases in humans and other animals, including granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and <em>Acanthamoeba</em> keratitis (AK). The high resistance of <em>Acanthamoeba</em> genus, especially in its cystic form, to most conventional disinfectants poses a challenge for its management through aseptic practices based on chemical disinfectants. The imidazolium salt (IS) (C₁₆MImCl) demonstrated significant acanthamoebicidal potency against both trophozoites and cysts. However, its biocidal efficacy over a short exposure time, which will shed light on its potential use as a disinfectant, still needs to be studied. Therefore, the acanthamoebicidal effect of IS against trophozoites and cysts of <em>Acanthamoeba polyphaga</em> and <em>Acanthamoeba</em> spp. exposed for 5 and 20 min to concentrations of 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.62, and 7.81 μg/mL was evaluated in the present study. Exposure of trophozoites of both strains to IS for 20 min significantly reduced trophozoite viability at concentrations ≥62.5 μg/mL. All trophozoites of both strains were inactived 20 min after cessation of IS exposure at concentrations of ≥125 μg/mL for 5 min or ≥15 μg/mL for 20 min. Cyst viability of all strains was significantly reduced after 20 min of exposure to IS at 62.5 and 125 μg/mL, based on the viability exclusion assay with trypan blue dye. However, all cysts exposed to IS at ≥ 125 μg/mL for 20 or 5 min were unable to excyst when incubated for 10 days on non-nutrient agar with <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The acanthamoebicidal efficacy of IS, upon short exposure to concentrations below the cytotoxic value for human keratinocyte cells (IC₅₀ = 171.50 μg/mL), combined with its previously reported bactericidal and fungicidal effects, suggests that IS has the potential to be used in the formulation of multipurpose disinfectants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 108921"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional implications of MIT2 and NT2 mutations in amodiaquine and piperaquine resistant Plasmodium berghei parasites","authors":"Brenda Muriithi ,&nbsp;Jean Chepngetich ,&nbsp;Beatrice Gachie ,&nbsp;Kevin Thiong'o ,&nbsp;Jeremiah Gathirwa ,&nbsp;Francis Kimani ,&nbsp;Peter Mwitari ,&nbsp;Daniel Kiboi","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108923","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108923","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-acting drugs, amodiaquine (AQ), lumefantrine (LM), and piperaquine (PQ), are vital components of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for malaria treatment. However, the emergence of partial artemisinin-resistant parasites poses significant challenges, particularly in malaria-endemic regions. Despite extensive research, parasite's resistance mechanisms to these drugs still need complete elucidation. This study investigated the genetic basis of resistance to AQ, LM, and PQ using <em>Plasmodium berghei</em>, focusing on selected genes encoding transport proteins in Plasmodium species. In silico bioinformatics tools were used to map genes encoding transport proteins, their ligand-binding sites, and their conservation across different Plasmodium species. PCR amplification and sequence analysis were employed to examine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding the selected transporters in AQ, LM, and PQ-resistant <em>P. berghei</em>. The structural impacts of the mutations were evaluated using AlphaFold, ITASSER, UCSF Chimera, and MOTIF Finder. Genes encoding CorA-like Mg2+ transporter protein (MIT2), nucleoside transporter 2 (NT2), ABC Transporter G family member 2 (ABCG2), and novel putative transporter 1 (NPT1) transport proteins with notable conserved motifs and ligand-binding motifs in Plasmodium species were selected and examined. In AQ-resistant (AQ^R) parasites, a non-synonymous mutation (I433∗) was found in MIT2. PQ-resistant (PQ^R) parasites possessed a non-synonymous mutation (D511H) in NT2 and a silent mutation in the NPT1 protein. No mutations were observed in the targeted regions of the transporters in LM-resistant (LM^R) parasites, nor in the ligand-binding motifs of ABCG2 across all resistant strains. These findings suggest that selection pressure from AQ and PQ leads to mutations in MIT2 and NT2. Further investigation is required to understand how these mutations affect drug susceptibility on a functional level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 108923"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143540806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthetic peptides derived from hypothetical proteins as potential antigens for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis and tegumentary leishmaniasis","authors":"Larissa Chaves Freire ,&nbsp;Scarleth Silva Costa ,&nbsp;Ana Luiza Filizzola Tedeschi ,&nbsp;Lucas Magno Oliveira Santos ,&nbsp;Naianda Rezende Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Luiza dos Reis Cruz ,&nbsp;Vivian Tamietti Martins ,&nbsp;Nathalia Coral Galvani ,&nbsp;Gabriel Paulino Luiz ,&nbsp;Maria Eduarda de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Ricardo Andrez Machado de Ávila ,&nbsp;Ana Maria Ravena Severino Carvalho ,&nbsp;Henrique Santos de Freitas André ,&nbsp;Denise Utsh Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho ,&nbsp;Bruno Mendes Roatt ,&nbsp;Daniel Menezes-Souza ,&nbsp;Mariana Costa Duarte","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the present study, we investigated the potential use of five linear peptides as a potential antigens for the immunodiagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) and canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). We used bioinformatics approaches to identify linear B-cell epitopes in five hypothetical proteins from a <em>Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum</em> proteome study. To obtain the peptide sequences of each hypothetical protein, we used the GenBank and SwissProt online databases. These peptides were synthesized and tested, alone or in a cocktail, in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) against serum samples from patients with TL and from dogs infected with CVL. Our data shows that for CVL diagnosis, the best results were found with peptides 1 and 5, which showed sensitivity values of 97.30% and 94.54%, and specificity values of 93.83% (pep 1) and 91.63% (pep 5), respectively. For TL, all peptides showed higher sensitivity and specificity when compared with SLALb, with the peptide cocktail obtaining a 99.10% accuracy. This study's outcome suggests that these peptides may constitute a potential tool for a more sensitive and specific serodiagnosis of TL and CVL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 108914"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143372904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal activity of Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Cl) pamp extract in controlling Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","authors":"Sagorika Panda ,&nbsp;Rajasri Sahoo ,&nbsp;Santi Lata Sahoo ,&nbsp;Ranjit Manoranjan ,&nbsp;R.C Patra","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vector-borne diseases cause increase in burden, poverty, social liability and death all over the world. Mosquitoes serve as the vector for malaria, dengue, filariasis, yellow fever and also play a major role in transmission of chikungunya and Zika virus. The development of mosquitocidal resistance and associated health problems with the use of synthetic insecticides, have paved the way to control mosquito population by using plant-based botanicals. This study was carried out to evaluate the larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal properties of six solvent extracts of <em>Artemisia nilagirica</em> (C.B.Cl) against four infectious vector mosquitoes <em>Anopheles stephensi</em>, <em>Aedes aegypti</em>, <em>Aedes albopictus</em> and <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em>, by assessing LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ mortality values. Among all six leaf solvent extracts, chloroform extract had higher toxicity (LC₅₀ = 127.27 ppm and LC₉₀ = 544.45 ppm) against fourth instar larva of <em>C. quinquefasciatus</em> and aqueous extract had lowest lethal effects (LC₅₀ = 583.33 ppm and LC₉₀ = 927.27 ppm) against fourth instar larva of <em>A. aegypti</em>. Moderate results were found in n-hexane, petroleum ether, methanol and ethanol plant extracts. Phytochemical analysis by GC-MS method confirms presence of significant 12 bioactive compounds like Bi-cyclo (3.1.1) heptanes-2, 4, 6 trimethyl, 3, 7, 11, 15- Tetramethyl-1.2 hexadecan-1-ol, Thiophene, Tetrahydro-2-methyl 1,3 propane diamine and camphor, which were responsible for insecticidal activity. Altogether, current study would serve as an initial step towards replacement of synthetic insecticides to plant-based bio-pesticide against dreadful vector mosquitoes in future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 108913"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ritonavir enhances the efficacy of amprenavir: A promising combination therapy by targeting Leishmania DNA topoisomerase I for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis","authors":"Priyanka H. Mazire,&nbsp;Snehal Shingade,&nbsp;Amit Roy","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108898","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.108898","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an opportunistic infection in HIV patients with higher relapse and mortality rate. The number of HIV-VL patients is comparatively higher in areas where both infections are endemic. However, the conventional chemotherapeutic agents have limited success due to drug toxicity, efficacy variance and overall cost of treatment. Therefore, it is crucial to discover and develop newer potent antileishmanial agents for successful eradication of the disease. Our previous report, for the first time showed the leishminicidal effect of amprenavir (APV) mediated by inhibition of <em>L.donovani</em> Topoisomerase I (LdTopILS). So, we intended to demonstrate the effect of APV in combination with ritonavir (RTV). The present study revealed that the complete catalytic inhibition of LdTopILS by APV (10 μM) in combination with RTV (5 μM), compare to APV (20 μM) as previously reported (Roy et al., 2021). Moreover, APV (5 μM) in combination with RTV (4 μM) exhibited promastigote inhibition with IC₅₀ values of 2.4 ± 0.6 μM at 12 h and 1.6 ± 0.7 μM at 24 h, respectively. The study was extended in animal model where the <em>in vivo</em> antileishmanial efficacy of APV-RTV in BALB/c mice demonstrated that treatment of APV in combination with RTV led to significant splenic and hepatic protection as compared to single dose of APV. Moreover, the antileishmanial activity of APV in combination with RTV was exerted via inhibition of LdTopILS at much lower concentration of APV and this inhibition of the enzyme induced programmed cell death in <em>Leishmania</em> parasites by generating oxidative stress within the cells. From the <em>in vitro, ex vivo</em> and <em>in vivo</em> studies, it was indicated that lower dose of APV in combination with RTV elevated the effective killing of the parasites as compared to the single higher dose of APV. Thus, the current study highlights repurposing of available protease inhibitors in combination, which might be exploited further for the therapeutic development against VL as well as HIV-VL co-infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 108898"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142970292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Galactokinase and galactose metabolism in Leishmania spp.","authors":"Ángel E. Lobo-Rojas ,&nbsp;María A. Delgado-Chacón ,&nbsp;Edward A. Valera-Vera ,&nbsp;Marirene Chacón-Arnaude ,&nbsp;Mary Carmen Pérez-Aguilar ,&nbsp;Rocío Rondón-Mercado ,&nbsp;Ender Quintero-Troconis ,&nbsp;Wilfredo Quiñones ,&nbsp;Juan L. Concepción ,&nbsp;Ana J. Cáceres","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In <em>Leishmania</em>, the nucleotide-sugar UDP-galactose can be synthesized by a salvage pathway, the Isselbacher route, involving phosphorylation of galactose and the action of UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase. The first enzyme of the pathway, galactokinase, has yet to be studied in this parasite. Here, we report a molecular and biochemical characterization of this enzyme in <em>Leishmania mexicana</em>. We showed that recombinant galactokinase (<em>Lmx</em>GALK) phosphorylates galactose in the presence of ATP with <em>K</em>_m values of 0.077 mM for galactose and 0.017 mM for ATP. We proved by immunodetection that GALK is expressed in promastigotes and amastigotes of <em>L</em>. <em>mexicana</em>, <em>L</em>. <em>braziliensis</em> and <em>L. infantum</em>. In agreement with the presence of a type 1 peroxisome-targeting signal sequence present at the C-terminus of <em>Lmx</em>GALK, the protein is localized mostly within glycosomes as shown by selective membrane permeabilization with digitonin, differential centrifugation, and immunofluorescence. Indeed, <em>Lmx</em>GALK enzymatic activity was measured in the fractions corresponding to the homogenate and glycosomes, proving that it is active in promastigotes. In addition, it was shown that galactose cannot serve as an important carbon source for sustaining parasite growth, as cultures of promastigotes from three <em>Leishmania</em> species in LIT medium containing either no sugar or supplemented with D-galactose (20 mM) grew to lower density compared to these cultured with D-glucose (20 mM). These results suggest that D-galactose is mainly used for UDP-galactose synthesis by the salvage route, functioning when glucose is depleted from the medium, similar to the conditions promastigotes experience in the gut of the insect vector during its life cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 108888"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata in different types of soil on plant growth, photosynthetic pigments and proline contents of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)","authors":"Aqib,&nbsp;Zaki Anwar Siddiqui","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effect of <em>Meloidogyne incognita</em> and <em>Pseudomonas syringae</em> pv. <em>aptata</em> (<em>Psa</em>) was observed singly, together and pre and post inoculations in 4 soil types on plant growth parameters, chlorophyll, carotenoid and proline contents of beetroot (<em>Beta vulgaris</em> L.). Plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were greater in loam soil followed by 20% fly ash soil, 10% fly ash plus 10% sand amended soil and least in 20 % sand mix soil. However, proline contents were high in 20% sand mix soil and least in loam soil. Plant growth (root dry weight), chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were reduced in plants inoculated with any test pathogen while proline contents were increased in plants inoculated with pathogens under study. Inoculation of both pathogens together caused a greater reduction of plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents than their individual inoculation. Inoculation of <em>M. incognita</em> 20 days prior to <em>Psa</em> resulted in greatest reduction in plant growth, chlorophyll and carotenoid and maximum proline contents<em>.</em> Inoculation of <em>Psa</em> with <em>M. incognita</em> reduced galling and nematode multiplication while prior inoculation of <em>Psa</em> caused maximum reduction in galling and nematode multiplication. Galling and nematode multiplication was high in 20% sand mix soil followed by loam soil and least in 20% fly ash amended soil. Bacterial leaf spot indices by <em>Psa</em> was 3 when alone. Disease indices were 5 when <em>Psa</em> was inoculated with <em>M. incognita</em>. Prior inoculation of <em>M. incognita</em> predisposed beetroots to <em>Psa</em> and aggravates the disease. Influence of <em>M. incognita</em>, <em>Psa</em> and their interactions in different soil types on various studied parameters in diseased plants was demonstrated by Principal component analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"269 ","pages":"Article 108882"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142871890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}