Experimental parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Role of various virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica","authors":"Shubham Mathur ,&nbsp;Sanket Kaushik ,&nbsp;S.L. Kothari ,&nbsp;Vijay Kumar Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108841","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108841","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing countries continuously face challenges to get rid of amoebiasis, a protozoan disease caused by <em>Entamoeba histolytica.</em> Every year around 900 million people get affected by amoebiasis, among them only 10 % of people show the symptoms of the disease while 90 % of people do not show any symptoms but still, serve as carriers of the disease. Asymptomatic persons carry cysts of <em>Entamoeba</em> in their fecal matter, which is carried by house flies to contaminate the food and water. <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> is a very successful pathogen because it has very well-developed virulence factors that function in infection to host as well as in overcoming the host's immune response. However, researchers have very little information about the clear relationship between virulence factors and the virulence of <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em>, through various research, researchers have been able to identify key pathogenic factors that are crucial to the pathogenesis of amoebiasis and have provided valuable insights into the development of the disease. The objective of this review is to underscore various virulence factors (Monosaccharides, Gal/GalNAc lectin, extracellular vesicles, cysteine proteases, amoeba-pores, and actin microfilament) involved in pathogenesis which may be helpful for designing of future drug or therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108841"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142371388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of seryl tRNA synthetase (srs-2) in Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta","authors":"Saleh Umair ,&nbsp;Charlotte Bouchet ,&nbsp;Jolyon K. Claridge ,&nbsp;Sheralee Cleland ,&nbsp;Warwick Grant ,&nbsp;Jacqueline Knight","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of the study was to purify and characterise recombinant proteins with the potential as an anti-parasite vaccine. Full-length cDNAs encoding seryl-tRNA synthetase (<em>srs-2</em>) were cloned from <em>Haemonchus contortus</em> (<em>Hc</em>SRS-2) and <em>Teladorsagia circumcincta</em> (<em>Tc</em>SRS-2). <em>Tc</em>SRS-2 and <em>Hc</em>SRS-2 cDNA (1458bp) encoded proteins of 486 amino acids, each of which was present as a single band of about 55 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Multiple alignments of the protein sequences showed homology of 94% between <em>Tc</em>SRS-2 and <em>Hc</em>SRS-2, 76–93% with SRS-2s of eight nematodes and 68% with <em>Mus musculus</em> SRS-2. The predicted three-dimensional structures revealed an overall structural homology of <em>Tc</em>SRS-2 and <em>Hc</em>SRS-2, highly conserved binding and catalytic sites, and minor differences in the tautomerase binding site residues in other nematode SRS-2 homologues. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using helminth and mammalian SRS-2 sequences. Soluble C-terminal SRS-2 proteins were expressed in <em>Escherichia coli</em> strain AY2.4 and purified. Recombinant <em>Hc</em>SRS-2 assay shows that the recombinant enzyme was active and stable. The K_m and V_max for ATP were 3.9 ± 1.0 μM and 2.7 ± 0.1 μmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹ protein, respectively. Antibodies in serum and saliva from field-immune, but not nematode-naïve, sheep recognised recombinant <em>Hc</em>SRS-2 and <em>Tc</em>SRS-2 in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Recognition of the recombinant proteins by antibodies generated by exposure of sheep to the native enzyme indicates similar antigenicity of the two proteins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108840"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142344293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fosfatriclaben: Effective dose determination and comparative efficacy assessment with closantel, triclabendazole+ivermectin, triclabendazole+albendazole in artificially infected cattle","authors":"Froylán Ibarra-Velarde ,&nbsp;Miguel Flores-Ramos ,&nbsp;Irene Cruz-Mendoza ,&nbsp;Yolanda Vera-Montenegro ,&nbsp;Alicia Hernández-Campos ,&nbsp;Gerardo Leyva-Gómez ,&nbsp;Tania Rojas-Campos ,&nbsp;David Tovar-Escobar ,&nbsp;Rafael Castillo ,&nbsp;Rosa Arias-García ,&nbsp;Gerardo Francisco-Márquez ,&nbsp;Alonso Ezeta-Miranda","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two controlled efficacy studies were conducted to determine the effective dose of fosfatriclaben (FTCB) and compare its fasciolicidal efficacy with that of three commercial products against eggs and adult stages of <em>Fasciola hepatica</em> in artificially infected cattle. In study 1, 20 trematode-free Holstein Friesian steers were infected on day 0 with 500 <em>F. hepatica</em> metacercariae. Ten weeks after infection and the steers were confirmed to be positive for trematode eggs through a modified sedimentation method. On day 75, they were divided into five groups of four animals each for treatment. Group 1 (G1) served as the untreated control; G2, G3, and G4 received FTCB at 4, 6, and 8 mg/kg/intramuscularly (IM), respectively. G5 received a combined treatment of triclabendazole (TCBZ) (12 mg/kg IM + ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg IM). Individual faecal analyses were performed on days −8, 0, 70, 75, and 105 to evaluate the reduction in trematode eggs. Four weeks after treatment, the steers were humanely slaughtered to harvest the livers and remove the parasites present in the bile ducts. Efficacy was evaluated by the reduction in fecal egg counts or in number of adult parasites, compared to the untreated control. The effective FTCB dose was 6 mg/kg. Once the effective dose was determined, study 2 was conducted on another 20 steers infected with 500 <em>F.</em> hepatica metacercariae, to compare the effectiveness of FTCB with three commercials fasciolicides. All procedures were performed as described in study 1, and treatments were as follows: Group 1 (G1), closantel (5 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC)); G2, TCBZ (12 mg/kg IM) + ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg IM); G3, FTCB (6 mg/kg IM); G4, triclabendazole (12 mg/kg) + albendazole (5 mg/kg/PO (orally); and G5 served as an untreated control. The results indicated that all tested compounds were highly effective in the reduction of faecal egg excretion (99.7–100%) and adult parasites (98.9–100%), except closantel, which exhibited low efficacy (74.4%) when tested against adult trematodes. We concluded that the effective dose of FTCB for cattle was 6 mg/kg IM, which is half the recommended clinical dose of the commercial combination of TCBZ and ivermectin. The fasciolicidal efficacy of FTCB was like the other three flukicides in reducing adult <em>F. hepatica</em> and <em>Fasciola</em> eggs; however, closantel was not sufficiently efficient against adult flukes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108830"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of cardanol-based phospholipid analogs on Trichomonas vaginalis","authors":"Tatiana Guinancio de Souza ,&nbsp;Brenda de Lucena Costa ,&nbsp;Cleonice Andrade Holanda ,&nbsp;Luiz Antonio Soares Romeiro ,&nbsp;Wanderley de Souza ,&nbsp;Marlene Benchimol","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Trichomonas vaginalis</em> is a protist parasite of the urogenital tract, responsible for human trichomoniasis, an infection sexually transmitted that affects approximately 156 million people worldwide. This pathology is more evident in females and can cause miscarriages, premature births, and infertility. The disease can also lead to a greater predisposition to HIV infection and cervical and prostate cancer. Metronidazole (MTZ) is a drug that treats human trichomoniasis. The data from studies involving human subjects are limited regarding MTZ use during pregnancy. In addition to the toxicity of the treatment, some isolates have become resistant to MTZ. Therefore, searching for new compounds active for treating trichomoniasis becomes necessary. In the present study, we report results obtained using new phospholipid analogs. Two cardanol-based compounds designated LDT117 and LDT134 were active against <em>T. vaginalis</em> with an IC₅₀ of 4.58 and 10.24 μM, respectively. These compounds were not toxic to epithelial cells in culture. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed a rounding of the cells, a shortening of the flagella, and protrusions on the surface of drug-treated cells. Transmission electron microscopy of treated cells revealed alterations in the plasma membrane with formations of blebs, protrusions, depressions, and vacuoles with myelin figures and vacuolization in the cytoplasm after incubation. Furthermore, after treatments with the compounds LDT117 and LDT134, the parasites presented a positive reaction for TUNEL, indicating death by a mechanism like apoptosis. Given the results obtained, further <em>in vivo</em> studies using animal experimental models are necessary to validate that these compounds are effective for treating human trichomoniasis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108839"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging Giardia intestinalis cellular organisation using expansion microscopy reveals atypical centrin localisation","authors":"J. Soukup ,&nbsp;M. Zelená ,&nbsp;F. Weisz ,&nbsp;M. Kostelanská ,&nbsp;E. Nohýnková ,&nbsp;P. Tůmová","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Advanced imaging of microorganisms, including protists, is challenging due to their small size. Specimen expansion prior to imaging is thus beneficial to increase resolution and cellular details. Here, we present a sample preparation workflow for improved observations of the single-celled eukaryotic pathogen <em>Giardia intestinalis</em> (Excavata, Metamonada). The binucleated trophozoites colonize the small intestine of humans and animals and cause a diarrhoeal disease. Their remarkable morphology includes two nuclei and a pronounced microtubular cytoskeleton enabling cell motility, attachment and proliferation. By use of expansion and confocal microscopy, we resolved in a great detail subcellular structures and organelles of the parasite cell. The acquired spatial resolution enabled novel observations of centrin localization at <em>Giardia</em> basal bodies. Interestingly, non-luminal centrin localization between the <em>Giardia</em> basal bodies was observed, which is an atypical eukaryotic arrangement. Our protocol includes antibody staining and can be used for the localization of epitope-tagged proteins, as well as for differential organelle labelling by amino reactive esters. This fast and simple technique is suitable for routine use without a superresolution microscopy equipment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"266 ","pages":"Article 108831"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014489424001346/pdfft?md5=707dd25dc64bd200a45705c2b5c417d8&pid=1-s2.0-S0014489424001346-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142145461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of muscular apoptotic changes and myogenin gene expression in experimental trichinosis after stem cells and atorvastatin added to ivermectin treatment","authors":"Zeinab R. Hassan ,&nbsp;Samar El-Sayed ,&nbsp;Kareman M. Zekry ,&nbsp;Samah G. Ahmed ,&nbsp;Asmaa Hassan Abd_Elhamid ,&nbsp;Doaa E.A. Salama ,&nbsp;Azza Kamal Taha ,&nbsp;Nihal A. Mahmoud ,&nbsp;Shaymaa Fathy Mohammed ,&nbsp;Mona M. Amin ,&nbsp;Rasha Elsayed Mohamed ,&nbsp;Ayat M.S. Eraque ,&nbsp;Shimaa A. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Ranya M. Abdelgalil ,&nbsp;Shimaa Attia Atta ,&nbsp;Nermeen Talaat Fahmy ,&nbsp;Mohamed S. Badr","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Trichinosis is a common parasitic disease that affects the striated skeletal muscles, causing apoptotic and degenerative changes associated with myogenin expression in the affected myocytes. Hence, this study aimed to assess the ameliorative effects of stem cells and atorvastatin added to ivermectin on the infected myocytes during the muscular phase of murine trichinosis. 120 laboratory <em>Swiss albino</em> male mice were divided into 10 groups, and each group was subdivided into intestinal and muscular phases (each n = 6); uninfected control; untreated infected control; infected received ivermectin monotherapy; infected received atorvastatin monotherapy; infected received stem cells monotherapy; infected received ivermectin and atorvastatin dual therapy; infected received ivermectin and stem cells dual therapy; infected received atorvastatin and stem cells dual therapy; infected received ivermectin 0.2, atorvastatin 40, and stem cells triple therapy; and infected received ivermectin 0.1, atorvastatin 20, and stem cells triple therapy. Intestinal phase mice were sacrificed on the 5th day post-infection, while those of the muscular phase were sacrificed on the 35th day post-infection. Parasitological, histopathological, ultrastructural, histochemical, biochemical, and myogenin gene expression assessments were performed. The results revealed that mice that received ivermectin, atorvastatin, and stem cell triple therapies showed the maximum reduction in the adult worm and larvae burden, marked improvement in the underlying muscular degenerative changes (as was noticed by histopathological, ultrastructural, and histochemical Feulgen stain assessment), lower biochemical levels of serum NK-κB and tissue NO, and lower myogenin expression. Accordingly, the combination of stem cells, atorvastatin, and ivermectin affords a potential synergistic activity against trichinosis with considerable healing of the underlying degenerative sequel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108823"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142072352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MicroRNA-145 enhances lung cancer cell progression after exposure to lyophilized fertile hydatid cyst fluid of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto","authors":"Hosein Mosajakhah ,&nbsp;Dariush Shanehbandi ,&nbsp;Ehsan Ahmadpour ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei ,&nbsp;Khadijeh Sadeghi ,&nbsp;Adel Spotin","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is increasing evidence that the secretory/excretory antigens of the larval stage of <em>Echinococcus granulosus</em> can induce both anticancer and oncogenic effects between parasite-derived metabolites and various cancer cells. The dual role of miR-145 as either a tumor suppressor or oncogene has already been reported in cancer. However, the mechanism by which miR-145 induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells treated with hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) remains unclear. The fertile HCF was obtained from sheep, purified and lyophilized. H1299 human lung cancer cells were then cultured into two groups: HCF-treated H1299 lung cancer cells and untreated H1299 cancer cells as control cells. Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay to evaluate the effects of HCF on the H1299 cells. Caspase-3 activity was assessed by fluorometric assay. In addition, mRNA expression levels of VGEF, vimentin, caspase-3, miRNA-145, Bax and Bcl-2 genes were quantified by real-time PCR. A scratch test was also performed to assess the effects of HCF on cell migration. The MTT assay revealed that the growth of H1299 cells increased when treated with 60 μg/mL of fertile HCF for 24 h. The fold change of caspase-3, miRNA-145, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activity was lower in HCF-treated H1299 cells compared to the control cell. The fold change in VGEF and vimentin gene expression was higher in the HCF-treated H1299 cells than in the control cell. The scratch test results showed that H1299 cell mobility increased 24 and 48 h after exposure to HCF. Our results suggest that the downregulation of miR-145 in HCF-treated H1299 cells may play a role as a possible oncogenic regulator of lung cancer growth. To confirm this assumption, further studies are required to evaluate the microRNA profile and effective oncogenes <em>in vivo</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108829"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142040131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii can be vertically transmitted in Hyalomma anatolicum","authors":"Tingxiang Luo ,&nbsp;Ercha Hu ,&nbsp;Lu Gan ,&nbsp;Depeng Yang ,&nbsp;Jun Wu ,&nbsp;Shenghong Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaoli Tuo ,&nbsp;chahan Gailike Bayin ,&nbsp;Zhengxiang Hu ,&nbsp;Qingyong Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, a tick intracellular symbiont, <em>Candidatus</em> Midichloria mitochondrii, was detected in <em>Hyalomma anatolicum</em> from Xinjiang, China. Morphological identification and cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequence alignment were used for molecular identification of the tick species. PCR detection further revealed the presence of endosymbiont <em>C</em>. M. mitochondrii in the tick. Specific primers were designed for <em>Groel</em> and 16S rRNA genes of <em>C</em>. M. mitochondrii for PCR amplification and phylogenetic analysis. To further investigate the vertical transmission characteristics of <em>C</em>. M. mitochondrii, specific primers were designed based on the <em>Fab</em>Ⅰ gene fragment to detect <em>C</em>. M. mitochondrii in different developmental stages and organs of the tick using qPCR. Of the 336 tick specimens collected from the field, 266 samples were identified as <em>H. anatolicum</em> on the basis of morphological characteristics. The gene fragment alignment results of <em>CO</em>I confirmed that these ticks were <em>H. anatolicum</em>. The phylogenetic analysis showed that <em>Groel</em> gene of <em>C</em>. M. mitochondrii clustered with <em>Midichloria</em> strains detected in <em>Ixodes ricinus</em> ticks from Italy and <em>Ixodes holocyclus</em> ticks from Australia, with 100% sequence similarity. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA gene of <em>C</em>. M. mitochondrii clusters with the strains isolated from <em>Hyalomma rufipes</em> ticks in Italy, exhibiting the highest degree of homology. qPCR results showed that <em>C</em>. M. mitochondrii was present at all developmental stages of <em>H. anatolicum</em>, with the highest relative abundance in eggs, and lower relative abundance in nymphs and unfed males. With female tick blood feeding, the relative abundance of <em>C</em>. M. mitochondrii increased, and a particularly high relative abundance was detected in the ovaries of engorged female ticks. This study provides information for studying the survival adaptability of <em>H. anatolicum</em>, and provides data for further investigation of the mechanisms regulating tick endosymbionts in ticks, enriching the reference materials for comprehensive prevention and control of tick-borne diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108828"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142003958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The nexus between Leishmania & HIV: Debilitating host immunity and Hastening Comorbid disease burden","authors":"Manasvi Dhulipalla,&nbsp;Garima Chouhan","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The scintillating association between <em>Leishmania</em> and HIV has contributed exceptionally towards expansion of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The co-infection poses a grievous threat to elimination of VL and containment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). When coinfected, <em>Leishmania</em> and HIV complement each other's proliferation and survival by inducing immunesenescence, T cell fatigue and exhaustion. Antigen presentation is lost, co-stimulatory molecules are diminished whereas co-inhibitory molecules such as CTLA-4, TIGIT, LAG-3 etc. are upregulated to ensure a Th2-baised immune environment. As a consequence, <em>Leishmania-</em>HIV coinfection causes poor outcomes, inflates the spread of <em>Leishmania</em> parasites, enhances the severity of side-effects to drugs, as well as escalate the probability of treatment failure and mortality. What makes control extremely strenuous is that there are frequent episodes of VL relapse with no prognostic markers, no standard immunophenotype(s) and appearance of atypical clinical symptoms. Thus, a standard therapeutic regimen has been difficult to develop and treatment is majorly dependent upon a combination of liposomal Amphotericin B and Miltefosine, a therapy that is expensive and capable of causing drastic side-effects in recipients. As World Health Organization is committed to eliminate both VL and HIV in due course of future, the existing therapeutic interventions require advancements to grapple and overcome this hazardous co-infection. In this context, an overview of HIV-VL co-infection, immunopathology of HIV and <em>Leishmania</em> co-inhabitance<em>,</em> available therapeutic options and their limitations in the treatment of co-infection are discussed in-depth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108826"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-Acanthamoebic effects of silver-conjugated tetrazole nanoparticle","authors":"Areeba Anwar ,&nbsp;Itrat Fatima ,&nbsp;Khalid Mohammed Khan ,&nbsp;Meshal Daalah ,&nbsp;Bader S. Alawfi ,&nbsp;Naveed Ahmed Khan ,&nbsp;Ayaz Anwar","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tetrazoles are five-membered ring aromatic heterocyclic molecules that consist of one carbon and four nitrogen atoms. Several tetrazole-based drugs have shown promising activities against bacteria, fungi, asthma, cancer, hypertension etc. The overall aim of this study was to determine anti-Acanthamoebic properties of tetrazoles and tetrazole-conjugated silver nanoparticles. Tetrazole-conjugated silver nanoparticles were synthesized and confirmed using ultraviolet–visible spectrometry, Dynamic light scattering, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Using amoebicidal, encystment, and excystment assays, the findings revealed that tetrazoles exhibited antiamoebic properties and these effects were enhanced when conjugated with silver nanoparticles. Importantly, conjugation with silver nanoparticles inhibited parasite-mediated human cell death <em>in vitro</em>, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release, but it reduced toxic effects of drugs alone on human cells. Overall, these results showed clearly that tetrazoles exhibit potent antiamoebic properties which can be enhanced by conjugation with silver nanoparticles and these potential in the rational development of therapeutic interventions against parasitic infections such as keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis due to pathogenic <em>Acanthamoeba</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"265 ","pages":"Article 108827"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141987707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}