Experimental parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of the immunoprotective effect of the recombinant Eimeria intestinalis rhoptry protein 25 and rhoptry protein 30 on New Zealand rabbits","authors":"Ge Hao ,&nbsp;Changming Xiong ,&nbsp;Jie Xiao ,&nbsp;Wei He ,&nbsp;Yuhua Zhu ,&nbsp;Liwen Xu ,&nbsp;Qing Jiang ,&nbsp;Guangyou Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108719","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108719","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Rabbit coccidiosis is a parasitism caused by either one or multiple co-infections of <em>Eimeria</em> species. Among them, <em>Eimeria intestinalis</em> is the primary pathogen responsible for diarrhea, growth retardation, and potential mortality in rabbits. Concerns regarding drug resistance and drug residues have led to the development of recombinant subunit vaccines targeting <em>Eimeria</em> species as a promising preventive measure. The aim of this study was to assess the immunoprotective efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines comprising <em>Ei</em>ROP25 and <em>Ei</em>ROP30 (rhoptry proteins (ROPs)) against <em>E. intestinalis</em> infection in rabbits.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Cloning, prokaryotic expression, and protein purification were performed to obtain <em>Ei</em>ROP25 and <em>Ei</em>ROP30. Five groups of fifty 35-day-old <em>Eimeria</em>-free rabbits were created (unchallenged control group, challenged control group, vector protein control group, r<em>Ei</em>ROP25 group, and r<em>Ei</em>ROP30 group), with 10 rabbits in each group. Rabbits in the r<em>Ei</em>ROP25 and r<em>Ei</em>ROP30 groups were immunized with the recombinant proteins (100 μg per rabbit) for primary and booster immunization (100 μg per rabbit) at a two-week intervals, and challenged with 7 × 10⁴ oocysts per rabbit after an additional two-week interval. Two weeks after the challenge, the rabbits were euthanized for analysis. Weekly collections of rabbit sera were made to measure changes in specific IgG and cytokine level. Clinical symptoms and pathological changes after challenge were observed and recorded. At the conclusion of the animal experiment, lesion scores, the relative weight increase ratio, the oocyst reduction rate, and the anticoccidial index were computed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Rabbits immunized with r<em>Ei</em>ROP25 and r<em>Ei</em>ROP30 exhibited relative weight gain ratios of 56.57% and 72.36%, respectively. Oocysts decreased by 78.14% and 84.06% for the r<em>Ei</em>ROP25 and r<em>Ei</em>ROP30 groups, respectively. The anticoccidial indexes were 140 and 155. Furthermore, there was a noticeable drop in intestinal lesions. After the primary immunization with r<em>Ei</em>ROP25 and r<em>Ei</em>ROP30, a week later, there was a notable rise in specific IgG levels, which remained elevated for two weeks following challenge (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Interleukin (IL)-2 levels increased markedly in the r<em>Ei</em>ROP25 group, whereas IL-2, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and IL-4 levels increased substantially in the r<em>Ei</em>ROP30 group (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Immunization of rabbits indicated that both r<em>Ei</em>ROP25 and r<em>Ei</em>ROP30 are capable of inducing an increase in specific antibody levels. r<em>Ei</em>ROP25 triggered a Th1-type immune protection response, while r<em>Ei</em>ROP30 elicited a Th1/Th2 mixed response. <em>Ei</em>ROP25 and <em>Ei</em>ROP30 ca","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139746501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of synthesized nitrofurantoin-triazole hybrids against Trypanosoma species causing animal African trypanosomosis","authors":"Anna Seetsi ,&nbsp;David D. N'Da ,&nbsp;Nthatisi Nyembe ,&nbsp;Keisuke Suganuma ,&nbsp;Tsepo Ramatla ,&nbsp;Oriel Thekisoe","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) is a disease caused by <em>Trypanosoma brucei brucei</em>, <em>T. vivax</em>, <em>T. evansi</em> and <em>T. congolense</em> which are mainly transmitted by tsetse flies (maybe the family/genus scientific name for the tsetse flies here?). Synthetic trypanocidal drugs are used to control AAT but have reduced efficacy due to emergence of drug resistant trypanosomes. Therefore, there is a need for the continued development of new safe and effective drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the <em>in vitro</em> anti-trypanosomal activity of novel nitrofurantoin compounds against trypanosomes (<em>Trypanosoma brucei brucei</em>, <em>T. evansi</em> and <em>T. congolense</em>) causing AAT. This study assessed previously synthesized nineteen nitrofurantoin-triazole (NFT-TZ) hybrids against animal trypanosomes and evaluated their cytotoxicity using Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells. The <em>n-</em>alkyl sub-series hybrids, <strong>8</strong> (IC₅₀ 0.09 ± 0.02 μM; SI 686.45) and <strong>9</strong> (IC₅₀ 0.07 ± 0.04 μM; SI 849.31) had the highest anti-trypanosomal activity against <em>T. b. brucei</em>. On the contrary, the nonyl <strong>6</strong> (IC₅₀ 0.12 ± 0.06 μM; SI 504.57) and nitrobenzyl <strong>18</strong> (IC₅₀ 0.11 ± 0.03 μM; SI 211.07) displayed the highest trypanocidal activity against <em>T. evansi</em>. The nonyl hybrid <strong>6</strong> (IC₅₀ 0.02 ± 0.01 μM<strong>;</strong> SI 6328.76) was also detected alongside the undecyl <strong>8</strong> (IC₅₀ 0.02 ± 0.01 μM; SI 3454.36) and 3-bromobenzyl <strong>19</strong> (IC₅₀ 0.02 ± 0.01 μM; SI 2360.41) as the most potent hybrids against <em>T. congolense.</em> These hybrids had weak toxicity effects on the mammalian cells and highly selective submicromolar antiparasitic action efficacy directed towards the trypanosomes, hence they can be regarded as potential trypanocidal leads for further <em>in vivo</em> investigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014489424000146/pdfft?md5=f9c9a4473d114007e998394cba9db9b8&pid=1-s2.0-S0014489424000146-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139734842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of non-invasive samples and tools in kala-azar diagnosis and test of cure","authors":"Saravanan Vijayakumar ,&nbsp;Priyanka Kriti Narayan ,&nbsp;Shobha Kumari ,&nbsp;Ravi Ranjan ,&nbsp;Vikash Kumar ,&nbsp;Ashish Kumar ,&nbsp;Dayakar Alti","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The recurrence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also called kala-azar (KA), in endemic regions of tropical countries like India, is primarily attributed to asymptomatic VL, post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. To effectively manage VL cases and elimination targets, an early and rapid diagnosis as well as accurate field surveillance is highly essential. The traditional sampling methods like bone marrow (BM), spleen, and lymph node (LN) tissue aspirations are invasive, painful, tedious, and prone to nosocomial infections, require skilled persons and hospital facilities, and are not feasible in rural areas. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for the adoption of a patient-friendly, non-invasive, non-hospitalized sampling procedure that ensures an effective VL diagnosis. This review aims to meticulously evaluate the most recent scientific research that focuses on the precision, feasibility, and applicability of non-invasive sampling (NIS) and techniques for the diagnosis and test of cure of VL, particularly in resource-limited settings. Apart from that, the non-invasive techniques (NIT) that have shown promising results while monitoring VL treatment response and relapse are also reviewed. The limitations associated with NIT and possible improvements in this regard are discussed as well to improve the diagnosis and management of VL.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139729346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro growth of Leishmania parasites from biopsy samples of suspected cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis cases in Sri Lanka: An observational study","authors":"Bhagya Deepachandi ,&nbsp;Sudath Weerasinghe ,&nbsp;Himali Gunathileka ,&nbsp;Preethi Soysa ,&nbsp;Yamuna Siriwardana","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sri Lanka reports a large focus of <em>Leishmania donovani</em> caused cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Subsequent emergence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was also reported recently. Expansion of the on-going disease outbreak and many complexities indicate urgent need to enhance early case detection methods. <em>In vitro</em> cultivation (IVC) of parasites causing visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is important for disease confirmation and to obtain sufficient quantities of parasites required in many scientific studies. IVC is carried out as a useful second line investigation for direct microscopy negative patients with CL in this setting. Along with the emergence of VL, current study was carried out to evaluate <em>in vitro</em> growth of local VL parasites and to identify their differences associated with <em>in vitro</em> growth characteristics. Routine parasitological diagnostic methods, i.e., light microscopy (LM), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for confirmation of suspected cases. Lesion samples from 125 suspected CL cases and bone marrow or splenic aspirations from 125 suspected VL patients were used to inoculate IVCs. Media M199 (about 70 μl) supplemented with 15–20% of heat inactivated fetal bovine serum was used for initial culturing procedures in capillaries. Capillary cultures were monitored daily. Total of 44 different compositions/conditions were used for evaluating <em>in vitro</em> growth of VL causing parasite. Daily records on parasite counts, morphological appearance (size, shape, and wriggly movements) were maintained. <em>In vitro</em> transformation of <em>Leishmania</em> promastigotes to amastigotes and outcome of the attempts on recovery of live <em>Leishmania</em> from culture stabilates was also compared between CL and VL parasites. Proportion of cultures showing a transformation of promastigotes were 40/45 (88.9%) and 4/10 (40.0%) for CL and VL respectively. In the transformed cultures, parasites showing typical shape, size and movement patterns were less in VL (1/4, 25.0%) compared to CL (28/40, 70.0%). CL cultures showed a growth up to mass culturing level with mean duration of two weeks while it was about five weeks for VL cultures. Proportion of cultures that reached a parasite density of 1 × 10⁶ cells/ml (proceeded to mass cultures) was significantly low in VL (4/10, 40%) as compared to CL (28/40, 70.0%). None of media compositions/conditions were successful for mass culturing of VL parasites while all of them were shown to be useful for growing CL strains. Also <em>in vitro</em> transformation to amastigote form and recovering of culture stabilates were not successful compared to CL. There were clear differences between <em>in vitro</em> growth of <em>Leishmania</em> parasites causing local CL and VL. Further studies are recommended for optimization of <em>in vitro</em> culturing of VL parasite which will be invaluable to enhance case detection in future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139729347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of Ocotea indecora (Schott) Mez essential oil nanoemulsion in schistosomiasis control: Molluscicidal effects","authors":"Francisco Paiva Machado ,&nbsp;Leonardo da Silva Rangel ,&nbsp;Keyla Nunes Farias Gomes ,&nbsp;José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos ,&nbsp;Robson Xavier Faria ,&nbsp;Marcelo G. Santos ,&nbsp;Caio P. Fernandes ,&nbsp;Leandro Rocha","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease transmitted through contaminated water in populations with low basic sanitation. The World Health Organization recommends controlling the intermediate host snails of the <em>Biomphalaria</em> genus with the molluscicide niclosamide. This work aims to evaluate the biocidal potential of the nanoemulsion prepared with the essential oil of <em>Ocotea indecora</em> leaves for the control of the mollusk <em>Biomphalaria glabrata</em>, intermediate host of the <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em>, the etiologic agent of schistosomiasis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139715989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity of alkoxyamide-based histone deacetylase inhibitors against Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites","authors":"Wisam A. Dawood ,&nbsp;Gillian M. Fisher ,&nbsp;Franziska J.M. Kinnen ,&nbsp;Christian Anzenhofer ,&nbsp;Tina Skinner-Adams ,&nbsp;Leandro Alves Avelar ,&nbsp;Yodita Asfaha ,&nbsp;Thomas Kurz ,&nbsp;Katherine T. Andrews","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108716","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108716","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There are more than 240 million cases of malaria and 600,000 associated deaths each year, most due to infection with <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> parasites. While malaria treatment options exist, new drugs with novel modes of action are needed to address malaria parasite drug resistance. Protein lysine deacetylases (termed HDACs) are important epigenetic regulatory enzymes and prospective therapeutic targets for malaria. Here we report the antiplasmodial activity of a panel of 17 hydroxamate zinc binding group HDAC inhibitors with alkoxyamide linkers and different cap groups. The two most potent compounds (<strong>4a</strong> and <strong>4b</strong>) were found to inhibit asexual <em>P. falciparum</em> growth with 50% inhibition concentrations (IC₅₀'s) of 0.07 μM and 0.09 μM, respectively, and demonstrated &gt;200-fold more selectivity for <em>P. falciparum</em> parasites versus human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts (NFF). <em>In situ</em> hyperacetylation studies demonstrated that <strong>4a</strong>, <strong>4b</strong> and analogs caused <em>P. falciparum</em> histone H4 hyperacetylation, suggesting HDAC inhibition, with structure activity relationships providing information relevant to the design of new <em>Plasmodium</em>-specific aliphatic chain hydroxamate HDAC inhibitors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139715988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nematicidal activity of paucimannose-type glycoconjugates from acacia honey","authors":"Bushra Bilal ,&nbsp;M. Kamran Azim","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Natural honey contains glycoconjugates as minor components. We characterized acacia honey glycoconjugates with molecular masses in the range of 2–5 kDa. The glycoconjugates were separated by RP-HPLC into three peaks (termed RP-2-5 k-I, RP-2-5 k-II, and RP-2-5 k-III) which demonstrated paralyzing effects on the model nematode <em>C. elegans</em> (ED₅₀ of 50 ng glycoconjugates/μL). To examine molecular mechanisms underlying the nematicidal effects of honey glycoconjugates, expressional analyses of genes that are essential for the growth, development, reproduction, and movement of <em>C. elegans</em> were carried out. Quantitative PCR-based assays showed that these molecules moderately regulate the expression of genes involved in the citric acid cycle (<em>mdh-1</em> and <em>idhg-1</em>) and cytoskeleton (<em>act-1</em> and <em>act-2</em>). MALDI-ToF-MS/MS analysis of RP-HPLC peaks revealed the presence of paucimannose-like N-glycans which are known to play important roles in invertebrates e.g., worms and flies. These findings provided novel information regarding the structure and nematicidal function of honey glycoconjugates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139711886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Lactobacillus taiwanensis S29 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S27 against tapeworm infection in Swiss Albino rats","authors":"Sudeshna Mandal ,&nbsp;Chandrani Mondal ,&nbsp;Sinchan Ghosh ,&nbsp;Samiparna Saha ,&nbsp;Mou Singha Ray ,&nbsp;Larisha M. Lyndem","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Hymenolepis diminuta</em> a zoonotic tapeworm infection in human remains an important cestode model for anthelmintic study as it display common clinical symptoms like other adult human tapeworms during heavy infestation. The use of <em>Lactobacillus</em> as a probiotic is an alternative to drugs which have increased in research and usage considerably during the last decade. The present study aims to determine the anthelmintic efficacy of two probiotics, <em>L. taiwanensis</em> strain S29 and <em>L. plantarum</em> strain S27 against <em>H. diminuta</em> in infected rat. Four groups of animals, each with six numbers were randomly chosen as the negative control (Group I), positive control (infected) (Group II) and the infected treated with two probiotics Group III and Group IV respectively. Another four groups (Group V-VIII) were selected and further subdivided into four sub-groups to investigate the development of larvae to adult during probiotics treatment. Worm burden, egg per gram were determined after treatment with these two probiotics. Furthermore, hematological assays and levels of biochemical markers were estimated, tissue damage was assayed through histological study and intestinal mitochondria detection was done. Worm sustainability reduced about 70–90% and EPG count decreased by 81–94% in probiotics treated groups. A significant level of unsuccessful establishment of larvae was observed in the developmental phase. Improvement in hematological parameter along with some biochemical parameters in the host were significantly observed after treatment with probiotics. The architecture damaged caused in the intestine and mitochondria density due to parasite infection improved significantly as that of control after probiotics treatment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139711884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eimeria tenella pyrroline -5-carboxylate reductase is a secreted protein and involved in host cell invasion","authors":"Shanshan Liang ,&nbsp;Shunhai Zhu ,&nbsp;Qingjie Wang ,&nbsp;Qiping Zhao ,&nbsp;Hui Dong ,&nbsp;Bing Huang ,&nbsp;Yu Yu ,&nbsp;Hongyu Han","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chicken coccidiosis, which caused by <em>Eimeria</em> spp, is a parasitic protozoal disease. At present, control measures of this disease depend mainly on anticoccidial drugs and live vaccines. But these control strategies have drawbacks such as drug resistance and limitations in live vaccines production. Therefore, novel control approaches are urgently need to study to control this disease effectively. In this study, the function and characteristics of the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase of <em>Eimeria tenella</em> (<em>Et</em>PYCR) protein were preliminary analyzed. The transcription and translation level were analyzed by using qPCR and Western blot. The results showed that the mRNA transcription and translation levels of <em>Et</em>PYCR were higher in unsporulated oocysts (UO) and second generation merozoites (Mrz) than that in sporulated oocysts (SO) and sporozoites. Enzyme activity showed that the enzyme activity of <em>Et</em>PYCR was also higher in the UO and Mrz than that in the SO and sporozoites. Immunofluorescence localization showed <em>Et</em>PYCR was mainly located on the top of sporozoites and the whole cytoplasm and surface of Mrz. The secretion assay indicated that <em>Et</em>PYCR was secretion protein, but not from micronemes. Invasion inhibition assay showed that rabbit anti-r<em>Et</em>PYCR polyclonal antibodies can effectively inhibit sporozoite invasion of DF-1 cells. These results showed that <em>Et</em>PYCR possess several important roles that separate and distinct from its conversion 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) into proline and maybe involved in the host cell invasion and development of parasites in host cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139711885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Togolese aromatic plants' essential oils diurnal variations and their insecticidal activities against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti","authors":"Mouïnatou Yeroukiriki ,&nbsp;Kafui Kpegba ,&nbsp;Koffi M. Ahadji-Dabla ,&nbsp;Ismaël Ousseini Nafiou ,&nbsp;Kodjo Selom Evenamede ,&nbsp;Salomé D.S. Kpoviessi ,&nbsp;Catherine Malhiac ,&nbsp;Ata Martin Lawson","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108708","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108708","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present reported work deals with the ability of Togolese plants’ essential oils (EOs) to act as repellents for <em>Aedes aegypti</em> mosquitoes in order to use them as personal protective requirements or actions against mosquito bites and therefore to drastically reduce the risk of contracting dengue or yellow fever. EOs studied here were extracted from dry leaves of <em>Ageratum conyzoides</em> L., <em>Eucalyptus citriodora</em> Hook, and <em>Lantana camara</em> Linn, three plants that were collected at different daytimes (7 a.m., 1 p.m., and 7 p.m.) at various locations in Togo. Using a Clevenger-type device, EOs were obtained by the hydrodistillation method (Clevenger, 1928). The physical parameters of the EOs such as density, refractive index, rotatory power, and organoleptic properties were determined. Then, the characterization of EOs using gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was conducted. Chemical analyses showed the presence of several main compounds from EO samples of the three plants. The major compounds were characterized and identified as: <em>(i)</em> precocene I (67.7, 70.6, and 66.9%) and β-caryophyllene (17.4, 12.1, and 16.5%) for the EO of <em>A</em>. <em>conyzoïdes; (ii)</em> citronellal (63.3, 67.2, and 75.4%) and citronellol (24.5, 21.4, and 14.3%) for <em>E. citriodora</em> and <em>(iii)</em> β-caryophyllene (15.3, 11.7, and 12.4%), sabinene (28.4, 35, and 33.3%) and eucalyptol (11.5, 14.1, and 15.6%) for <em>L. camara</em> at 7 a.m., 1 p.m., and 7 p.m., respectively. The yield and the chemical composition of the oils vary according to harvesting time and sunlight.</p><p>The insecticidal activity of EOs was evaluated following the CDC bottle method on <em>Aedes aegypti</em> females. All the EOs tested on the female adults of <em>Aedes aegypti</em> showed significant insecticidal activity. The EO of <em>A</em>. <em>conyzoïdes</em> at 1 p.m. and 7 p.m. resulted in 100% mortality after 8 min of exposure time at the lowest concentration (0.0025%). At the same concentration for the EO of <em>E. citriodora</em>, the mortality rates were 83%, 38.8%, and 30.80% at 7 a.m., 1 p.m., and 7 p.m., respectively for an exposure time of 8 min. The EO extracted from the leaves of <em>L. camara</em> harvested at 7 a.m. was effective after an exposure time of 15 min for a concentration of 0.02%. For the same concentration, the mortality rates of the EO of <em>L. camara</em> harvested at 1 p.m. and 7 p.m., after 8 min were 62.9% and 52%, respectively.</p><p>From these interesting results reported for the first time in Togo, EOs from leaves of three Togolese plants harvested at different times of the day appear to be a valuable alternative for mosquito vector control in Togo or abroad countries in which dengue and yellow fever constitute a terrible scourge.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139702173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}