Experimental parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Phytochemical characterization and insight into the in vitro anthelmintic activity of Artemisia brevifolia Wall ex Dc. against the different life stages of the gastrointestinal nematode of sheep","authors":"Shabbir Hussain ,&nbsp;Aqleemul Islam ,&nbsp;Zeenat Islam ,&nbsp;Fayaz Ahmad ,&nbsp;Kamal Jaiswal ,&nbsp;Suman Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are the major constraint to the production of small ruminants worldwide, causing significant losses in growth, productivity, and overall health. Clinical infections may linked to anaemia, diarrhoea, anorexia, oedema, and even mortality, whereas subclinical infections result in hidden production losses. Synthetic drugs are the primary means of control; however, their indiscriminate use has led to the emergence of parasite strains resistant to multiple classes of anthelmintics, this has created strong need for sustainable alternatives. Ethnomedicinal plants have emerged as promising alternative, with <em>Artemisia brevifolia</em> Wall ex Dc. is used as an anthelmintic remedy in small ruminants. The current study aimed to appraise the phytochemical characterization and <em>in vitro</em> anthelmintic activity of crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and crude aqueous extract (CAE) of <em>A. brevifolia.</em> CEE exhibited higher phenolic and flavonoid contents than CAE, with FTIR showing more distinct absorption peaks. HPLC-UV confirmed the presence of key phenolics (gallic acid, quercetin, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, and kaempferol), while LC-MS identified 33 compounds. Anthelmintic activity, assessed through egg hatch test (EHT), larval motility test (LMT), and adult worm motility inhibition assay (AWMIA), revealed that CEE exhibited 87.5 % egg hatch inhibition at 50 mg/mL and complete (100 %) adult worm motility inhibition after 8h post exposure (PE) at 25 mg/mL, while CAE showed 82.7 % and 63.3 % inhibition, respectively. Both extract exhibit dose dependent larvicidal activity. The findings of the present study divulged the remarkable phytochemical characterization and anthelmintic properties of <em>A. brevifolia</em>, and it could be a promising anthelmintic agent in veterinary medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109030"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145185109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting the zinc metalloprotease gp63 of Leishmania for vaccine design and new drug discovery using immunoinformatics, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies","authors":"Mohammad Tuhin Ali ,&nbsp;Tania Rahman ,&nbsp;Parag Palit ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ikhtear Uddin ,&nbsp;Veronique Seidel","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by <em>Leishmania</em> spp., for which there is no vaccine and an urgent need for better drugs. The zinc metalloprotease gp63 of <em>Leishmania</em> has been identified as an antigenic structure for vaccine design and a promising target for new antileishmanial agents. In this study, immunoinformatics was used to design a full vaccine construct with the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes of gp63 from Old and New World <em>Leishmania</em> spp. The vaccine construct comprising of these epitopes, with suitable adjuvant and linker sequences, was found to be thermostable, highly antigenic and non-allergenic. A total of 13 linear B-cell epitopes, and 12 continuous and four discontinuous B-cell epitopes, were further identified using the BepiPred and ElliPro prediction programs, respectively. In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies were performed to identify new antileishmanial molecules with the potential to target gp63. Nareline - a phytomolecule from the antileishmanial plant <em>Alstonia scholaris</em> - showed the best predictive binding affinity for gp63, forming stable interactions with key residues in the active site of this protein. This study highlights the promising role of gp63 in the search for new vaccines and therapeutic agents to combat leishmaniasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109009"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145000028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation and testing of different infused attractive sugar baits (ASBs) in sodium alginate against laboratory strain Aedes aegypti","authors":"Ranjitha Sambanthan ,&nbsp;Nur Faeza Abu Kassim ,&nbsp;Sara A. Abuelmaali ,&nbsp;Wan Maryam Wan Ahmad Kamil ,&nbsp;Sumiyyah Sabar ,&nbsp;Kamarul Zaman Zarkasi ,&nbsp;Wan Rosli Wan Ishak ,&nbsp;Cameron E. Webb","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sugar-feeding is essential to mosquitoes with both sexes that often interacting with flowering plants to acquire sugar. Alginate Sugar Baits are made up of sodium alginate (ALG) which is a safe, natural, and biodegradable polymer. The Alginate Sugar Baits are infused with sugar variants making them Attractive Sugar Baits (ASBs) as a means of providing long-term efficacy to enhance mosquito attraction. However, fundamental gaps in understanding the characteristics of ASBs and the attraction of mosquitoes towards it limits the efficacy of utilizing such bait technology. Testing of non-choice and choice assay of different group of ASBs towards <em>Aedes aegypti</em> to demonstrate the effectiveness of ASBs as a potential baiting tool was performed using 30 % v/v of mango, 25 % v/v of <em>Chrysanthemum</em>, 30 % v/v of mix and sucrose ASBs. These formulations assessed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Ultraviolet–Visible-Near Infrared Spectroscopy (UV–VIS–NIR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Results indicated that the 30 % mango ASB achieved the highest mosquito attraction, with a mean attraction of (34.17 ± 7.94), optimal reflectance (8 %) and absorbance (3.1 units). These ASBs are recommended as highly promising candidates as an alternative for repellent insecticides, serving as baiting tools for mosquito attraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109026"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145074808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Olive oil and linoleic acid as potential acaricidal agents against Psoroptes cuniculi mites","authors":"Montañez-Palma Lilia Francisca ,&nbsp;Hallal-Calleros Claudia ,&nbsp;Castañeda-Ramírez Gloria Sarahí ,&nbsp;Hernández-Núñez Emanuel ,&nbsp;Wong -Villarreal Arnoldo ,&nbsp;Aguilar-Marcelino Liliana ,&nbsp;Flores-Pérez Fernando Iván","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Psoroptes cuniculi</em> mite is an important ectoparasite in rabbit breeding. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a vegetable oil with anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties, and linoleic acid (LA) also has beneficial properties for health. The activity against <em>P. cuniculi</em> mites of EVOO was evaluated at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 30, 60 and 100 %; LA was evaluated at 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 and 400 mg/mL. The effectiveness was evaluated by the immersion technique using 11 mites and four replicates, and post-treatment mortality was analyzed after 24 and 48 h. Also, the composition of EVOO was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; seven compounds were identified, with the major compounds being: 1) oleic acid (47.4 %), 2) glycidol oleate (34.2 %), 3) linoleic acid (7.0 %). Pure EVOO caused a mortality of 74.4 % after 24 h and 100 % after 48 h of treatment. LA caused 94.6 % and 98.4 % of mortality at 24 and 48 h, respectively, at a concentration of 400 mg/mL. Based on the results of the current investigation, EVOO and LA are proposed as potential effective treatments for the control of <em>P. cuniculi</em> mites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109025"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145039455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β-sitosterol: A novel molluscicidal agent from Liagora farinosa against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails with computational insights into its interaction with the retinoid X Receptor","authors":"Heba Abdel-Tawab ,&nbsp;Shrouk E. Al-Sayed ,&nbsp;Khaled N.M. Elsayed ,&nbsp;Chuanyi Wang ,&nbsp;Ebtesam Al-olayan ,&nbsp;Enas I.A. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Amina M. Ibrahim ,&nbsp;Almahy M. El-Mallah","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease that presents significant public health concerns, occurring in both acute and chronic forms. In Egypt, the freshwater snail <em>Biomphalaria alexandrina</em> is the intermediate host of <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em>. This study evaluated the molluscicidal potential of β-sitosterol, isolated from the marine red alga <em>Liagora farinosa</em>, along with its methanolic extract, against <em>B. alexandrina</em>. Bioassay results demonstrated potent molluscicidal activity, with the methanolic extract exhibiting LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 187.5 mg/L and 231.8 mg/L, respectively, and β-sitosterol showing enhanced potency with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 36.1 mg/L and 41.7 mg/L after 48 h of exposure. Sublethal concentrations of β-sitosterol significantly reduced snail survival and reproductive rates. Biochemical analyses revealed a marked decrease in total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, accompanied by increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), indicating oxidative stress. Histopathological examination of treated snails showed extensive damage in the digestive and hermaphrodite glands, including vacuolation, cellular rupture, and degeneration of reproductive cells. Ultrastructural alterations such as nuclear disintegration, cytoplasmic vacuolation, residual body accumulation, and microvilli loss were also observed. Computational studies suggested retinoid X receptor to be a plausible target for β-sitosterol in its molluscicidal activity. These findings highlight the potential of <em>L. farinosa</em> extracts and β-sitosterol as bioactive agents for <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> intermediate host. However, further research is required to assess their impact on non-target aquatic organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109023"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145039496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrastructural characterization and pathogenicity of Allovohlkamfia spelaea in a murine model: Neuropulmonary infections and therapeutic potential of ellagic acid","authors":"Enas A.M. Huseein ,&nbsp;Fatma A.S. Anwar ,&nbsp;Gamal H. Abed ,&nbsp;Hossam El-Din M. Omar ,&nbsp;Tasneem M. Hassan ,&nbsp;Haiam M.M. Farrag ,&nbsp;Sary Kh Abdel-Gahfar ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Soliman ,&nbsp;Alzahraa Abdelraouf Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Allovahlkampfia spelaea (A. spelaea)</em> is a free-living amoeba that has recently been recognized to cause <em>Acanthamoeba</em>-like keratitis, the treatment of which is complex. The pathogenic potential of <em>Allovahlkampfia</em> spp. remains unexplored. This study characterized <em>A. spelaea</em> through ultrastructural morphological analysis and investigated the pathogenic potential of the <em>A. spelaea</em> strain KS1, which was isolated from a patient with keratitis, in a murine model, with a focus on neuro-pulmonary infections. Additionally, this study assessed the therapeutic effectiveness of ellagic acid (EA) against tissue damage caused by amoebic infections.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Immunosuppressed male Wister rats were intranasally inoculated with <em>A. spelaea</em> trophozoites (1 × 10⁶/ml) and divided into control, infected untreated, and infected treated (50 mg/kg EA daily) groups. Histopathological and ultrastructural analyses of brain and lung tissues were conducted by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, the therapeutic effects of EA were assessed via comparative tissue pathology.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>A. spelaea</em> infection induced <em>A. spelaea</em>-induced neural lesions resembling granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in the brain, which was characterized by gliosis, vasculitis, and necrosis, in addition to severe pulmonary damage, including suppurative bronchopneumonia and abscesses. Trophozoites presented with pseudopodia, acanthopodia, and amoebostomes, whereas cysts presented with double-layered walls. EA-treated rats presented nearly normal brain and lung histology, with reduced inflammation and gliosis, highlighting the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of EA.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlights the neurotropic and pulmonary pathogenicity of <em>A. spelaea</em>, with ultrastructures parallel to those of <em>Vahlkampfia</em> spp. and <em>Acanthamoeba</em> spp. Ellagic acid significantly reduces infection-induced damage, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic agent for infections caused by free-living amoebae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109008"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145000084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of nitrofurantoin in treatment of murine model of trichinellosis","authors":"Basma M. Elmansory ,&nbsp;Hager S. Zoghroban ,&nbsp;Dina M. El-Guindy ,&nbsp;Dina A. El-Guindy","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Treatment of trichinellosis is still challenging. Lack of an established effective and safe treatment for trichinellosis, directed attention towards repurposing the already available drugs. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrofurantoin (NF) as compared to albendazole (ABZ) and their combination in treatment of trichinellosis in mice. Mice were divided into five groups; Group I: negative control; Group II: positive control; Groups III, IV and V: infected and treated with ABZ, NF, and combined ALB with NF respectively. They were subdivided into subgroups (a) started treatment on 3rd day postinfection (PI) and were sacrificed on 6th day PI, and subgroups (b) started treatment on 21st day PI and were sacrificed on 35th day PI. Parasitological, histopathological, immunohistochemical, immunological and biochemical studies were done. The results showed that NF was potential effective in treatment of trichinellosis and its combination with ABZ achieved the best results as compared to ABZ alone. This combination significantly reduced adults (66.5 %) and larvae (87.1 %) counts in the intestinal and muscular phases respectively. Also, it significantly decreased the inflammation and serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels with mean of 11.6 ± 0.43 and 15.8 ± 0.74 in the early and late stages of trichinellosis respectively. Additionally, it had antiangiogenic effects evidenced by decreasing the microvessel density/HPF with a reduction rate of 91.65 %, antioxidant effects by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) with mean ± SD of 0.73 ± 0.09 and increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) with mean ± SD of 156.6 ± 5.2 in addition to its apoptotic effects by decreasing B-cell lymphoma (BCL-2) levels with mean ± SD of 0.81 ± 0.08 in the infected muscle cells. Thus, It was concluded that NF could be a promising anti-trichinellosis drug and its combination with ABZ could be an efficient treatment for early and late experimental trichinellosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109022"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145039517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-vitro anthelmintic activity and phytochemistry of Salvia sclarea extracts against Haemonchus contortus","authors":"Zeenat Islam ,&nbsp;Aqleemul Islam ,&nbsp;Khurshid Ahmad Tariq ,&nbsp;Jasmeena Syed ,&nbsp;Shabbir Hussain ,&nbsp;Fayaz Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Haemonchus contortus</em> –the barber's pole worm poses a critical threat to ruminant health and productivity worldwide. This is due to its high host pathogenicity and poor susceptibility to chemical anthelmintics. To address this threat, sustainable and natural solutions are needed to control its infections. This study evaluated the anthelmintic efficacy of <em>Salvia sclarea</em> extracts against <em>H. contortus</em> in comparison to reference drug – the Albendazole. The extracts were obtained in ethyl acetate, ethanol, and petroleum ether, analyzed phytochemically and subjected to <em>in-vitro</em> testing at different concentrations using the Adult Motility Inhibition Assay (AMIA) and Egg Hatch Inhibition Assay (EHIA). The most effective extract was ethyl acetate in terms of its 100 % worm mortality at all tested concentrations 6 h post treatment and 87.38 % inhibition of egg hatching at 2 mg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the greatest potency, with an LC₅₀ of 0.22 mg/mL, compared to ethanol (LC₅₀ = 0.55 mg/mL) and petroleum ether (LC₅₀ = 3.66 mg/mL), confirming its superior ovicidal efficacy against <em>H. contortus.</em> Terpenoids, coumarins, and phenolics were the main bioactive agents present in the extract. Using complementary GC-MS profiling, prominent anti-parasitic components including Sclareol and Geranylgeraniol were identified. These findings demonstrate potential of <em>S. sclarea</em> as a natural substitute for synthetic anthelmintics; however, <em>in vivo</em> studies are needed to validate the efficacy and safety of the bio-active constituents of <em>S. sclarea</em> against the target parasite in host animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109029"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145148384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vacuum-sealed anaerobic plate culture enhances growth and confluence of Giardia intestinalis trophozoites","authors":"Nor-Athirah Mohd-Najib ,&nbsp;Hasmah Abdullah ,&nbsp;Candy Chuah ,&nbsp;Basripuzi-Nurul-Hayyan Hassan-Basri ,&nbsp;Weng-Kin Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Giardia intestinalis</em> trophozoites, the replicative stage responsible for human giardiasis, require anaerobic settings for microtiter plate culture. However, residual ambient oxygen (AAO₂) within plates and enclosed compartments could hinder consistent confluence. This study evaluated a vacuum-sealed bag (VS) combined with an anaerobic gas generator sachet (AS) (VS + AS) as an alternative culture method to minimize residual AAO₂. The conventional airtight compartment plus AS (AT + AS) served as the reference, while VS without AS (VS–AS) functioned as the negative control. Two-fold serially diluted trophozoites were seeded in 96-well plates, and confluence was scored at 48-, 96-, and 144-h post-seeding using a 5-point scale (0: 0–20 % to 4+: 80–100 %). MTT assays were used to validate the association between seeded cell number and parasite viability, as well as inter-well variation among fully confluent wells. VS + AS cultures achieved ≥3+ confluence within 48 h and maintained this through 96 h, whereas AT + AS required 96–144 h to reach comparable levels. VS–AS consistently showed poor growth. Optimal confluence in the VS + AS system was observed with seeding densities of 6 × 10⁴ to 5 × 10⁵ trophozoites per well. MTT assays confirmed a strong linear correlation between seeded cell number (10³^.⁹–10⁵^.⁷) and OD₅₄₀ readings (r² = 0.98). The inter-well variation among fully confluence wells was below 10 %. In conclusion, the VS + AS system accelerates trophozoite growth and improves reproducibility compared with conventional methods. This approach provides a reliable platform for studying <em>Giardia</em> trophozoite biology and supports the discovery of novel anti-giardial compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109010"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144992074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acaricidal activity of various essential oil components against acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)","authors":"Jyoti,&nbsp;Manisha,&nbsp;Harkirat Singh,&nbsp;Nirbhay Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Rhipicephalus microplus</em>, an important ixodid tick species, poses significant economic and health challenges to the livestock directly by impairing animal productivity and serving as a vector for various pathogens. Although tick control strategies broadly integrate synthetic acaricides and environmental management, the emergence of acaricide resistance undermines these efforts thereby, necessitating alternative approaches. This study evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of six essential oil components (EOCs) such as cedrol, cinnamaldehyde, citral, eugenol, limonene and menthol against deltamethrin and ivermectin resistant <em>R. microplus</em> population by larval packet test. Among the studied EOCs, cinnamaldehyde exhibited the highest acaricide potential (LC₅₀ = 0.042 %), followed by menthol (LC₅₀ = 0.084 %), eugenol (LC₅₀ = 0.171 %) and citral (LC₅₀ = 0.185 %). Cedrol (LC₅₀ = 1.09 %) demonstrated a lower activity, while limonene (LC₅₀ = 22.0 %) was least effective. Probit regression analysis revealed steep dose-response slopes for cinnamaldehyde, citral and eugenol indicating strong acaricidal effects at low concentrations. These findings identify cinnamaldehyde, menthol, eugenol and citral as promising candidates for the development of plant-based acaricides, supporting their potential integration into the sustainable tick management strategies for management of acaricide-resistant <em>R. microplus</em> populations<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109018"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}