Experimental parasitology最新文献

{"title":"WITHDRAWN: Advances in Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Leishmaniases: A review.","authors":"Antara Banerjee","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier policy on article withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies-and-standards/article-withdrawal). This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor and publisher. The publisher regrets that an error occurred which led to the publication of this paper. This error bears no reflection on the article or its authors. The publisher apologizes to the authors and the readers for this unfortunate error.</p>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"109061"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145502960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mosquitocidal, immunostimulatory, and molecular effects of Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) essential oil on Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894)","authors":"Perumal Vivekanandhan","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, essential oils extracted from <em>Cymbopogon citratus</em> leaves were, tested for toxicity against <em>Aedes albopictus</em>, and their chemical components were identified using GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, molecular docking techniques were employed to verify the interactions between key compounds and their target proteins. The results showed that <em>C. citratus</em> essential oils caused mortality rate of 100%, 85 %, and 65.33% in larvae, pupae, and adults of <em>A. albopictus</em>, respectively, at 48 h post-treatment. The essential oils exhibited lower LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values in larvae (5.865 and 47.553 ppm) pupae (13.071 and 253.897 ppm), and adults (45.804 and 938.143 ppm) at 48 h post treatment. The study also identified significant variations in the levels of detoxification and antioxidant enzymes, as well as insect-specific enzymes. Specifically, catalase enzyme activity decreased, while glutathione S-transferase levels increased compared to the control group. The impact of essential oils from <em>C. citratus</em> leaves on <em>Artemia nauplii</em> showed 40 % mortality at 24 h and 54.66 % at 48 h post-treatment. GC-MS analysis of the essential oils identified six primary chemical constituents: limonene (1.95 %), propyl amyl ketone (2.10 %), isogeranial (1.65 %), citral b (40.10 %), citral a (49.15 %), and caryophyllene oxide (1.35 %). Among these, citral a major chemical element demonstrating strong potential for mosquitocidal activity. Docking analysis revealed pocket C1 as the most promising binding site, with the lowest vina score (−7.1 kcal/mol) and the largest volume (3603 Å³), compared to the smaller and weaker pockets C2–C5. This study clearly demonstrates that essential oils from <em>C. citratus</em> leaves are a promising candidate for controlling mosquito-borne diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 109046"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145420819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular diagnosis of tropical theileriosis: Development and validation of species-specific qPCR assays in Pakistan","authors":"Ayesha Malik ,&nbsp;Kiran Afshan ,&nbsp;Min-Kuang Lee ,&nbsp;Abdul Razzaq ,&nbsp;Munib Hussain ,&nbsp;Sabika Firasat ,&nbsp;Muhammad Morshed","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Theileria</em> spp. are economically important tick-borne hemoprotozoan parasites that threaten livestock health and productivity, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, we developed and validated a qPCR-based diagnostic panel for the sensitive and specific detection of <em>Theileria</em> infections in ruminants from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. The panel included a broad-range Pan-<em>Theileria</em> assay as well as four species-specific assays for <em>Theileria annulata</em>, <em>T. parva</em>, <em>T. lestoquardi</em>, and <em>T. ovis</em>, the main species infecting domestic ruminants in the region.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 1026 tick-infested animals were examined, including sheep (n = 514), goats (n = 462), and cattle (n = 50). Blood was collected from symptomatic animals, and 51 microscopically confirmed <em>Theileria</em>-positive samples were selected for further analysis. DNA was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method for clinical validation. Primers and hydrolysis probes were designed to target the hypervariable V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene, allowing high-resolution species identification.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Analytical validation using synthetic gBlock™ gene fragments showed strong assay performance, with excellent linearity (R² = 0.982–0.9965), high PCR efficiency (86.2 %–105.2 %), and detection limits of 10–100 copies per reaction. Reproducibility was confirmed with coefficients of variation ≤5 %. The Pan-<em>Theileria</em> assay detected 47 positives. Sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene confirmed these results and additionally identified three cases of <em>T. orientalis</em>, two of which were also detected by qPCR. One sample tested positive for <em>T. ovis.</em> Overall, the assay achieved 100 % clinical sensitivity and specificity within this validation set, though larger multi-site field evaluations are needed to confirm these findings.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This is the first comprehensive qPCR-based diagnostic platform for simultaneous detection and speciation of <em>Theileria</em> spp. in Pakistan. The tool provides a powerful approach for large-scale surveillance, timely diagnosis, and improved control of tropical theileriosis in endemic areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 109033"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145229824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental disruption and midgut histopathology induced by β-isocostic acid in Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Alex Yagoo ,&nbsp;M.C. John Milton ,&nbsp;Jelin Vilvest ,&nbsp;Mariya Vaishnika A","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Mosquito-borne diseases transmitted by <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> pose major public health challenges worldwide. The emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides, along with concerns about their ecological and health impacts, highlights the urgent need for novel, eco-friendly alternatives. This study investigates the larvicidal and growth-disrupting effects of β-isocostic acid, a sesquiterpene isolated from <em>Sphaeranthus indicus</em>, while considering its relevance for non-target safety and integrated vector control.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Larvae of <em>Ae. aegypti</em> and <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> were exposed to β-isocostic acid at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/L. Developmental parameters—including larval, pupal, and adult durations were monitored. Growth index was calculated to assess developmental progression. Histopathological analysis of third-instar larvae was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining to examine midgut alterations. Emergence quality and behavioural abnormalities in adults were also recorded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>β-Isocostic acid significantly delayed larval and pupal development in both mosquito species. At 0.5 mg/L, <em>Ae. aegypti</em> larvae developed in 8.4 ± 1.0 days versus 6.0 ± 0.0 days in controls, while <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> larvae required 7.5 ± 1.0 days compared to 6.2 ± 0.2 days. Growth index values confirmed reduced developmental rates. Histopathological changes included epithelial vacuolization, disruption of microvilli, and peritrophic membrane rupture. Deformities such as crumpled wings and sluggish behaviour were observed in emerging adults, indicating compromised viability.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>β-Isocostic acid exerts potent, multi-stage developmental disruption in mosquito vectors through growth retardation and midgut damage. These findings support its potential as a botanical larvicide; however, further studies are warranted to evaluate non-target toxicity and feasibility for use in sustainable mosquito control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 109044"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145359794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eimeria acervulina is a promising surrogate for Toxoplasma gondii oocysts exposed to chemical and physical treatments","authors":"Laure Augendre ,&nbsp;Sandie Escotte-Binet ,&nbsp;Dominique Aubert ,&nbsp;Isabelle Villena ,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Répérant ,&nbsp;Stéphanie La Carbona ,&nbsp;Aurélien Dumètre","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109049","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oocysts of the coccidian parasite <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> withstand a wide range of chemical and physical factors, contributing to their food- and water-borne transmission to humans worldwide. Assessing the efficacy of processes to remove or inactivate oocysts at a pilot or industrial scale encounters major ethical, economic, and methodological constraints. The coccidian parasite <em>Eimeria acervulina</em> has been proposed as a non-human pathogenic alternative of <em>T. gondii</em> to assess food decontamination, however it is not known whether the two parasites exposed to chemical and thermal treatments parallel in terms of oocyst structure and infectivity. Using bioassays and lectin-based assays combined with flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy analyses, this study shows that <em>E. acervulina</em> and <em>T. gondii</em> oocysts display similar response to heating and/or freezing and bleach or NaOH treatments, as in maintaining infectivity, with <em>E. acervulina</em> oocysts retaining their size and structure better than <em>T. gondii</em>. Collectively, our results suggest that <em>E. acervulina</em> is a reliable model for studying the response of <em>T. gondii</em> oocysts to certain chemical and physical agents. It could therefore serve as an affordable, non-pathogenic substitute for <em>T. gondii</em> when evaluating food decontamination processes, particularly in industrial settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 109049"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145451413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of ethanolic extract and isolated α-bisabolol from Siparuna guianensis in the treatment of experimental neurotoxoplasmosis","authors":"Victor da Silva Siqueira ,&nbsp;Thais Santos Anjo Reis ,&nbsp;Stéfanne Rodrigues Rezende Ferreira ,&nbsp;Sarah Gomes Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Benílton Alves Rodrigues Júnior ,&nbsp;Amanda Cristina Corrêa Fleury ,&nbsp;Claudinei Alves da Silva ,&nbsp;Liliane Nebo ,&nbsp;Hellen Bertoletti Barbieri ,&nbsp;Júlio César Jeronimo Barbosa ,&nbsp;Ludimila Paula Vaz Cardoso ,&nbsp;Carla Silva Siqueira ,&nbsp;Hanstter Hallison Alves Rezende","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em>, typically manifests asymptomatically in immunocompetent individuals, leading to persistent chronic infection. However, immunosuppressed patients, such as transplant recipients, often develop neurotoxoplasmosis. The most commonly used therapy for neurotoxoplasmosis involves a combination of sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid, but this treatment is associated with numerous side effects, leading to high rates of discontinuation. Ethanolic extract (EE) and α-bisabolol derived from the <em>Siparuna guianensis</em> plant have demonstrated favorable potential as a therapeutic alternative to parasitic diseases. Therefore, this study is aimed to evaluate the antitoxoplasmic potential of the ethanolic extract and the isolated α-bisabolol from <em>S. guianensis</em> in the treatment of <em>in vivo</em> neurotoxoplasmosis in Swiss mice. After 14 days of treatment, the mice were euthanized and their blood, brain, liver and kidney were collected for analysis. Histopathological analysis of the brain revealed that treatment with EE at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day resulted in a lower parasite burden. Biochemical and histopathological analysis of the livers and kidneys indicated low liver and kidney toxicity of EE. Based on these results, it is concluded that EE at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day was more effective in controlling <em>T. gondii,</em> being able to cross the blood-brain barrier, as well as being less toxic to the host, showing an action similar to conventional treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 109045"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145426718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aniba rosaeodora essential oil as a potent, eco-friendly larvicide against Aedes albopictus","authors":"Roselyn Manngaihsiam,&nbsp;Zothan Siama,&nbsp;Kiran R. Kharat","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mosquito-borne diseases pose a significant threat to global health, necessitating innovative and sustainable vector control strategies. <em>Aedes albopictus</em>, a key vector, requires effective larvicidal agents to mitigate its spread. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of <em>Aniba rosaeodora</em> essential oil (AREO) against <em>A</em>. <em>albopictus</em> larvae, assess its cytotoxic and neurotoxic mechanisms, and explore its potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional mosquito larvicides. The larvicidal activity of AREO was tested against <em>A</em>. <em>albopictus</em> larvae by measuring its concentration- and time-dependent toxicity. Histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine cytotoxic effects on larval tissues. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was assessed to determine neurotoxic mechanisms. AREO demonstrated significant larvicidal activity, with LC₅₀ values of 40.225 and 10.382 ppm at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Histological analysis revealed midgut epithelial disintegration, whereas SEM confirmed structural damage to the cuticle. AREO exhibited potent AChE inhibition (78.8 % at 100 ppm compared with the control), indicating a neurotoxic mode of action. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report AREO as an effective larvicidal agent against <em>A</em>. <em>albopictus</em>. Despite its limitations, such as the need for field trials and broader ecotoxicity studies, AREO shows promise as a sustainable alternative to conventional mosquito larvicides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 109047"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145413183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of acetic acid at 6 % (table vinegar) on inhibiting Fasciola hepatica metacercariae","authors":"Maria Victoria Solana ,&nbsp;Pizzarello Gimena ,&nbsp;Galante Martina ,&nbsp;Solana Hugo","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fasciolosis is a zoonotic disease caused by <em>Fasciola hepatica</em>, and poses significant public health and economic challenges, particularly in regions where livestock farming is predominant. This study evaluates the effect of table vinegar on <em>F. hepatica</em> metacercariae viability and infectivity through an innovative <em>In vitro</em> excystment assay, in order to test the effectiveness of common household sanitization practices. Metacercariae were exposed to different concentrations of vinegar solutions at varying durations, and viability and excystment capacity were subsequently assessed, simulating gastrointestinal conditions. Both vinegar concentration and exposure time significantly influenced excystment rates, with higher vinegar concentrations resulting in decreased metacercariae viability, however, conditions equivalent to commonly promoted household practices were found to be inefficient at eliminating infection risk. This is the first study to employ an in vitro excystment assay to evaluate the infectivity of <em>F. hepatica</em> metacercariae after exposure to vinegar. Our findings highlight that typical household practices, such as briefly soaking vegetables in diluted vinegar, are inadequate for effectively eliminating parasite viability and thus could favor infection, affecting public health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 109031"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145228344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro and in vivo activity of a lipid-based artemisinin formulation against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis","authors":"Laura Machín ,&nbsp;Rachel Nápoles ,&nbsp;Beatriz Tamargo ,&nbsp;Arianna Yglesias-Rivera ,&nbsp;Lars Gille ,&nbsp;William N. Setzer ,&nbsp;Lianet Monzote","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies have demonstrated the antileishmanial potentialities of endoperoxide (EP) compounds, including artemisinin (ART). In the design of pharmaceutical formulations, the lipid-based delivery systems based on cochleates has attracted attention due to their stability, versatility, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The aim of the present study was to compare the <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> antileishmanial activity of ART with their nanocochleates formulations (ART-C) and reference drug Glucantime®. The antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities were evaluated on intracellular amastigotes of <em>Leishmania</em> (<em>Leishmania</em>) <em>amazonensis</em> and peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice, respectively. <em>In vivo</em> assessment was also performed on cutaneous leishmaniasis induced in BALB/c mice using a treatment protocol of 5 doses at 30 mg/kg every 4 days by intralesional route. The ART-C maintained its <em>in vitro</em> activity with an IC₅₀ of 16.3 ± 3.6 μM, which was similar to ART (14.9 ± 2.4 μM). In both cases, no cytotoxicity on peritoneal macrophages was observed at maximum concentration tested (170 μM). In ART-C treated mice, the disease development was prevented (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) with respect to animals treated with empty cochleates (EC), treated with ART, and untreated mice, under enhanced of IL-12 formation. Our results demonstrate the benefit of ART-C as a promising antileishmanial therapeutic formulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 109032"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145274187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current challenges and future prospects in patients with recurrent cystic echinococcosis; an updated mini review","authors":"Nayer Mehdizad Bakhtiar ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei ,&nbsp;Ehsan Ahmadpour ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hasan Kohansal ,&nbsp;Adel Spotin","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recurrent cystic echinococcosis (RCE) occurs by the spillage of live protoscoleces during unsuccessful surgery or spontaneous rupturing of fertile hydatid cyst<em>.</em> Currently, RCE presents a significant concern within surgical community. Managing RCE cases is challenging due to limitations in diagnostic follow-up, therapeutic pitfalls, emerging drug resistance, and innate immunological responses between host-parasite cross-talk. Recent advances suggest that parasite-derived microRNAs hold promise as biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of RCE. Additionally, combining benzimidazoles (parasito-static) with praziquantel (parasiticidal) in nano-formulation derivatives has demonstrated potential pharmacokinetic synergism, highlighting the need for personalized treatment plans. Optimizing surgical methods and ensuring regular chemotherapy following both conservative and radical surgeries are crucial for minimizing RCE. Furthermore, identifying β-tubulin codons in albendazole-resistant hydatid cyst and the role of toll-like receptor polymorphisms are critical for developing targeted therapies. The insights presented here aim to support specialists in developing effective interventions and preventive measures to reduce and improve patient outcomes in.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 109028"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145091704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}