Experimental parasitology最新文献

{"title":"Parasitic competence of Telenomus remus: Response to age-structured and scale-protected eggs of Spodoptera frugiperda","authors":"Shushant Tuteja,&nbsp;P.S. Shera","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109050","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109050","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Telenomus remus</em> Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) is an important egg parasitoid of <em>Spodoptera frugiperda</em> (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Understanding the influence of host egg age and physical barriers on parasitism by <em>T. remus</em> is essential for optimizing its mass rearing and augmentative biological control program against this invasive pest. The aim of study was to know whether and to what extent age and presence of scales on host eggs influence the parasitism by <em>T. remus</em>. We investigated the parasitism potential of <em>T. remus</em> on 24- and 48-h-old eggs (with and without scales) of <em>S. frugiperda</em>. Significant differences were observed in daily and total parasitism when eggs of <em>S. frugiperda</em> with varying age were offered to parasitoid females. The parasitism was comparatively more on 24-h-old as compared to 48-h-old eggs. However, presence or absence of scales on the eggs had no significant impact on these parameters. There were no significant differences in adult emergence and proportion of the females in progeny (sex-ratio) from 24- and 48-h-old eggs offered to the parasitoid for parasitism. Further, the adult emergence was also not influenced by presence of scales on eggs. The present findings will help in mass rearing of this parasitoid and developing augmentative biological control programme under field conditions for this invasive pest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 109050"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of IgM and IgG ELISAs using recombinant thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (BgTRAP) for the differentiation of early and late Babesia gibsoni infections in canines","authors":"Nellikka Chalapron Sreenidhi ,&nbsp;Chundayil Kalarickal Deepa ,&nbsp;Anju Varghese ,&nbsp;Karapparambu Gopalan Ajith Kumar ,&nbsp;Aravindakshan Anaswara ,&nbsp;Reghu Geethu ,&nbsp;Ravindran Rajasekhar ,&nbsp;Pulikottil Vinu David ,&nbsp;Reghu Ravindran","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vector-borne illnesses pose a rising global threat to pet health, with <em>Babesia gibsoni</em> being the most common haemoprotozoan infection in canines of South India. Low parasitaemia either in early or late infection is a big hurdle in the diagnosis of canine babesiosis. The present study aimed to differentiate the early and late <em>B. gibsoni</em> infections in dogs using IgM/IgG ELISA based on recombinant thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (BgTRAP). The N-terminal <em>BgTRAP</em> gene was cloned into pET32a, expressed in BL21 <em>Escherichia coli</em> cells, and purified to get the recombinant protein. Using the recombinant antigen, IgM ELISA detected anti-<em>B. gibsoni</em> IgM antibodies in 73 out of 130 samples (56.15 per cent) while the IgG ELISA detected IgG antibodies in 77 out of 130 samples (59.23 per cent). Polymerase chain reaction of the 130 samples targeting the <em>BgTRAP</em> gene revealed 73.07 % positivity. When compared with the PCR, the sensitivity and a specificity of newly standardized indirect IgM ELISA were 36.54 % and 75.00 % while that of IgG ELISA were 42.31 % and 71.88 %. The accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the IgM ELISA in comparison to PCR were 51.19 %, 70.4 %, 42.1 % while that of IgG ELISA were 53.57 %, 71.0 %, 43.4 % respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) and Youden Index in ROC curve for IgM and IgG ELISAs revealed a moderate diagnostic accuracy. The rBgTRAP antigen showed no cross-reactivity with common helminth parasites <em>viz</em>, <em>Ancylostoma caninum</em>, <em>Dirofilaria immitis</em>, <em>D. repens</em>, <em>Spirometra</em> spp., <em>Toxocara canis</em> and haemoparasites like <em>Trypanosoma evansi</em>, <em>B</em><em>.</em> <em>vogeli</em>, <em>Hepatozoon canis</em> and <em>Ehrlichia canis</em>. The assay could clearly differentiate early (IgM) and late (IgG) infections, making it a valuable diagnostic tool for differentiating early and late infections with <em>B. gibsoni</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 109066"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145563315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical-based discovery of a potent antimalarial candidate targeting PfPI4K: A hybrid structure-based and deep learning approach","authors":"Sibasish Sarangi,&nbsp;Rajani Kanta Mahapatra","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Malaria is a parasitic infection that poses a threat to life and continues to be a serious challenge to global health. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has further escalated the situation. The emergence of artemisinin partial resistance and insecticide resistance emphasizes the critical need for novel antimalarial drug targets and agents with alternative mechanisms of action. This study focuses on <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PfPI4K), a phosphoinositide lipid kinase essential for membrane trafficking and biogenesis across multiple stages of the <em>Plasmodium</em> life cycle. We investigated a dataset of 58 natural anthraquinones with reported antimalarial activity as potential PfPI4K inhibitors. Employing Modeller 10.5 for homology modeling, we constructed the PfPI4K structure, validated by quality testing parameters. Subsequent in silico screening identified potential drug candidates. The top-scoring inhibitors were investigated by ADMET analysis. The compound AD37 (6′-O-methyl-knipholone) was identified as a prominent candidate. It complied with Lipinski's rule of five, displayed favorable ADMET parameters, and reported the highest binding affinity of −5.983 kcal/mol to PfPI4K as determined by GLIDE analysis. The stability and molecular interactions of the PfPI4K-AD37 complex were further confirmed by a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation employing GROMACS. This investigation identifies AD37 as a promising drug candidate for treating malaria and provides valuable information regarding the molecular interactions essential for the future design and development of antimalarial drugs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 109064"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic potential of spiramycin-nanoparticles and Aluvia in experimental congenital toxoplasmosis","authors":"Yasmen Elsayed ,&nbsp;Amal Farahat Allam ,&nbsp;Amel Youssef Shehab ,&nbsp;Naglaa Fathi Abd El-Latif ,&nbsp;Shaimaa Makled ,&nbsp;Nermine Mogahed Fawzy Hussein Mogahed","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of spiramycin, spiramycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and Aluvia for the treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis in a murine model. The study was conducted on 60 pregnant Swiss albino mice, 30 controls and 30 experimental. After performing a pilot study, mice were injected subcutaneously with the virulent <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> RH strain (30 tachyzoites/mouse) on day 15 of pregnancy (3rd gestation period). The drugs were evaluated based on pregnancy outcomes (number of mice with live birth, stillbirth and abortion), number of live offspring, live pups' weight and congenital anomalies. Histopathological changes in the offspring's brain were studied. Regarding pregnancy outcomes, all mice in the non-infected control group delivered live offspring. <em>T. gondii</em> infection significantly decreased the live birth rate, while treatment with spiramycin, spiramycin-loaded CSNPs, and Aluvia improved pregnancy outcomes without statistical significance compared to the non-infected control. The highest number of offspring was observed in the normal non-infected control subgroup (94 pups/10 mice). Among the treated groups, spiramycin-loaded CSNPs resulted in the highest offspring count (46 pups/10 mice) and ranked first in mean pups weight, followed by Aluvia. Congenital anomalies were observed among the offspring of both infected untreated and infected treated mothers. Offspring brain tissues revealed substantial histopathological improvement in the spiramycin-loaded CSNPs and Aluvia-treated groups. <strong>In conclusion, spiramycin-loaded CSNPs and Aluvia demonstrated low parasite burden and successfully restored normal brain architecture in the offspring.</strong> However, congenital anomalies persisted and remained a significant concern.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 109069"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Siglec homologs interact with membrane-bound Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) during early infection of the Schistosoma mansoni susceptible (BB02) Biomphalaria glabrata snail host","authors":"Eli Vanlal ,&nbsp;Oumsalama Elhelu ,&nbsp;Olayemi G. Fagunloye ,&nbsp;Matty Knight","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (siglecs) are cell surface receptors involved in immune signaling. When <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> infects its intermediate host, the <em>Biomphalaria glabrata</em> snail, early stress responses such as upregulation of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) are observed. We hypothesized that stress-induced Hsp70 translocates to the cell membrane and interacts with siglec homologs to modulate immune response in the snail. Utilizing in-silico approaches, we identified <em>B. glabrata</em> transcripts homologous to human and molluscan siglecs, followed by homology modeling and molecular docking, which predicted a salt bridge between glutamic acid 479 on Hsp70 and lysine 47 on a siglec homolog, (<em>BgPrx</em>), suggesting a plausible binding interface.</div><div>To validate this, we performed real-time qPCR from infected BB02 snails, revealing significant upregulation of siglec homolog transcripts shortly after infection. Additionally, protein fractionation and immunocytochemistry confirmed Hsp70 localization to the membrane post infection. These results support a model in which siglec–Hsp70 interactions dampen stress signaling and may suppress host immune defenses. Concurrently, <em>S. mansoni</em> employs glycan mimicry, presenting host-like sialylated structures that likely engage siglecs and further misdirect the immune response.</div><div>Together, our findings suggest that <em>Bg</em>Hsp70–siglec interactions, in combination with parasite glycan mimicry, constitute a potential immune evasion mechanism enabling schistosome establishment in susceptible <em>B. glabrata</em> snails.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 109042"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145399567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A predictive model for predicting the occurrence of liver cancer in patients with schistosomiasis cirrhosis","authors":"Yiming Wu ,&nbsp;Jing Huang ,&nbsp;Chenzhou Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Early diagnosis of liver cancer following schistosomiasis cirrhosis remains challenging. This study aims to develop a predictive model for identifying precancerous liver lesions and early-stage liver cancer in patients with schistosomiasis cirrhosis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Patients diagnosed with schistosomiasis cirrhosis over the past 14 years and managed by the Jiaxing Schistosomiasis Management Office were included in the study. Univariate regression analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between various indices and liver cancer. The predictive diagnostic efficiency was evaluated using the AUROC's cross-sectional area, with the optimal cutoff point identified through the Youden index.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Univariate regression revealed significant associations with RBC count, ALT level, and other factors (<em>P</em>&lt;0.1). Multivariate regression analysis identified AST, GGT, and additional factors as significant predictors (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05). From these findings, two predictive models were developed: one for early-stage liver cancer (ESLC model) and another for precancerous lesions (PL model). The AUROC confirmed the superior diagnostic performance of both models compared to AFP, particularly in predicting precancerous lesions, thus addressing some of AFP's limitations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The proposed predictive model serves as a valuable tool for early detection of precancerous liver lesions. It outperforms AFP in this regard, with AST, GGT, TB, BA, PT, PCIII, and AFP identified as independent predictors of liver cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 109071"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Axenic culture of Entamoeba histolytica alters its ability to interact with pathogenic bacteria and leads to loss of virulence and pathogenicity","authors":"Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira ,&nbsp;Sávio Henrique de Cicco Sandes ,&nbsp;Mario Abatemarco Junior ,&nbsp;Elisabeth Neumann ,&nbsp;Álvaro Cantini Nunes ,&nbsp;Maria Aparecida Gomes ,&nbsp;Marcelo Vidigal Caliari","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> is an anaerobic eukaryotic protozoan capable of infecting humans and causing amoebiasis, a disease responsible for approximately 50 million cases and an estimated 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. The virulence of <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> trophozoites and their ability to cause amoebic colitis and hepatic abscesses in the host involve various molecules, such as a specific lectin that recognizes galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine residues, cysteine proteinases, and amoebapores. To determine whether axenization of the <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> strain affects its ability to interact with and respond to the presence of other microorganisms, we cultured trophozoites of an <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> EGG strain in both xenic and axenic media. We then associated them with <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em> and evaluated the expression of virulence factors by real-time PCR. Subsequently, we infected rats to assess whether the <em>Enatmoeba histolytica</em> EGG strain cultured under xenic and axenic conditions exhibited differences in pathogenicity. This study showed that the absence of bacterial microbiota in axenic culture led to a reduced capacity to produce virulence factors <em>in vitro</em>, even when stimulated with <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em>. Furthermore, <em>in vivo</em> analysis revealed that axenic culture altered the parasite's behavior by reducing its ability to produce intestinal lesions, even in a co-infection setting. We suggest that the expression profiles of virulence genes are influenced by continuous environmental stress and that the presence of microbiota in xenic cultures of <em>Enatmoeba histolytica</em> contributes to such stress and supports the maintenance of virulence gene expression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 109072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145621249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide screening, identification and analysis of BAR domain-containing proteins in Toxoplasma gondii","authors":"Weiwei Sun,&nbsp;An Yan,&nbsp;Lifang Wang,&nbsp;Bohan Wang,&nbsp;Baoliang Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> is an important zoonotic pathogen that infects nucleated cells in all warm-blooded animals, and affects about one-third of the world's population. The treatment for <em>T</em>. <em>gondii</em> relies on drugs, but there is no specific cure. The discovery, identification and understanding of key protein families of <em>T</em>. <em>gondii</em> are of great significance for candidate antigen screening, vaccine development, and novel prevention and control program. The Bin, amphiphysin and Rvs (BAR) superfamily is a category of proteins with the BAR domain, which plays an important role in membrane tubulation and constriction during vesicle formation in mammalian cells, and is essential for material transport. However, the information of BAR proteins in <em>T</em>. <em>gondii</em> is not comprehensive. In present study, we screened and identified four BAR domain-containing proteins (Bcps), including TGGT1_259720, TGGT1_320760, TGGT1_232180 and TGGT1_224070 in the <em>T. gondii</em> genome using HMM search and local blast. All above-mentioned Bcps contained the BAR domain, and the 3D structures present the typical crescent shaped helical dimer of BAR. The classification of BAR domains was analyzed by evolutionary tree clustering, and it was found that TGGT1_259720 belonged to F-BAR and the other three belonged to N-BAR. The phylogenetic analysis of four protozoa showed that the Bcps of <em>T. gondii</em> were the closest relative to those of <em>N. caninum</em>, which was consistent with the result of collinearity analysis among species. Moreover, conserved motif and gene composition analysis further confirmed that these closely related proteins are more similar in these structures. The prediction of interacting proteins also showed that Bcps had strong interaction with the key proteins of vesicle transport. The quantification of BAR genes by qPCR showed that these BAR genes were expressed during the growth and proliferation of <em>T</em>. <em>gondii</em>, and the expression patterns were different under different nutritional conditions with the increase of FBS concentration gradient, indicating that these genes played different roles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 109068"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145573372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between toxoplasmosis and addiction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Tooran Nayeri ,&nbsp;Mosayeb Rostamian ,&nbsp;Mahmood Moosazadeh ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Ghaffarifar ,&nbsp;Abdolhossein Dalimi Asl","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chronic toxoplasmosis has been associated with behavioral alterations in both humans and animal models. Given that substance addiction involves behavioral and neurochemical changes, this study aimed to investigate the potential association between <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> (<em>T. gondii</em>) infection and substance use disorders by synthesizing available evidence through a meta-analysis. A systematic search of five databases was conducted using relevant keywords to identify English-language articles published up to January 19, 2025. Studies were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A random-effects model was applied to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and corresponding p-value. A total of 18 studies were included in the systematic review, of which 9 met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, encompassing 2499 participants (1018 individuals with substance use disorders and 1481 controls). The random-effects model estimated an OR of 1.86 (95 % CI: 1.25–2.76) for anti-<em>T. gondii</em> IgG antibodies among individuals with substance use disorders compared with controls. Egger's test indicated no publication bias. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness and stability of the observed association between anti-<em>T. gondii</em> IgG seropositivity and addiction. These findings demonstrate a statistically significant association between <em>T. gondii</em> infection and substance use disorders. However, the limited number of available studies highlights the need for further epidemiological investigations, particularly longitudinal studies, to clarify the nature and direction of this relationship.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":"279 ","pages":"Article 109062"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145502975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WITHDRAWN: Advances in Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Leishmaniases: A review.","authors":"Antara Banerjee","doi":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.exppara.2025.109061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier policy on article withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies-and-standards/article-withdrawal). This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor and publisher. The publisher regrets that an error occurred which led to the publication of this paper. This error bears no reflection on the article or its authors. The publisher apologizes to the authors and the readers for this unfortunate error.</p>","PeriodicalId":12117,"journal":{"name":"Experimental parasitology","volume":" ","pages":"109061"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145502960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}