Experimental Physiology最新文献

{"title":"A refined, minimally invasive, reproducible ovine ischaemia–reperfusion–infarction model using implantable defibrillators: Methodology and validation","authors":"Charlene Pius,&nbsp;Barbara Niort,&nbsp;Emma J. Radcliffe,&nbsp;Andrew W. Trafford","doi":"10.1113/EP091760","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP091760","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ischaemic heart disease remains a leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity. Understanding the associated pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction arising from ischaemic heart disease and the identification of sites for new therapeutic interventions requires a preclinical model that reproduces the key clinical characteristics of myocardial ischaemia, reperfusion and infarction. Here, we describe and validate a refined and minimally invasive translationally relevant approach to induce ischaemia, reperfusion and infarction in the sheep. The novelty and refinement in the procedure stems from utilization of implantable cardiac defibrillators prior to coronary engagement, balloon angioplasty to induce infarction, and intra-operative anti-arrhythmic drug protocols to reduce adverse arrhythmic events. The protocol is readily adoptable by researchers with access to standard fluoroscopic instrumentation, and it requires minimally invasive surgery. These refinements lead to a substantial reduction of intra-operative mortality to 6.7% from previously published values ranging between 13% and 43%. The model produces key characteristics associated with the fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction, including ECG changes, elevated cardiac biomarkers and cardiac wall motility defects. In conclusion, the model closely replicates the clinical paradigm of myocardial ischaemia, reperfusion and infarction in a translationally relevant large animal setting, and the applied refinements reduce the incidence of intra-operative mortality typically associated with preclinical myocardial infarction models.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 2","pages":"215-229"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142863793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of body position on cardiovascular, skeletal muscle and ventilatory responses to submaximal cycling.","authors":"Robert F Bentley, Jonaline B Bernal, Daniel C Basile, Adam N Di Salvo, Jacob L Schwartz","doi":"10.1113/EP092256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092256","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The completion of exercise in different body positions can impact the function of various components of the oxygen delivery pathway; however, the effect of the haemodynamic conditions induced by a semi-upright body position on the integrative physiological response to exercise is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of a semi-upright body position on cardiac output (CO), vastus lateralis oxygen saturation ( &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{S}_{{mathrm{m}}{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; ), oxygen consumption ( &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; ) and ratings of perceived exertion (Borg RPE) during submaximal cycling. Twenty healthy individuals (22 ± 3 years, 50% female) each completed alternating 5-min bouts of submaximal upright and semi-upright (40° incline) cycling at 50 and 100 W. CO, &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{S}_{{mathrm{m}}{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; and RPE were assessed at rest and at each exercise intensity during steady state. There was a main effect of intensity on the increase in CO, &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{S}_{{mathrm{m}}{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; and RPE (all P &lt; 0.001). In a semi-upright position, the increase in CO (7.9 ± 2.8 vs. 6.4 ± 2.6 L/min, P &lt; 0.001), RPE (median (interquartile range): 11 (9-13) vs. 10 (8-12), P = 0.013) and the decrease in &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;S&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{S}_{{mathrm{m}}{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; (-38 ± 23 vs. -21% ± 18%, P &lt; 0.001) were greater than upright, while the increase in &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; was attenuated (1.030 ± 0.130 vs. 1.154 ± 0.165 L/min, P &lt; 0.001). These results suggest that while a semi-upright body position produces elevations in CO, these elevations do not seem to perfuse the active skeletal muscle. This may explain the elevation in RPE despite a blunting in the increase in &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mo","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preserved force control by the digits via minimal sparing of cortico-spinal connectivity after stroke.","authors":"Michael A Urbin, Fang Liu, Chan Hong Moon","doi":"10.1113/EP092134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability to regulate finger forces is critical for manipulating objects during everyday tasks but is impaired after damage to white matter tracts that transmit motor commands into the spinal cord. This study examines cortico-spinal connectivity required for force control by the digits after neurological injury. We report on a unique case of a stroke survivor who retained the ability to control finger forces at a level comparable to neurologically intact adults despite extensive loss of white matter volume and severely compromised transmission from cortical motor areas onto the final common pathway. Using a combination of imaging methods and noninvasive stimulation techniques, we illustrate the structure and function of a slow-conducting, cortico-spinal pathway minimally spared by stroke that underlies this stroke survivor's ability to transition and stabilize finger forces of the paretic hand during precision grip. We interpret findings in the context of physiological mechanisms underlying distal limb control and current thinking on neural adaptation after brain injury due to stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142824032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical activity and joint health: Implications for knee osteoarthritis disease pathophysiology and mechanics.","authors":"Karl Morgan, Joshua Carter, Dario Cazzola, Jean-Philippe Walhin","doi":"10.1113/EP092240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Knee osteoarthritis is experienced by hundreds of millions of people worldwide and is a major cause of disability. Although enhancing physical activity levels and the participation in exercise programmes has been proved to improve the debilitating illness of osteoarthritis, many do not engage in recommended levels of physical activity. One of the reported barriers to exercise engagement is the perception that physical activity can damage joint health and is attributed to the incorrect perception of 'wear and tear'. We posit that these perceptions arise from uncertainty and ambiguity generated from conflicting research findings. In this review, we explore the complex relationship between knee osteoarthritis and physical activity. We demonstrate how factors contribute to the uncertainty around the effects of physical activity on joint tissue metabolism, structure and function. The aim of this review is to demonstrate how a nuanced approach to the relationship between physical activity and knee osteoarthritis can help to dispel misconceptions, leading to better management strategies and improved quality of life for patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142823943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The skeletal muscle proteomic determinants of neuromuscular function in young and older women following 8 weeks of resistance training.","authors":"Mary O'Leary, Elsa Greed, Jack Pritchard, Lauren Struszczak, Esra Bozbaş, Joanna Bowtell","doi":"10.1113/EP092328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Resistance training (RT) is the gold standard intervention for ameliorating sarcopenia. Outstanding mechanistic questions remain regarding the malleability of the molecular determinants of skeletal muscle function in older age. Discovery of proteomics can expand such knowledge. We aimed to compare the effect of RT on the skeletal muscle proteome and neuromuscular function (NMF) in older and younger women. Seven young (22 ± 6 years) and eight older (63 ± 5 years) women completed 8 weeks' leg RT. Pre- and post-training, measures of leg and handgrip strength, NMF and vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies were obtained. Tandem-mass-tagged skeletal muscle proteomic analyses were performed. Data were analysed using differential expression and weighted gene co-expression network approaches. Proteins related to skeletal muscle contraction were lower in older skeletal muscle; this was not normalised by RT. Following RT, older women had higher expression of VL mitochondrial biogenesis proteins compared to the young, a reversal of pre-training observations. Seventy proteins were differentially expressed between age groups. VL expression of these proteins in older women was consistently and significantly associated with poorer leg strength/NMF. Conversely, VL expression of these proteins in older women was often associated with greater handgrip strength. This study has identified important differences in the molecular responses of young and old skeletal muscle to RT. We have demonstrated their close relationship with skeletal muscle function. Proteins that are refractory to RT may represent targets to ameliorate sarcopenia. We have described a 'proteomic-function' relationship that appears to be muscle-specific. Future research should further unpick these complex relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142812311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intramuscular blood flow and muscle oxygenation of the vastus lateralis response to intermittent incremental muscle contractions","authors":"Kazuma Izumi,&nbsp;Keisuke Yamamori,&nbsp;Keisho Katayama,&nbsp;Yutaka Kano,&nbsp;Noriko Tanaka,&nbsp;Hiroshi Akima","doi":"10.1113/EP091948","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP091948","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Power Doppler ultrasonography is used to measure blood flow within a given muscle, otherwise known as intramuscular blood flow. However, it is not fully understood how intramuscular blood flow and muscle oxygenation change with repetitive muscle contraction. The present study was conducted to assess changes in intramuscular blood flow and muscle oxygenation of the vastus lateralis (VL) during intermittent and incremental contractions. Fifteen healthy male subjects (21.7 ± 2.6 years) performed intermittent (5 s contraction, 5 s relaxation) and incremental isometric knee extensions at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) until task failure. Intramuscular blood flow and muscle oxygen saturation (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>S</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>t</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{S}_{{mathrm{t}}{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) were simultaneously measured using power Doppler ultrasonography and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively, from the right VL of the mid-thigh. Intramuscular blood flow was increased from 0.5 ± 0.5% at rest to 13.9 ± 9.5% at task failure. Intramuscular blood flow significantly increased from rest to 30% and 40% MVC (<i>P</i> = 0.001), and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>S</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>t</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{S}_{{mathrm{t}}{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> significantly decreased from 30% to 70% MVC (<i>P</i> = 0.004). These results indicate that intramuscular blood flow and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>S</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>t</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>O</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 <annotation>${{S}_{{mathrm{t}}{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> show different patterns of change, suggesting that the contribution of intramuscular blood flow to oxygen supply decreases within the VL at moderate and higher exercise intensities.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 1","pages":"106-114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11689424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142806484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using environmental and exercise physiology to address gender inequalities in climate change and occupational health research","authors":"Rebekah A. I. Lucas","doi":"10.1113/EP091456","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP091456","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change is a health-risk and health-inequity multiplier with excessive heat exposure a direct climate change impact already affecting the health and livelihood of billions globally. Women face greater risks and burdens from climate change impacts. Biological sex may or may not influence an individual's thermoregulatory capacity, heat tolerance or heat susceptibility. However at a population level, sex differences in physiological characteristics (anthropometrics, aerobic capacity, etc.) likely affect thermoregulatory capacity. Still, gender appears to play the most significant role in heat exposure and resulting health impacts. For climate change resilience and adaptation strategies to be effective, public health and occupational guidance/governance must be based on comprehensive and representative evidence. The current dearth of empirical evidence on how excessive heat exposure affects women prohibits this. Environmental and exercise physiology can help address this lack of empirical evidence by adhering to inclusive research guidelines. This paper is based on a symposium presentation given at Physiology 2023 in Harrogate, UK. Using a multi-year cohort study on industrial agricultural workers (the Adelante Initiative) as a case study, this review discusses the role of environmental and exercise physiology in generating inclusive research and evidence to inform occupational and public health guidance/governance for climate change resilience and adaptation, specifically heat exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 2","pages":"200-205"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142800071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diaphragm ultrasonography: A picture is worth a thousand words.","authors":"Ken D O'Halloran","doi":"10.1113/EP092452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092452","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142784406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"50% body weight loading reduces stature increases and lumbar disc expansion from 4 h hyper-buoyancy floatation versus 15 min sitting upright.","authors":"David Marcos-Lorenzo, Christina Lysandrou, Laura Sudres, Alfonso Gil-Martinez, Jaap Swanenburg, James Edward Clark, David Andrew Green","doi":"10.1113/EP091745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microgravity is associated with stature increases, back pain and post-flight intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation. This study aims to determine whether 30 s seated 50% body weight (BW) axial loading is comparable to 15 min sitting upright in 1 g upon changes in stature, anterior lumbar IVD height (via ultrasound), passive vertebral stiffness (VS), and back pain induced by 4 h hyper-buoyancy floatation (HBF) unloading. Sixteen (seven male) healthy volunteers had stature, lumbar IVD height (L2-S1), passive VS (C1-L5) and back pain assessed before and following 4 h HBF, and immediately after participants performed a 30 s seated squat with 50% of their BW or 15 min sitting upright. Four hours of HBF unloading induced significant increments in stature (+1.6 ± 0.5 cm; P < 0.001), IVD height (L2-L3: P = 0.002; L3-L4: P < 0.001; L4-L5: P = 0.013; L5-S1: P < 0.001) and back pain (2.90 ± 1.26; P < 0.001) with no differences between 1 and 1.5 BW. Stature, IVD height increments and back pain were similarly attenuated in both reloading groups. Passive VS was unchanged by 4 h HBF or reloading. HBF-induced back pain positively correlated with stature (P = 0.01) and lumbar IVD height changes (L2-L3: P = 0.03; L3-L4: P = 0.01; L5-S1: P = 0.02). Four hours of HBF increased stature, lumbar IVD height and induced moderate back pain that were similarly (albeit not entirely) ameliorated by both 15 min upright sitting and 30 s of 50% BW axial loading, with no changes in passive VS observed. IVD geometric changes appear key to space adaptation back pain and stature increments that can be rapidly modulated by brief periods of axial loading.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142779545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of female breast surface area on cutaneous thermal sensation, wetness perception and epidermal properties","authors":"Hannah Blount,&nbsp;Alessandro Valenza,&nbsp;Jade Ward,&nbsp;Silvia Caggiari,&nbsp;Peter R. Worsley,&nbsp;Davide Filingeri","doi":"10.1113/EP092158","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP092158","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Female development includes significant size changes across the breast. Yet, whether differences in breast surface area (BrSA) modify breast sensitivity to warm, cold and wetness, and the associated epidermal properties (skin thickness and surface roughness) remain unclear. We investigated the relationship between BrSA and thermal and wetness perception, as well as epidermal properties, in 21 females (28<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$ pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>10 years) of varying breast sizes (BrSA range: 147–502 cm²), at multiple breast sites (i.e., nipple, above and below the nipple, and bra triangle). Associations between BrSA and the perceptual and epidermal variables were determined via correlation analyses. Differences across test sites were assessed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Our results did not support the hypothesis that larger breasts present reduced thermal and wetness sensitivity, except for the above nipple site, which presented reduced warm sensitivity with increasing BrSA (<i>r</i> = −0.61, <i>P</i> = 0.003). We also found a heterogeneous distribution of cold, but not warm or wetness, sensitivity across the breast, with the above nipple site presenting lower cold sensitivity than any other site (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.015). Our findings did not indicate any association between BrSA and epidermal properties (thickness and roughness), nor any site-dependent variation in these anatomical parameters (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.15). We conclude that, while some skin-site (i.e., above the nipple) and perceptual modality-dependent (i.e., warm sensitivity) differences were observed, BrSA-dependent variations in thermal and wetness sensitivity were not a generalised feature of the skin covering the breast. These observations advance our fundamental understanding of breast sensory function, and they could inform the design of user-centred clothing such as bras.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 2","pages":"248-260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142754836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}