Experimental Physiology最新文献

Spaceflight and sport science: Physiological monitoring and countermeasures for the astronaut-athlete on Mars exploration missions.

IF 2.6 4区医学

Experimental Physiology Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1113/EP091595

Luke DeVirgiliis, Nicholas J Goode, Kurt W McDowell, Kirk L English, Robert Novo, Virina Botros, Ginika Agwu, Jessica M Scott, Lori L Ploutz-Snyder

{"title":"Spaceflight and sport science: Physiological monitoring and countermeasures for the astronaut-athlete on Mars exploration missions.","authors":"Luke DeVirgiliis, Nicholas J Goode, Kurt W McDowell, Kirk L English, Robert Novo, Virina Botros, Ginika Agwu, Jessica M Scott, Lori L Ploutz-Snyder","doi":"10.1113/EP091595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091595","url":null,"abstract":"Long-duration spaceflight impacts essentially every system in the human body, resulting in multisystem deconditioning that might impair the health and performance of crewmembers, particularly on long-duration exploration missions to Mars. In this review, we apply the sport science model of athlete monitoring, testing and training to astronauts; tactical athletes, whose occupation includes physically demanding tasks. We discuss exploration-specific physiological monitoring modalities and provide a brief historical overview of physiological countermeasures to spaceflight. Finally, we suggest countermeasures to protect exploration crew health and performance, including targeted preflight and in-flight exercise training, in-flight exercise hardware and adjunct individualized nutrition and sleep considerations. Mars exploration missions will be exemplars of the astronaut-athlete paradigm. An integrated approach to physiological monitoring and countermeasures will maximize the likelihood of exploration mission success.","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cardiac output limits maximal oxygen consumption, but what limits maximal cardiac output?

IF 2.6 4区医学

Experimental Physiology Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1113/EP091594

Ilkka Heinonen

{"title":"Cardiac output limits maximal oxygen consumption, but what limits maximal cardiac output?","authors":"Ilkka Heinonen","doi":"10.1113/EP091594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091594","url":null,"abstract":"Maximal oxygen uptake/consumption is an important variable determining exercise performance. It is generally considered to be limited largely, but not exclusively, by maximal cardiac output (CO), which limits the ability of heart to pump oxygen-rich arterial blood to working muscles. Cardiac output is a product of heart rate and stroke volume, which is the amount of blood ejected from the heart by one heart beat. Exercise training, especially of the endurance type, can increase maximal CO substantially. A straightforward way for the heart to increase maximal CO would be to increase maximal heart rate, but this does not happen; instead, maximal heart rate tends to be reduced after training. This is because heart rate is the most important determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption, and ventricular filling and myocardial blood flow (MBF) would be compromised by further increases in heart rate, given that MBF is blunted by contractions and occurs principally during diastole. Myocardial oxygen extraction is already high at rest and is increased further in endurance-trained athletes, making their hearts even more dependent on increases in MBF. The trained heart therefore also shows reduced MBF, enhanced blood mean transit time and higher myocardial vascular resistance at rest and during submaximal exercise, although MBF reserve is not improved. It follows logically that MBF is an important determinant of myocardial performance, and it is proposed in this review that cardiac afferent sensory nerves might contribute to controlling and limiting heart rate, hence maximal CO, in order to protect the heart from ischaemia.","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Science of omics: a molecular space odyssey. 奥米克斯科学：分子空间奥德赛。

IF 2.6 4区医学

Experimental Physiology Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1113/EP092777

Salomé Coppens, Christophe Hirtz, Margaux Vignon, Damian M Bailey

引用次数: 0

Physiology of lived experience: 25 years of military load carriage.

IF 2.6 4区医学

Experimental Physiology Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1113/EP092409

Christopher A J Vine, Nicholas Schofield

引用次数: 0

Letter to the editor on exercise and immune competence: using pre-clinical findings to inform the design of clinical studies.

IF 2.6 4区医学

Experimental Physiology Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1113/EP092745

Amit Hagar

引用次数: 0

Phylogenetic allometric scaling of near basal breathing frequency in terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic mammals.

IF 2.6 4区医学

Experimental Physiology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1113/EP091868

Andreas Fahlman, Elliot Stielstra, Ethan Wilstermann, Simon Rylaarsdam, Josefin Larsson, Guillermo J Sanchez-Contreras, Suguru Higa, Gonçalo N Marques, Malgosia Kaczmarska, Jason Somarelli, Stacy L DeRuiter

{"title":"Phylogenetic allometric scaling of near basal breathing frequency in terrestrial, semi-aquatic and aquatic mammals.","authors":"Andreas Fahlman, Elliot Stielstra, Ethan Wilstermann, Simon Rylaarsdam, Josefin Larsson, Guillermo J Sanchez-Contreras, Suguru Higa, Gonçalo N Marques, Malgosia Kaczmarska, Jason Somarelli, Stacy L DeRuiter","doi":"10.1113/EP091868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091868","url":null,"abstract":"We measured the BASAL breathing frequency following an overnight fast in adult, non-pregnant/non-lactating, inactive mammals ranging in body mass from 15 to 5520 kg. The data included results from 338 individual animals from 34 species that were divided into terrestrial, semi-aquatic (Otariidae and Phocidae) and aquatic mammals. Following attempts to limit the collection of breathing frequency using a basal definition and to correct the analysis phylogenetically, our results suggest that there are differences in the allometric mass-exponent between terrestrial and aquatic/semi-aquatic mammals. An allometric regression model, whereby both body mass and breathing frequency were transformed using log10, suggested that the allometric mass exponent for terrestrial mammals (-0.303) was different from both aquatic mammals (-0.124) and semi-aquatic mammals (-0.091). For semi-aquatic mammals, the breathing frequency was lower in water, but we detected no association between the breathing frequency and the temperature of the medium (water or air). We propose that allometric studies of cardiorespiratory function should, if possible, adhere to the basal definition during data collection, similar to that used for metabolic rate. Such data will provide valuable information for comparative medicine of large species that are difficult to study, for which controlled baseline data might be difficult to obtain.","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exercise promotes cognition and hippocampal mitochondrial complex II expression in female rats.

IF 2.6 4区医学

Experimental Physiology Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1113/EP092533

Zachary J White, Keshari H Sudasinghe, David C Poole, Stephanie E Hall

{"title":"Exercise promotes cognition and hippocampal mitochondrial complex II expression in female rats.","authors":"Zachary J White, Keshari H Sudasinghe, David C Poole, Stephanie E Hall","doi":"10.1113/EP092533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092533","url":null,"abstract":"Evidence supports that exercise defends against age-associated declines in brain health and protects against neurodegenerative disease. To help understand the molecular basis for the neuroprotection, we examined the impact of training on mitochondrial protein expression within the exercise-brain axis. Thirty-two F344 rats (50% male/female) were assigned randomly to 10-week treadmill training or sedentary groups. Grip strength, Morris water maze and rotarod were used to assess muscular strength, spatial learning and motor coordination, respectively. Jess automated western blotting was used to quantify mitochondrial complex expression in hippocampus and soleus skeletal muscle samples. Values are means and standard deviation. Exercised females had better spatial memory (9.16 ± 8.70 vs. 32.7 ± 22.7 s, P = 0.043) and motor coordination (69.0 ± 16.1 vs. 47.5 ± 15.6 s, P = 0.042) as well as increased soleus mass (0.043 ± 0.003 vs. 0.039 ± 0.002% body mass, P = 0.039), hippocampal mitochondrial complex II expression (1.96 ± 0.38 vs. 1.11 ± 0.33 a.u., P = 0.007), and soleus mitochondrial complex III expression (6.68 ± 1.40 vs. 4.65 ± 1.26 a.u., P = 0.025) in comparison to sedentary females. Cognitive performance and hippocampal metabolic enzyme expression were concordantly increased following the 10-week exercise intervention in females but not males. These results provide novel support for the putative involvement of cerebral mitochondrial function in the beneficial relationship between exercise and brain health.","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The mechanotransduction protein STOML3 is required for proprioceptor plasticity following peripheral nerve regeneration.

IF 2.6 4区医学

Experimental Physiology Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1113/EP092428

Julia Haseleu, Jan Walcher, Gary R Lewin

{"title":"The mechanotransduction protein STOML3 is required for proprioceptor plasticity following peripheral nerve regeneration.","authors":"Julia Haseleu, Jan Walcher, Gary R Lewin","doi":"10.1113/EP092428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092428","url":null,"abstract":"Nerve regeneration is associated with the plasticity of sensory neurons such that even muscle afferents directed to the skin form mechanosensitive receptive fields appropriate for the new target. STOML3 is an essential mechanotransduction component in many cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Here, we asked whether STOML3 is required for functional and anatomical plasticity following peripheral nerve regeneration. We used a cross-anastomosis model adapted to the mouse, in which the medial gastrocnemius nerve was redirected to innervate hairy skin previously occupied by the sural nerve. We recorded from muscle afferents innervating the skin and found that in wild-type mice their receptive properties were largely identical to normal skin mechanoreceptors. However, in mice lacking STOML3, muscle afferents largely failed to form functional mechanosensitive receptive fields, despite making anatomically appropriate endings in the skin. Our tracing experiments demonstrated that muscle afferents from both wild-type and stoml3 mutant mice display remarkable anatomical plasticity, forming new somatotopically appropriate synaptic terminals in the region of the dorsal horn representing the sural nerve territory. The dramatic reduction in stimulus-evoked activity from the cross-anastomosed gastrocnemius nerve in stoml3 mutant mice did not prevent central anatomical plasticity. Our results have identified a molecular factor required for functional plasticity following peripheral nerve injury.","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on voluntary muscle activation and peripheral muscle contractility following short-term bed rest.

IF 2.6 4区医学

Experimental Physiology Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1113/EP092194

Sofie K Hansen, Pernille Hansen, Tania W Berry, Hans D Grønbæk, Camilla M Olsen, Youssif Merhi, Shweta Agarwala, Per Aagaard, Lars G Hvid, Jakob Agergaard, Flemming Dela, Charlotte Suetta

{"title":"Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on voluntary muscle activation and peripheral muscle contractility following short-term bed rest.","authors":"Sofie K Hansen, Pernille Hansen, Tania W Berry, Hans D Grønbæk, Camilla M Olsen, Youssif Merhi, Shweta Agarwala, Per Aagaard, Lars G Hvid, Jakob Agergaard, Flemming Dela, Charlotte Suetta","doi":"10.1113/EP092194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092194","url":null,"abstract":"Disuse induces a disproportionate loss of muscle force compared with muscle mass, with unclear effects on voluntary muscle activation (VA) and peripheral contractility. Furthermore, the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) as a disuse countermeasure remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of NMES during bed rest on neuromechanical function to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying disuse-induced reductions in muscular force. Young (n = 16, 25 years old) and old (n = 16, 71 years old) adults underwent 5 days of bed rest. One leg received NMES (3 × 30 min/day), while the other served as the control (CON). Maximal isometric knee-extensor strength (MVIC), VA and peripheral muscle contractility were assessed before and after bed rest using the interpolated twitch technique, along with biomarkers of neuromuscular junction instability (C-terminal agrin fragment (CAF)) and muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK)). MVIC decreased in both age groups, regardless of NMES (young: CON, -21.7 Nm and NMES, -23.8 Nm; old: CON, -18.5 Nm and NMES, -16.4 Nm). VA was preserved with NMES, while decreasing in CON legs (young, -8.1%; old, -5.6%) following bed rest. Peripheral contractility (resting doublet twitch force) was reduced in CON and NMES legs in both age groups (young: CON, -4.0 Nm and NMES, -11.5 Nm; old: CON, -5.9 Nm and NMES, -10.8 Nm), with a greater decrease in NMES legs. CAF remained unchanged, whereas CK levels increased in young participants, albeit remaining within the normal range. In conclusion, a decline in neuromechanical function was observed after 5 days of bed rest in young and old adults. Although NMES appeared to preserve VA, peripheral muscle contractility was altered, resulting in reduced MVIC.","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143751781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diverse perspectives on respiratory chemoreceptor interactions: Resuscitating an expired debate.

IF 2.6 4区医学

Experimental Physiology Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1113/EP091689

Nasimi A Guluzade, Daniel A Keir, Richard J A Wilson, Trevor A Day

引用次数: 0