Experimental Physiology最新文献

{"title":"50% body weight loading reduces stature increases and lumbar disc expansion from 4 h hyper-buoyancy floatation versus 15 min sitting upright.","authors":"David Marcos-Lorenzo, Christina Lysandrou, Laura Sudres, Alfonso Gil-Martinez, Jaap Swanenburg, James Edward Clark, David Andrew Green","doi":"10.1113/EP091745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091745","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microgravity is associated with stature increases, back pain and post-flight intervertebral disc (IVD) herniation. This study aims to determine whether 30 s seated 50% body weight (BW) axial loading is comparable to 15 min sitting upright in 1 g upon changes in stature, anterior lumbar IVD height (via ultrasound), passive vertebral stiffness (VS), and back pain induced by 4 h hyper-buoyancy floatation (HBF) unloading. Sixteen (seven male) healthy volunteers had stature, lumbar IVD height (L2-S1), passive VS (C1-L5) and back pain assessed before and following 4 h HBF, and immediately after participants performed a 30 s seated squat with 50% of their BW or 15 min sitting upright. Four hours of HBF unloading induced significant increments in stature (+1.6 ± 0.5 cm; P < 0.001), IVD height (L2-L3: P = 0.002; L3-L4: P < 0.001; L4-L5: P = 0.013; L5-S1: P < 0.001) and back pain (2.90 ± 1.26; P < 0.001) with no differences between 1 and 1.5 BW. Stature, IVD height increments and back pain were similarly attenuated in both reloading groups. Passive VS was unchanged by 4 h HBF or reloading. HBF-induced back pain positively correlated with stature (P = 0.01) and lumbar IVD height changes (L2-L3: P = 0.03; L3-L4: P = 0.01; L5-S1: P = 0.02). Four hours of HBF increased stature, lumbar IVD height and induced moderate back pain that were similarly (albeit not entirely) ameliorated by both 15 min upright sitting and 30 s of 50% BW axial loading, with no changes in passive VS observed. IVD geometric changes appear key to space adaptation back pain and stature increments that can be rapidly modulated by brief periods of axial loading.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142779545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of female breast surface area on cutaneous thermal sensation, wetness perception and epidermal properties","authors":"Hannah Blount,&nbsp;Alessandro Valenza,&nbsp;Jade Ward,&nbsp;Silvia Caggiari,&nbsp;Peter R. Worsley,&nbsp;Davide Filingeri","doi":"10.1113/EP092158","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP092158","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Female development includes significant size changes across the breast. Yet, whether differences in breast surface area (BrSA) modify breast sensitivity to warm, cold and wetness, and the associated epidermal properties (skin thickness and surface roughness) remain unclear. We investigated the relationship between BrSA and thermal and wetness perception, as well as epidermal properties, in 21 females (28<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$ pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>10 years) of varying breast sizes (BrSA range: 147–502 cm²), at multiple breast sites (i.e., nipple, above and below the nipple, and bra triangle). Associations between BrSA and the perceptual and epidermal variables were determined via correlation analyses. Differences across test sites were assessed by repeated-measures ANOVA. Our results did not support the hypothesis that larger breasts present reduced thermal and wetness sensitivity, except for the above nipple site, which presented reduced warm sensitivity with increasing BrSA (<i>r</i> = −0.61, <i>P</i> = 0.003). We also found a heterogeneous distribution of cold, but not warm or wetness, sensitivity across the breast, with the above nipple site presenting lower cold sensitivity than any other site (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.015). Our findings did not indicate any association between BrSA and epidermal properties (thickness and roughness), nor any site-dependent variation in these anatomical parameters (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.15). We conclude that, while some skin-site (i.e., above the nipple) and perceptual modality-dependent (i.e., warm sensitivity) differences were observed, BrSA-dependent variations in thermal and wetness sensitivity were not a generalised feature of the skin covering the breast. These observations advance our fundamental understanding of breast sensory function, and they could inform the design of user-centred clothing such as bras.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 2","pages":"248-260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142754836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the role of melatonin-related gene CSNK1D in osteoclastogenesis and its implications for osteoporosis treatment","authors":"Jiewen Zhang,&nbsp;Shaobo Wu,&nbsp;Fangze Xing,&nbsp;Ning Kong,&nbsp;Yiwei Zhao,&nbsp;Xudong Duan,&nbsp;Yiyang Li,&nbsp;Kunzheng Wang,&nbsp;Run Tian,&nbsp;Pei Yang","doi":"10.1113/EP092189","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP092189","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent bone disease characterized by reduced bone density and quality, increasing fragility and fracture risk. Osteoclast (OC) activity and circadian rhythm play a role in the pathogenesis of OP. Melatonin is a circadian regulator that affects bone metabolism, but its molecular mechanism has not been studied in detail. This study aimed to identify the relationship between melatonin-related genes and OP through bioinformatics methods and to verify it experimentally.We analysed microarray data from the GSE35959 dataset, identifying differentially expressed genes in OP patients. Circadian rhythm-related genes and melatonin-related genes intersect with these differentially expressed genes, highlighting that <i>CSNK1D</i> is a central gene. Functional enrichment, correlation and protein–protein interaction analyses were conducted. Experimental validation involved in vitro differentiation assays using RAW264.7 cells and in vivo studies with an ovariectomy-induced rat model of OP to evaluate the role of <i>CSNK1D</i> in osteoclastogenesis to verify its effect on OP. Differential expression analysis revealed 272 significant genes, with <i>CSNK1D</i> identified as central to the circadian rhythm and to melatonin and OP interplay. Functional analyses showed involvement of <i>CSNK1D</i> in OC differentiation and inflammatory pathways. in vitro experiments confirmed <i>CSNK1D</i> upregulation during OC differentiation, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown reduced OC marker expression and TRAP⁺ cell formation. in vivo, <i>CSNK1D</i> expression is associated with bone loss in OP rats. Melatonin-related <i>CSNK1D</i> promotes OC differentiation and promotes the development of OP. These findings suggest <i>CSNK1D</i> as a potential therapeutic target for OP, offering insights into new treatment strategies integrating circadian rhythm regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 2","pages":"261-276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782177/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142754840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in a prenatally-androgenized rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome in later life","authors":"Mahbanoo Farhadi-Azar,&nbsp;Mahsa Noroozzadeh,&nbsp;Maryam Mousavi,&nbsp;Marzieh Saei Ghare Naz,&nbsp;Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani","doi":"10.1113/EP091912","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP091912","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the most common endocrine disorders in reproductive-aged women, is associated with metabolic disturbances. The present study aimed to examine changes in body weight (BW) and glucose and insulin tolerance in a prenatally-androgenized (PNA) rat model of PCOS compared to control with increasing age. Pregnant rats in the experimental group were subcutaneously injected with 5 mg of free testosterone on the 20th day of pregnancy, while the control group received the solvent. Female offspring of both groups, PNA rats (rat model of PCOS) and control, were examined in terms of changes in BW, glucose and insulin tolerance at 3, 6, 12 and 20 months of age. BW at birth (6.53 ± 0.89 vs. 5.60 ± 1.18 g; <i>P </i>= 0.038), 15 (25 ± 1.15 vs. 22.36 ± 3.98 g; <i>P </i>= 0.019) and 30 (59.37 ± 10.19 vs.49.9 ± 9.39 g; <i>P </i>= 0.022) days of age was significantly increased in the rat model of PCOS compared to control, but no significant differences were observed in BW of the rat model of PCOS compared to control at 60 (<i>P </i>= 0.155) and 75 (<i>P </i>= 0.932) days or at 3 (<i>P </i>= 0.239), 6 (<i>P </i>= 0.782), 12 (<i>P </i>= 0.755) and 20 (<i>P </i>= 0.092) months of age. Rat model of PCOS showed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) at 3 months of age (<i>P </i>= 0.020) and insulin resistance (IR) with increasing age (3–20 months of age) compared to control. Increased BW before puberty, IGT at 3 months of age and IR with increasing age were observed in our rat model of PCOS. This rat model may contribute to a better understanding of underlying mechanisms of changes in BW, IGT and IR in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 3","pages":"410-423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/EP091912","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142754831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iliac branch endoprosthesis for endovascular treatment of complex aorto-iliac aneurysms - from device design to practical experience: how to translate physiology considerations into clinical applications.","authors":"Apostolos G Pitoulias, Mario D Oria, Konstantinos P Donas, Matti Jubouri, Damian M Bailey, Ian M Williams, Mohamad Bashir","doi":"10.1113/EP091801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article provides a narrative review of the current literature and our expert opinion concerning the iliac branch endoprosthesis (IBE) and its use in the treatment of complex abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) cases with concomitant aneurysmal involvement of the common iliac artery (CIA) and/or the internal iliac artery (IIA). Up to 25% of those with an AAA may present with extension of the aneurysmal disease into the iliac vessels. This anatomy may complicate the standard endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) procedure, as the available length of distal landing zones is altered. The optimum treatment requires both the adequate sealing of the distal landing zone as well as the preservation of the pelvic circulation through the IIA. Extensive preoperative assessment of the anatomy, as well as an accurate deployment following all procedural steps, enables endovascular treatment of complex aorto-iliac aneurysms safe with excellent midterm clinical outcomes. The current literature shows that the utilization of the IBE offers a durable treatment of these complicated cases with results equal to those of the open repair, without the associated morbidity. Preservation of the pelvic circulation is recommended to prevent pelvic ischaemic symptoms and can also be carried out on both sides provided certain anatomical requirements are met.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142754827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"My journey from an early researcher to an aspiring medic: A dance from bench to bedside.","authors":"Jaspreet Kaur","doi":"10.1113/EP092239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092239","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142727343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brown and beige adipose tissue-derived metabokine and lipokine inter-organ signalling in health and disease.","authors":"Anna Malicka, Aysha Ali, Amanda D V MacCannell, Lee D Roberts","doi":"10.1113/EP092008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adipose tissue has an established endocrine function through the secretion of adipokines. However, a role for bioactive metabolites and lipids, termed metabokines and lipokines, is emerging in adipose tissue-mediated autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signalling and inter-organ communication. Traditionally seen as passive entities, metabolites are now recognized for their active roles in regulating cellular signalling and local and systemic metabolism. Distinct from white adipose tissue, specific endocrine functions have been attributed to thermogenic brown and beige adipose tissues. Brown and beige adipose tissues have been identified as sources of metabokines and lipokines, which influence diverse metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid β-oxidation, mitochondrial function and glucose homeostasis, across a range of tissues, including skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and heart. This review explores the intricate signalling mechanisms of brown and beige adipose tissue-derived metabokines and lipokines, emphasizing their roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis and their potential dysregulation in metabolic diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways, proposing that precise modulation of metabokine receptors and transporters could offer superior specificity and efficacy in comparison to conventional approaches, such as β-adrenergic signalling-stimulated activation of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Understanding the complex interactions between adipokines, metabokines and lipokines is essential for developing a systems-level approach to new interventions for metabolic disorders, underscoring the need for continued research in this rapidly evolving field.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142727339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging the large-scale and cellular response to focal traumatic brain injury in mouse neocortex","authors":"Yelena Bibineyshvili,&nbsp;Thomas J. Vajtay,&nbsp;Shiva Salsabilian,&nbsp;Nicholas Fliss,&nbsp;Aastha Suvarnakar,&nbsp;Jennifer Fang,&nbsp;Shavonne Teng,&nbsp;Janet Alder,&nbsp;Laleh Najafizadeh,&nbsp;David J. Margolis","doi":"10.1113/EP092219","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP092219","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects neural function at the local injury site and also at distant, connected brain areas. However, the real-time neural dynamics in response to injury and subsequent effects on sensory processing and behaviour are not fully resolved, especially across a range of spatial scales. We used in vivo calcium imaging in awake, head-restrained male and female mice to measure large-scale and cellular resolution neuronal activation, respectively, in response to a mild/moderate TBI induced by focal controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury of the motor cortex (M1). Widefield imaging revealed an immediate CCI-induced activation at the injury site, followed by a massive slow wave of calcium signal activation that travelled across the majority of the dorsal cortex within approximately 30 s. Correspondingly, two-photon calcium imaging in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) found strong activation of neuropil and neuronal populations during the CCI-induced travelling wave. A depression of calcium signals followed the wave, during which we observed the atypical activity of a sparse population of S1 neurons. Longitudinal imaging in the hours and days after CCI revealed increases in the area of whisker-evoked sensory maps at early time points, in parallel to decreases in cortical functional connectivity and behavioural measures. Neural and behavioural changes mostly recovered over hours to days in our M1-TBI model, with a more lasting decrease in the number of active S1 neurons. Our results in unanaesthetized mice describe novel spatial and temporal neural adaptations that occur at cortical sites remote to a focal brain injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 2","pages":"321-344"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring position sense.","authors":"Uwe Proske","doi":"10.1113/EP092190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Position sense is arguably more important than any of the other proprioceptive senses, because it provides us with information about the position of our body and limbs in relationship to one another and to our surroundings; it has been considered to contribute to our self-awareness. There is currently no consensus over the best method of measuring position sense. We have recently measured position sense with three commonly used methods. These were two-arm matching, one-arm pointing and one-arm repositioning, all carried out by blindfolded subjects with their lightly loaded forearms moving in the sagittal plane. It is currently believed that muscle spindles are the principal position sensors. We posed the question, was there evidence for spindles participating in the generation of position sense with each method? The indicator of spindle activity we used was the presence of thixotropic errors in the position signal, in response to conditioning voluntary contractions of forearm muscles. Based on this criterion, there was evidence of spindles contributing to position sense with all three methods. It was concluded that the spindle contribution to the position signal and the extent to which this was processed centrally was different with each method. It is argued that a case could be made for the existence of more than one position sense. Differences between the methods have implications for their meaning in a clinical setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of TrkB kinase activity impairs autophagy in cervical motor neurons of young but not old mice","authors":"Miguel Pareja-Cajiao,&nbsp;Heather M. Gransee,&nbsp;Sepideh Jahanian,&nbsp;Gary C. Sieck,&nbsp;Carlos B. Mantilla","doi":"10.1113/EP092095","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP092095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ageing-related neuromuscular dysfunction is associated with reduced tropomyosin-related kinase receptor subtype B (TrkB) signalling and accumulation of damaged cytoplasmic aggregates in motor neurons. Autophagy functions to remove these damaged aggregates, and we previously reported increased cervical motor neuron expression of LC3 and p62 in old age. We hypothesized that inhibition of TrkB kinase activity results in an increase in the relative expression of both LC3 and p62 in cervical motor neurons, consistent with impaired progression of autophagy. <i>TrkB^F616A</i> mice, which possess a mutation that renders TrkB kinase activity susceptible to rapid inhibition by 1NMPP1, were treated at 6, 18 or 24 months of age with vehicle or 1NMPP1 for 7 days. Immunofluorescence intensity was measured to determine LC3 and p62 expression in choline acetyltransferase-positive motor neurons in the cervical spinal cord. The effect of inhibiting TrkB kinase activity on progression of autophagy was age dependent. In 6-month-old mice, inhibiting TrkB kinase activity increased cervical motor neuron expression of LC3 by 11% (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) and p62 by 8% (<i>P</i> = 0.019) compared with vehicle treatment. In 18- and 24-month-old mice, there was no effect of inhibiting TrkB kinase activity on motor neuron LC3 or p62 expression. We provide evidence that inhibition of TrkB signalling impairs progression of autophagy in motor neurons of young mice, similar to the response to ageing. Accordingly, a reduction of TrkB signalling in old age might contribute to neuromuscular dysfunction by impairing progression of autophagy in motor neurons.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 1","pages":"166-178"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11689133/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142686588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}