Experimental Physiology最新文献

{"title":"Effect of artificial gravity on calcaneal bone marrow adipose tissue and mineral content in female and male participants in 60 days of bed rest.","authors":"Tammy Liu, Gerd Melkus, Tim Ramsay, Alain Berthiaume, Gabriele Armbrecht, Guy Trudel","doi":"10.1113/EP091495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091495","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Modulation of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) with prolonged inactivity was reported in haemopoietic but not in non-haemopoietic bones. This prospective randomized controlled trial submitted 16 men and 8 women to 60 days of 6° head-down-tilt bed rest. They were assigned to control, continuous or intermittent artificial gravity (AG) interventions. The AG consisted of daily centrifugation at 2g for 30 min. The serial foot pain questionnaire, MRI and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the calcaneus were performed at baseline, during bed rest and at reambulation. At baseline, all groups had comparable calcaneal BMAT (P = 0.581) and bone mineral density (BMD) (P = 0.574). After bed rest, 83% of participants reported foot pain. Calcaneal BMAT was not significantly modulated after 60 days of bed rest (control, +0.2% ± 0.8%; continuous AG, +0.5% ± 1.1%; and intermittent AG, +0.1% ± 1.5%; P = 0.368). Calcaneal BMD was reduced at reambulation days 3 and 11 after 60 days of bed rest (-0.05 ± 0.06 and -0.06 ± 0.12 g/cm², respectively; P = 0.008 and P = 0.020). The AG interventions did not significantly alter calcaneal BMAT or BMD. Sex-based analyses demonstrated calcaneal BMD loss in men but not in women. Calcaneal BMAT and BMD were inversely correlated in women and in men (Spearman's ρ, -0.40 and -0.28, respectively; both P = 0.020). Sixty days of bed rest caused foot pain and calcaneal demineralization not rescued by AG interventions. Although inversely correlated with BMD, calcaneal BMAT was not statistically increased by 60 days of head-down-tilt bed rest, possibly owing to a ceiling effect, and no bone marrow reconversion was measured at reambulation. These results have clinical relevance when returning to activities after prolonged bed rest or returning from space.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143691532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of long-haul airline travel on athletic performance and recovery: A critical review of the literature.","authors":"Petros G Botonis, Argyris G Toubekis, David W Hill, Toby Mündel","doi":"10.1113/EP091831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Participation in many important sport events (e.g., World championships, Olympics) requires athletes to fly >4 h and to cross several time zones. This transmeridian travel results in a transient desynchronization of the body's circadian rhythms due to a disconnect between the timing of the endogenous circadian oscillator and the external stimuli, manifested as 'jet lag'. While recent reviews highlight the importance of managing jet lag, the time required for resynchronization of the internal clock and dissipation of jet lag symptoms has not yet been summarized. Further, although the literature reports that rapid transmeridian travel is detrimental for athletes' performance, empirical evidence from studies involving athletes is equivocal. Herein, we summarize the evidence that the variability in responses to transmeridian travel can be attributed to differences in (i) travel (real vs. simulated, westbound vs. eastbound, time zones crossed, during normal waking hours vs. normal sleep time), (ii) testing (assessment of performance vs. factors related to performance), and (iii) timing of the testing (destination time vs. 'body time'), and we offer the possibility that differences in (iv) teams, (v) traits, and (vi) tournaments may also be implicated. We focus on (i) aerobic power/endurance, (ii) anaerobic power and capacity, (iii) strength, and (iv) mood state, sleep quantity and quality, and jet lag symptoms in this literature review, which is limited to athletes or physically active participants, travelling west or east crossing four or more time zones.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143691533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring parameters of aerobic function during exercise: One protocol to rule them all?","authors":"David C Poole, Harry B Rossiter","doi":"10.1113/EP092732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092732","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143676853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limited matching of the cardiac output response to the peripheral demand of heat stress and exercise","authors":"Moritz Lampkemeyer,&nbsp;Jonas Kell,&nbsp;Veit Börß,&nbsp;Tobias Claussen,&nbsp;Fabian Spahiu,&nbsp;Michelle Ottlik,&nbsp;Lars C. Helbig,&nbsp;Craig G. Crandall,&nbsp;Eric J. Stöhr","doi":"10.1113/EP092688","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP092688","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is widely accepted that cardiac output matches the prevailing peripheral demand in healthy humans. However, it remains unknown whether stroke volume and heart rate are regulated interdependently to arrive at a specific cardiac output. The aim of this study was to determine whether the healthy human heart responds specifically according to the peripheral demands of heat stress and exercise. Eleven healthy humans (women/men <i>n</i> = 3/8; age = 26 ± 2 years; body mass = 73 ± 11 kg) underwent leg heat stress and cycling exercise (60 W), with and without blood flow restriction (pressure set at the prevailing mean arterial pressure of the individual). Cardiac output was measured with triplane echocardiography. Additionally, haemodynamics, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and lactate were assessed. Data were analysed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Despite stable heat and exercise demands, cardiac output decreased significantly with blood flow restriction in both conditions (Δ−0.87 and −1.03 L min⁻¹, 17% and 11%, respectively, <i>p </i>= 0.01), owing to a decline in end-diastolic volume (<i>p </i>&lt; 0.0001) and stroke volume (<i>p </i>&lt; 0.0001) not sufficiently compensated for by an increase in heart rate (<i>p </i>= 0.001). Importantly, these responses were accompanied by an increased rate of skin temperature rise (<i>p </i>= 0.04) during heat stress and a significantly greater rise in circulating lactate (<i>p </i>&lt; 0.0001) during exercise. The cardiac output response to local heat stress and submaximal exercise does not appear to be entirely specific to the peripheral thermal and energetic requirements. This finding supports the theory that even the healthy heart does not coordinate stroke volume and heart rate to arrive at a specific target output.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 5","pages":"722-734"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/EP092688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ATHLETIC: An exoskeleton countermeasure exercise device for resistive and plyometric training in deep-space missions.","authors":"Jonas Böcker, Jochen Zange, Torsten Siedel, Guillaume Fau, Sebastian Langner, Thomas Krueger, Jörn Rittweger","doi":"10.1113/EP092263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prolong exposure to weightlessness leads to loss of muscle and bone mass. Therefore, astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS) currently perform mandatory daily exercises. ISS missions usually last 6 months, and future missions will become significantly longer when going, for example, to Mars. To that purpose, an exoskeleton-based exercise device, called ATHLETIC, was developed. The functionality and relevance of this device was evaluated in this study. Ten participants performed resistance exercises (squats) and plyometric exercises (countermovement jumps, reactive hops). Results showed that all participants were technically able to perform the intended exercises on ATHLETIC, albeit with reduced loading as compared to the reference exercises. This resulted in less mechanical performance and muscle activity. Due to the unfamiliar horizontal training axis, some participants had difficulty performing the movements correctly. Follow-up studies are required testing, whether an adequate number of practicing sessions could enable persons to approach the performances of reference measurements, and whether further improvements of the device are needed to improve the exercise performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Comparison of Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Continuous Exercise on Acute Lung Injury Induced with Methotrexate","authors":"","doi":"10.1113/eph.13825","DOIUrl":"10.1113/eph.13825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Retraction</b>: M.-A. Rajizadeh, M. H. Hosseini, M. Bahrami, N. S. Hosseini, F. Rostamabadi, F. Bagheri, K. Khoramipour, H. Najafipour, and M.-A. Bejeshk, “Comparison of Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Continuous Exercise on Acute Lung Injury Induced with Methotrexate,” <i>Experimental Physiology </i>108, no. 9 (2023): 1215–1227, https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091162.</p><p>The above article, published online on 27 July 2023 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), and its correction (https://doi.org/10.1113/EP091585), have been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, Damian Bailey; The Physiological Society; and John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed following an investigation based on concerns raised by a third party (https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092385).</p><p>Concerns were raised that the control and continuous training (CT) tissue reported in Figure 7 incorrectly show adipose tissue instead of lung tissue, and the authors were unable to locate the original immunohistochemistry slides upon request. There are also concerns that the histology of the acute lung injury (ALI) group presented in Figure 6 does not resemble the alveoli with thickened walls presented in Figure 7, and that the magnification of these images differs. Finally, the dosages of ketamine and xylazine were not reported accurately in the methods section. As a result, the data and conclusions are considered unreliable, and the article therefore must be retracted.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/eph.13825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a standardized single-session cardiopulmonary exercise test for combined assessment of peak oxygen uptake and on/off-kinetics.","authors":"Jefferson L Santana, Till Enzner, Britney Blunderfield, Asher A Mendelson, Rodrigo Villar","doi":"10.1113/EP092337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092337","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peak oxygen uptake ( &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;peak&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{peak}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; ) and &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; on/off-kinetics are key indicators of exercise capacity and health outcomes, but their assessment often requires separate laboratory visits, which limits feasibility. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop a single cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) for both assessments. We designed a single-session combined CPET protocol using an upright cycle ergometer in healthy volunteers (n = 20). &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;peak&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{peak}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; was first estimated using an a priori formula. The constant work rate (CWR) part of the test (on-kinetics) was set to an intensity of 30% &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;reserve&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{reserve}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; . After an incremental test to measure &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;peak&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{peak}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; , a 10-min recovery period was used to evaluate off-kinetics. Twenty volunteers (9 females and 11 males), 28.0 ± 8.1 years completed the protocol. No significant differences were found between predicted and measured &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;peak&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{peak}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; (P = 0.47). A strong correlation (r = 0.88) and good agreement (Bland-Altman bias = -0.82 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) were found between the calculated/actual individuals' 30% &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;mrow&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;mi&gt;reserve&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}{mathrm{reserve}}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; (mL kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and the measured steady-state &lt;math&gt; &lt;semantics&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mover&gt;&lt;mi&gt;V&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mo&gt;̇&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt; &lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;O&lt;/mi&gt; &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;/msub&gt; &lt;/msub&gt; &lt;annotation&gt;${{dot{V}}_{{{{mathrm{O}}}_2}}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt; &lt;/math&gt; at CWR. The measured exercise intensity at CWR closely matched the target of 30%, with no statistical differences, with an average difference of 0.2 percentage points. Small-medium Cohen's d (0.16) indic","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increase in plasma succinate is associated with aerobic lactate production in a model of endotoxic shock","authors":"Juan D. Caicedo Ruiz,&nbsp;Jorge I. Alvarado Sanchez,&nbsp;Juan J. Diaztagle Fernández,&nbsp;Cándida Diaz Brochero,&nbsp;Luis E. Cruz Martinez","doi":"10.1113/EP092109","DOIUrl":"10.1113/EP092109","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Krebs or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle plays a key role in the regulation of immune responses and adaptations to hypoxia that occur during sepsis. Although the concentrations of some of these intermediates have been reported to be increased in large cohorts of septic patients, a detailed analysis of their changes during sepsis is still lacking. Here, we investigated the plasma concentrations of several TCA intermediates in a swine model of endotoxic shock and the relationship between these TCA cycle intermediates and lactate production. Nine female swine were administered lipopolysaccharide to induce endotoxic shock, while four females served as controls. Plasma samples were collected at three time points: baseline, 3 and 6 h after lipopolysaccharide administration. Control samples were collected at parallel time points. Quantification of TCA intermediates, lactate and pyruvate was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Oxygen-derived variables were obtained by gas analysis of arterial and venous samples. The endotoxic shock group showed a significant increase in lactate, accompanied by stability of oxygen-derived variables and a low lactate:pyruvate ratio, indicative of aerobic conditions. Of all the TCA intermediates analysed, only citrate and succinate showed significant increases compared with controls. Furthermore, the changes in lactate were determined, in part, by the changes in succinate concentration. The increase in succinate concentrations was associated with the increase in lactate in global aerobic conditions. Our results suggest a potential role for succinate as a biomarker of aerobic lactate production.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":"110 4","pages":"550-560"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1113/EP092109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143663043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microgravity-induced changes in skeletal muscle and possible countermeasures: What we can learn from bed rest and human space studies.","authors":"Alessandra Bosutti, Bergita Ganse, Nicola A Maffiuletti, Rob C I Wüst, Gustav J Strijkers, Andy Sanderson, Hans Degens","doi":"10.1113/EP092345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite exercise countermeasures to sustain health and performance in spaceflight, complete maintenance of muscle mass and functions in microgravity is still not possible for most astronauts. The principal cause of the limited effectiveness of existing exercise countermeasures is the difficulty in achieving full loading forces in space. The implementation of countermeasures which require small devices and simulate Earth-like loading forces to maintain muscle mass, strength and endurance is therefore highly desirable. At present, the cellular mechanisms that induce muscle atrophy in weightlessness are not yet fully known; a better understanding of how skeletal muscle cells adapt to microgravity will help in designing more effective countermeasures to sustain the health and operational capacity of the crew during long- and short-duration missions. The 6° head-down-tilt bed rest is a powerful ground-based analogue platform to simulate and study the physiological effects of spaceflight on the human body, and test the effectiveness of countermeasures before they are potentially applied in space. The aims of this narrative review are therefore to provide an overview of (i) the main mechanisms underlining muscle atrophy learnt from space and bed rest studies, (ii) the currently available countermeasures, and (iii) potential suitable countermeasures - such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation that is delivered with light and small portable units - to attenuate muscle wasting in astronauts during spaceflight.</p>","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143647812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does breast size matter? The thermoregulatory, perceptual and mechanical properties of the breast.","authors":"Hannah Blount","doi":"10.1113/EP092441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092441","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":12092,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Physiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143630280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}