{"title":"Learning Applied to Successive Approximation Algorithms","authors":"G. Saridis","doi":"10.1109/TSSC.1970.300282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1970.300282","url":null,"abstract":"A linear reinforcement learning technique is proposed to provide a memory and thus accelerate the convergence of successive approximation algorithms. The learning scheme is used to update weighting coefficients applied to the components of the correction terms of the algorithm. A direction of the search approaching the direction of a \"ridge\" will result in a gradient peak-seeking method which accelerates considerably the convergence to a neighborhood of the extremum. In a stochastic approximation algorithm the learning scheme provides the required memory to establish a consistent direction or search insensitive to perturbations introduced by the random variables involved. The accelerated algorithms and the respective proofs of convergence are presented. Illustrative examples demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithms.","PeriodicalId":120916,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern.","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128649093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recognition of Handprinted Numerals by Two-Stage Feature Extraction","authors":"P. Chuang","doi":"10.1109/TSSC.1970.300292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1970.300292","url":null,"abstract":"An optical character recognition system for handprinted numerals of noisy and low-resolution measurement is proposed. The system consists of the two-stage feature extraction process. In the first stage a set of primary features insensitive to the quality and format of a black-white bit pattern are extracted. In the second stage, a set of properties capable of discriminating the character classes is derived from primary features. The system is simple and reliable in that only three kinds of primary features are needed to be detected. The recognition is based on the decision tree which tests the logic statements of secondary features.","PeriodicalId":120916,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern.","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125330199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Studies in Postural Control Systems Part II: Tendon Jerk Input","authors":"G. Agarwal, B. Berman, P. Löhnberg, L. Stark","doi":"10.1109/TSSC.1970.300286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1970.300286","url":null,"abstract":"The postural control system in normal humans is studied by applying a tendon jerk disturbance to the system. A stretch reflex was elicited in the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle by a tap on the achilles tendon. It is shown that the initial conditions (muscle tension or the length of the muscle) and the stimulus (strength of the hammer force) have strong influence on the reflex response (change in foot torque or angle).","PeriodicalId":120916,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern.","volume":"47 29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126363024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Queueing Requirements in an Automatic Radar Target Detection System Operating with a Narrow Bandwidth Data Link","authors":"D. L. Bussard, R. D. Wilmot","doi":"10.1109/TSSC.1970.300280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1970.300280","url":null,"abstract":"Automation of the radar target detection process for remotely located scanning radars in an air traffic control system results in a queueing requirement for target reports when the communication link transfer rate is less than that of the radar. To determine the nature of this queueing requirement, a systems model was developed which incorporates the effects of aircraft target spacing at random intervals, in flight corridors, and in close formation clusters. The entire system was simulated to determine the queueing statistics as a function of the target spacing parameters, the load, the total number of targets, and the mixture of different message lengths. Verification of the simulation for one case which used a simplified target location model with all targets randomly located was obtained by mathematical analysis. A comparison of the two types of target location models showed that the complex target location model created a queue whose mean and variance were significantly larger than that created by the simplified model with all targets randomly located.","PeriodicalId":120916,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern.","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121088432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Multistage Solution of the Template-Layout Problem","authors":"M. J. Haims, H. Freeman","doi":"10.1109/TSSC.1970.300290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1970.300290","url":null,"abstract":"The template-layout problem is to determine how to cut irregular-shaped two-dimensional pieces out of given stock sheets in an optimum manner without making an exhaustive search of all possible arrangements of the pieces. An algorithm is described for solving template-layout problems with a digital computer. The method of solution requires that the irregular shapes be enclosed, singly or in combination, in minimum area rectangles called modules. Individual modules will contain from one to perhaps eight optimally fitted irregular pieces. The modules are then packed into the given stock sheet(s) so as to optimize a specified objective function. The packing is carried out with a dynamic programming algorithm, which converts the multivariable problem into a multistage one. Successive iterations of the algorithm are used to determine whether higher order modules (containing more irregular-shaped pieces) improve the solution. A detailed description of the algorithm is given. An illustrative example is included and its computer solution is described. The paper concludes with an extension of the algorithm to an improved version which can be expected to yield solutions more closely approaching the true optimum.","PeriodicalId":120916,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern.","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128454461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fundamental Structure of Input-Output Stability for Feedback Systems","authors":"M. Damborg, A. Naylor","doi":"10.1109/TSSC.1970.300281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1970.300281","url":null,"abstract":"An approach to the input-output stability of feedback systems is discussed. This approach incorporates the natural inverse operator model to describe these systems. Using this operator, the input-output stability problem is decomposed into five subproblems. One of these subproblems involves the causality of the input-output operator, a property not recognized in previous feedback system stability studies. Following the development of the model and the stability definition some general stability theorems are presented.","PeriodicalId":120916,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern.","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125278218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Studies in Postural Control Systems Part I: Torque Disturbance Input","authors":"G. Agarwal, B. Berman, L. Stark","doi":"10.1109/TSSC.1970.300285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1970.300285","url":null,"abstract":"The postural control system in normal humans is studied by applying a mechanical torque disturbance to the system. It is shown that the response of the system can be approximated by a second-order differential equation where the parameters depend on the state of the system.","PeriodicalId":120916,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern.","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116606350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Shrinking Boundary Algorithm for Discrete System Models","authors":"R. Saunders, R. Schinzinger","doi":"10.1109/TSSC.1970.300288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1970.300288","url":null,"abstract":"Improved mathematical optimization procedures are steadily finding wider use in engineering system studies, but the difficulties associated with the solution of discrete decision variable models remain formidable. An algorithm is described which will solve a certain class of problems formulated as linear integer programs. The procedure employs parallel shifts of selected boundary planes. This is accomplished by incrementing the appropriate slack variables which are constrained to be integers when the restraint conditions are formulated as diophantine equations. A hierarchy of variables is established to direct the boundary shifts. Feasibility and sensitivity tests truncate the search.","PeriodicalId":120916,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern.","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129196452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Studies in Postural Control Systems Part III: A Muscle Spindle Model","authors":"G. Gottlieb, G. Agarwal, L. Stark","doi":"10.1109/TSSC.1970.300287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1970.300287","url":null,"abstract":"A linear lumped-parameter mechanical model of the muscle spindle is presented. It is shown that the model simulation on a digital computer exhibits the spindle behavior in most aspects of transient ramp-stretch performance. The requirements that such a model places on the mechanisms of fusimotor control are discussed.","PeriodicalId":120916,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern.","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1970-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122430506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Extraction of Pattern Features from Continuous Measurements","authors":"A. Caprihan, R. D. Figueiredo","doi":"10.1109/TSSC.1970.300284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSSC.1970.300284","url":null,"abstract":"A suboptimum method of extracting features, by linear operations, from continuous data belonging to M pattern classes is presented. The set of features selected minimizes bounds on the probability of error obtained from the Bhattacharyya distance and the Hajek divergence. The random processes associated with the pattern classes are assumed to be Gaussian with different means and covariance functions. For M=2, in the two special cases in which, respectively, the means and the covariance functions are the same, both the above distance measures yield the same answer. The results obtained represent an extension of the existing results for two pattern classes with the same means and different covariance functions.","PeriodicalId":120916,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Sci. Cybern.","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1969-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128921997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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