Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality最新文献

{"title":"Toxicity assessment and on‐line monitoring: Immunoassays","authors":"B. Hock, T. Giersch, A. Dankwardt, K. Kramer, S. Pullen","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090402","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides and environmental pollutants are traditionally analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The rigorous drinking water ordinances of various European countries enforce the development of fast screening methods. Immunoassays (IAs) gain growing importance as a screening tool in pesticide residue analysis. Improvements of antibody quality over the last decade has enabled the construction of highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for pesticides with detection limits in the lower ppt range. \u0000 \u0000The feature of an IA depends upon the selectivity and affinity of the antibodies (Ab) applied for these tests. Polyclonal and monoclonal systems can both be used to produce high-quality Ab. The choice of the method depends on the scope and intention for Ab application. \u0000 \u0000Polyclonal antibodies (pAb) may provide excellent reagents for detection systems such as immunoassays. Problems arising from the limited amounts can be overcome to a certain degree by using animals providing larger amounts of sera, e.g., sheep or goats. The pAb, however, are heterogeneous with respect to affinity and analyte recognition. A wide distribution of IAs in residue analysis can profit from the monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology. Apart from the greater expense connected to mAb production, it offers the desired supply of antibodies with defined biological properties during a prolonged period of time. This technique is based on the fusion of antibody-secreting Blymphocytes from immunized mice with myeloma cells. The resulting fusion products (hybridomas) will grow in culture and may continue to secrete Ab. After a careful screening and subcloning process, stable hybridoma cell lines can usually be selected that secrete the desired mAb. \u0000 \u0000All IAs depend upon the measurement of binding site occupancy by the analyte as the common basic principle because the occupancy of Ab binding sites by the analyte reflects the analyte concentration in the medium. Since the binding reaction itself does not produce a signal, a helper reagent or tracer is added in order to estimate Ab occupancy by measuring the tracer signal. Enzyme tracers benefit from signal amplification, because of the catalytic activity of their enzymes. \u0000 \u0000Competitive IAs can be applied for the quantification of pesticides and environmental pollutants. They determine the unoccupied sites and use limiting Ab concentrations. Examples are given for the assay of s-triazines. \u0000 \u0000Cross-reactivities and matrix effects are the most common sources of error. A significant step during the establishment of IAs for routine analyses is validation by independent methods. Interlaboratory tests play a decisive role. Under certain conditions, such as the participation of trained personnel in certified laboratories, IAs represent rapid, relatively simple, and reliable screening procedures, which make a valuable contribution to the analysis of pesticides. \u0000 \u0000A practi","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76923501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative studies on cytotoxicity of micropollutants in water: Principle of cytotoxicity matrix","authors":"H. Utsumi, K. Kiyoshige, S. Shimbara, A. Hamada","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090413","url":null,"abstract":"Cytotoxicities were investigated with chemicals including pesticides, industrial materials, and chlorination by-products using colony formation inhibition of L-929 cells and membrane damage of “liposomes” to develop the simple bioassays for estimation of human hazardous micropollutants in water. Some chemicals including pesticides and chlorination by-products strongly inhibited colony formation of L-929 cells, and the inhibition was dose dependent. But most cytotoxic substances did not increase membrane permeability of liposomes, suggesting that Cytotoxicity of these chemicals does not arise from direct damage of cell membranes. The IC10 and IC50,10 and 50% inhibition concentrations, were obtained from the dose-response curve of colony formation. The IC10 showed good correlation (r = 0.75) to LD50 of rat by intraperitoneal administration but not to those by oral administration. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The results were compared to those with viability of HL-60 cells, phagocytic activity of mice peritoneal macrophages, glycogenolysis, and LDH release of rat liver hepatocytes. The susceptibilities were largely different among these Cytotoxicity tests, and the colony formation inhibition test gave similar results to the viability of HL-60 cells. The principle of “cytotcxicity matrix” was developed from the comparison of cytotoxicities for each chemical. The characteristic relation was found between the chemical structure and the pattern of the Cytotoxicity matrix, indicating that the Cytotoxicity matrix may be useful for predicting the origin and nature of micropollutants. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83831685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of the biological self‐purification by chlorophenols, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the complexing agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid","authors":"A. Weßler, U. Obst","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090412","url":null,"abstract":"The determination of enzymatic activities in surface water allows the control of the biological selfpurification as well as being an indicator for microbial degradation of xenobiotics. As for this matter it is a good instrument for controlling alterations in the ecosystem. Inhibition of enzymatic activities (esterases, β-glucosidases, and alanin-aminopeptidases) were analyzed using linear dilution of the water under test, then correlating the resulting enzyme activities of each dilution step and the concentration of the sample. Because of the complex matrix of surface water, chemical analysis of inhibiting substances has been and still is very difficult. A characterization of these substances is therefore only possible by pretreatment of the samples. In order to simulate definite inhibition effects, surface water was spiked with 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol, as well as with the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate and the complex agents ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid. The simulated inhibition effects on the enzyme activities were characterized closely by an additional pretreatment of the water under test. The elimination of the inhibiting substances by adsorption on water-insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone or activated carbon and the reduction of the inhibitory effect on the enzyme activities were investigated. The oxidation of inhibiting chemicals using stripping or treatment with H2O2 was also found to be a reliable method to diminish the inhibitory effects on the enzymatic activities. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82818722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of umu‐fhuA operon fusions to detect genotoxic potential by an antibody—cell surface reaction","authors":"S. Stubner, M. Schloter, G. Moeck, J. Coulton, F. Ahne, A. Hartmann","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090406","url":null,"abstract":"For the environmental monitoring of genotoxic effects of chemicals, a new test system was developed using immunochemical detection of a cell surface reporter protein of Escherichia coli. A umu-fhuA operon fusion was constructed on plasmid pST12, which is inducible via the SOS system by the mutagenic agent methyl-methane-sulfonate (MMS). The expression of the outer membrane protein FhuA as a reporter was detectable on the cell surface with a monoclonal anti-FhuA antibody. Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay tests and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the operon fusion of PST12 led to specific and strong induction of the reporter protein FhuA after genotoxic treatment with MMS. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79316748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residues of total mercury in fish from two small lakes in the biosphere reserve of Schorfheide‐Chorin in Brandenburg, east Germany","authors":"T. Mattheis, M. Pietrock, R. Krüger","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090408","url":null,"abstract":"Total mercury was determined in white trunk muscle of fish from two small lakes using flameless AAS. Both lakes, surrounded by forest and agricultural fields, are situated in the biosphere reserve of Schorfheide-Chorin about 50 km northeast of Berlin. Direct contamination by sewage and industrial waste has been excluded definitively. In the Plunzsee (area 25 ha, depth 10 m, no surface inflow, temporary outflow), 9 of 10 northern pike (Esox lucius) had mean Hg contents of 0.590 mg kg−1 (range 0.509–0.674) and therefore residues distinctly above the “normal level” of 0.2 mg kg−1, which is taken by the World Health Organization (WHO) to characterize fish from uncontaminated inland waters. Four of five roach (Rutilus rutilus) had Hg residues (0.272–0.393 mg kg−1) above the WHO limit, but 4 of 5 bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), a stocked filter-feeder, ranged beneath it. In the Dollnsee (22 ha, 8 m) Hg residues in 28 pike ranged from 0.027 to 0.378 mg kg−1 with a mean of 0.154 mg kg−1. In 10 bream (Abramis brama), these data were 0.016–0.072 mg kg−1 and 0.050 mg kg−1, respectively. Twenty-one roach had mean Hg contents of 0.088 mg kg−1 (range 0.038–0.182). In 8 perch (Perca fluviatilis) and 12 eel (Anguilla anguilla), these data were 0.063 mg kg−1 (0.051–0.090) and 0.073 mg kg−1 (0.008–0.170), respectively. None of the 99 muscle samples exceeded the hygienic mercury limits of the Federal Republic of Germany. A possible Hg load by airborne wet and dry depositions is discussed. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87784485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aquatic field studies in ecotoxicological assessment of hazardous substances","authors":"C. Kussatz","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090405","url":null,"abstract":"The role of field tests for chemical management must not be overestimated. Results obtained from multi species tests in the field indisputably give valuable information on the fate of a substance that facilitates the assessment of results from laboratory tests provided the test design is orientated on the appropriate formulation of question. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000If those investigations are available, they are included in the assessment of substances. These may increase the uncertainty factor, but this can only be a critical case-by-case decision. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The investigations, however, have to satisfy certain minimum requirements: \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000—examination of several test concentrations and untreated controls, proof of a dose–effect relationship, ability to derive the NOEC; \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000—exposure of several taxonomic groups over a longer period; \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000—analytical control of the test concentration during the experiment; \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000—equivalent development of controls, ability to repeat the experiments under different starting conditions; and \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000—use of aquatic ecological parameters as toxicological end points. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Independently of these requirements, the necessity of validation does in principle exist. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83167371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyst‐based ecotoxicological tests using Anostracans: Comparison of two species of Streptocephalus","authors":"A. Crisinei, L. Delaunay, D. Rossel, J. Tarradellas, H. Meyer, H. Saïah, P. Vogel, C. Delisle, C. Blaise","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090411","url":null,"abstract":"Cyst-based ecotoxicological tests are simple and low-cost methods for assessing acute toxicity. Nevertheless, only a few comparative studies on their sensitivity are known. In the present study, the suitability of the use of two freshwater Anostracan species, Streptocephalus rubricaudatus and S. texanus, was assessed. The impact of 16 priority pollutants (4 heavy metals, 11 organic, and 1 organometallic compounds) on these two species, as well as on Artemia salina (Artoxkit M), Daphnia magna (International Organization for Standardization 6341), and S. proboscideus (Streptoxkit F) was assessed. For indicative comparison, bioassays using Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotoxkit F) and Photobacterium phosphoreum (Microtox) were also performed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000For heavy metals (K2Cr2O7, Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+), the sensitivity of the two studied Streptocephalus species was slightly higher than that of D. magna. It was significantly more elevated than for the marine A. salina. For organic and organometallic micropollutants [phenol, 3,5-dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol (PCP), hydroquinone, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, tributylphosphate, dimethylphthalate, atrazine, lindane, malathion, tributyltin chloride (TBT-CI)], the sensitivity of the 4 anostracan species was of the same order of magnitude as that of D. magna. Artemia salina was slightly less sensitive to some organic compounds (PCP, hydroquinone, TBT-CI). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The sensitivity of S. rubricaudatus to organic solvents was low. On the other hand, this anostracan was quite sensitive to NaCI. Thus, its use is restricted to freshwater samples. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The evaluation of global practicability of these two tests confirms that cyst-based freshwater anostracans may be used to perform low-cost tests at a sensitivity comparable to that of D. magna (24 h immobilization test). © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78695180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemosensory responses of ciliates: A sensitive end point in xenobiotic hazard assessment","authors":"W. Pauli, S. Berger, S. Schmitz, L. Jaskulka","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090414","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that ciliates exhibit chemosensory behavior. An assay implementing this response was performed with Tetrahymena thermophila, a well-studied representative of the ciliates. A concentration-dependent avoiding reaction was observed for all substances of the test battery, comprising a heterogeneous set of 43 compounds from the European Inventory of Existing Chemicals. Comparisons were made between toxic data from this chemosensory test and chemical concentrations leading to effects on Tetrahymena growth, and EC values from recommended aquatic toxicity tests. Low correlation coefficients indicate that the chemosensory response reflects chemical interactions, which cannot be adequately explained by these other tests. The chemosensory assay proved to be more sensitive in the majority of cases than the Tetrahymena growth test and standard tests with fish and Daphnia. Tetrahymena is able to recognize and avoid about half the substances at concentrations lower than those effective in the algae growth inhibition test. The behavioral response of Tetrahymena could provide further lexicological information and serve as a complementary sublethal end point for ecotoxicological screening purposes. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82271148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Derivation of water quality objectives for hazardous substances to protect aquatic ecosystems: Single-species test approach","authors":"D. Schudoma","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090403","url":null,"abstract":"Two methodological approaches used to derive quality objectives to protect aquatic communities based on single-species tests will be described. Water quality objectives to protect aquatic life may be derived on the basis of ecotoxicological tests considering toxicity to bacteria, algae, (small) crustaceans, and fish. This spectrum of species comprises representatives of four trophic levels of water biocoenosis. The lowest no observed effect concentration value of the most sensitive specie is reduced by a safety factor (more appropriate: uncertainty factor) to extrapolate a “safe level” for the aquatic ecosystem. An alternative approach is the use of statistical extrapolation methods based on species sensitivity distributions to calculate maxium permissible concentrations. The approach using uncertainty factors will be compared with the approach using species sensitivity distribution to extrapolate safe levels. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74818907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suitability of carboxylated porphyrin profiles as a biochemical indicator in whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent","authors":"Hao Xu, S. Lesage, K. Munkittrick","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090309","url":null,"abstract":"The hepatic carboxylated porphyrin profile was studied in whitefish exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME). The distribution of the porphyrins was different between the samples from the BKME and the reference site, and fish exposed to BKME contained higher amounts of highly carboxylated porphyrins (HOP). The ratios of HCP to protoporphyrin, and coproporphyrin to protoporphyrin, were also significantly different between the two groups. In addition, the cytochrome P-450 activity, liversomatic index, and gonadosomatic index were measured and compared with the prophyrin profile. The results suggest that BKME could inhibit porphyrinogen decarboxylases, and the porphyrin profile is useful as a biochemical indicator for identification of BKME exposure. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88710347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}