Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality最新文献_第10页

Response of laboratory ecosystems to environmental stress: Effect of phenol 实验室生态系统对环境压力的响应:苯酚的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040205

J. Pratt, N. Bowers, B. R. Niederlehner, J. Cairns

{"title":"Response of laboratory ecosystems to environmental stress: Effect of phenol","authors":"J. Pratt, N. Bowers, B. R. Niederlehner, J. Cairns","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040205","url":null,"abstract":"Ecologically realistic laboratory and field simulated ecosystems (microcosms and mesocosms) are playing increasing roles in fate and effect testing of chemicals and mixtures. Controlled ecosystems allow evaluation of toxicant effects on collective and emergent ecosystem properties. Information is needed to evaluate the validity of test system responses, interpretability of results, and cost effectiveness of simulated ecosystem tests. We developed replicate microcosms using periphyton on polyurethane artificial substrates. Source communities were obtained from two ecosystems—a reservoir in Kentucky and a softwater pond in Virginia—and tested for effects of continuous inputs of phenol (up to 30 mg/L) over 21 days. System responses measured included several biomass estimators, net oxygen production, and protozoan species richness. Communities were generally insensitive to phenol input. Primary production in microcosms from both ecosystems was inhibited at phenol concentrations >10 mg/L and chlorophyll a concentrations were also depressed. Other biomass estimators (protein, hexosamine) were not affected or were stimulated at lower (⩽10 mg/L) phenol concentrations. Protozoan species numbers were not affected. Functional shifts in the communities preceded adverse structural effects. Effect levels were similar for both communities, although the more complex community with greater biomass (Kentucky) showed more significant responses than the simpler community (Virginia). Systems showed resistance to phenol levels that were actually toxic in standard single-species tests, suggesting that ecosystems may differ in magnitude and rate of response to some nonpersistent toxicants.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78997698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Influence of metals on oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide fixation, and cytochrome reduction in Nitrobacter Agilis 金属对硝酸杆菌氧吸收、二氧化碳固定和细胞色素还原的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040207

Y. Tsai, O. Tuovinen

{"title":"Influence of metals on oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide fixation, and cytochrome reduction in Nitrobacter Agilis","authors":"Y. Tsai, O. Tuovinen","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040207","url":null,"abstract":"Oxygen uptake coupled with nitrite oxidation by washed cell suspensions of Nitrobacter agilis was tested in the presence of copper, nickel, aluminum, uranyl, and molybdate ions. Copper ion was slightly stimulatory at low concentrations and strongly inhibitory at 17 mM. Molybdate ion showed either slight enhancement or no inhibition at all test concentrations. With the other test ions, inhibition of oxygen uptake was observed. Carbon dioxide fixation was generally more sensitive to metal ions than was oxygen uptake. Cytochrome reduction in washed cells of N. agilis was demonstrated in the presence and absence of metal ions. Cytochrome aa3 and cytochrome a1 (α-peak at 590 nm) were sensitive to aluminum, uranyl, and molybdate ions, whereas cytochrome c (β-peak at 520 nm) was insensitive to test ions. All metal ions inhibited the reduction of cytochrome a1 (γ-peak at 438 nm). This inhibition decreased when the concentration of copper and molybdate was increased to 1.7 mM. Only aluminum and nickel ions demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition of cytochrome a1 (438 nm). The test ions blocked the activity of cytochrome c (α-peak at 550 nm). The inhibition of cytochrome c at 415 nm (γ-peak) was also apparent.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82527510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Influence of sulfooxyanions on oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide fixation, and cytochrome reduction in Nitrobacter agilis 亚硫氧阴离子对硝酸杆菌氧吸收、二氧化碳固定和细胞色素还原的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040208

Y. Tsai, O. Tuovinen

引用次数: 0

Biodegradation of pentachlorophenol and its commercial formulation 五氯酚的生物降解及其工业配方

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040202

Dickson L. S. Liu

{"title":"Biodegradation of pentachlorophenol and its commercial formulation","authors":"Dickson L. S. Liu","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040202","url":null,"abstract":"Biodegradation processes for pentachlorophenol (PCP) and a commercial PCP formulation were evaluated to delineate factors limiting the rate of PCP degradation in the aquatic environment. Analyses of the data on PCP disappearance and chloride ion release, as well as gas chromatography and UV-VIS (ultra-violet and visible spectroscopy) spectra of the fermentor broth strongly indicate that the bacterial culture acted on PCP by completely stripping off all the chloride ions from a molecule of PCP, rather than following the normal pattern of removing only one chloride ion at a time. The haloaromatic ring structure of PCP was completely broken down, and not channeled into the unproductive meta-cleavage pathway. Despite repeated transfers of the bacterial culture, an initial lag phase in PCP biodegradation was apparent in all experiments and was followed by a steady state, nearly linear rate of PCP degradation. Thus in the aquatic environment the biodegradation rate of a persistent contaminant is more likely to be regulated by whether or not this compartment has been previously subjected to a long or continuous exposure to a particular chemical. First-order kinetics alone cannot be used to predict accurately the fate of a persistent chemical in the environment, because of the inability of such a simple equation to accommodate the effects of rate-limiting factors such as the length of adaptation period on the overall biodegradation rate of a contaminant. For this reason, factors that may influence a chemical's biodegradability in the natural environment must be considered in the design of laboratory biodegradation experiments.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90693858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Use of protozoan communities to assess the ecotoxicological hazard of contaminated sediments 利用原生动物群落评价污染沉积物的生态毒理学危害

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040209

M. S. Henebry, P. Ross

{"title":"Use of protozoan communities to assess the ecotoxicological hazard of contaminated sediments","authors":"M. S. Henebry, P. Ross","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040209","url":null,"abstract":"Protozoan communities developed on artificial substrates were used in a series of in situ and laboratory tests to evaluate the toxic potential of harbor sediments contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Colonization dynamics in polluted and clean harbors were compared. Laboratory tests were community bioassays using standard techniques to produce sediment elutriate. Results of the in situ colonization and the community tests measuring structural changes (e.g., “decolonization”) were similar. In general, sediments from the contaminated harbor caused significant (p ⩽ 0.05) reductions in the number of taxa, in total protozoan abundance, and in phototroph abundance; however, the abundance of heterotrophic species increased in some in situ tests. Process-level parameters (e.g., respiration; island-epicenter colonization rates) were more sensitive than measurements of community structure. Phototrophs were more sensitive to sediment elutriate than were other trophic types. The information provided by this series of protozoan community tests is more complex than that provided by single-species bioassays. Although community tests may provide more information on the effects of sediment contamination on actual ecosystems than tests based on single species, they require careful interpretation to avoid misleading conclusions.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78010142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Effects on human health of some toxic cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae) in reservoirs, lakes, and rivers 水库、湖泊和河流中某些有毒蓝藻(蓝绿藻)对人类健康的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040206

I. Falconer

引用次数: 91

Evaluation of seven sediment toxicity tests and their relationships to stream parameters 7项沉积物毒性试验的评价及其与河流参数的关系

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040204

G. A. Burton

引用次数: 15

Isolation, characterization, and physiology of bacteria able to degrade nitrilotriacetate 能够降解三乙酸硝基的细菌的分离、特性和生理

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040104

T. Egli, H. Weilenmann

{"title":"Isolation, characterization, and physiology of bacteria able to degrade nitrilotriacetate","authors":"T. Egli, H. Weilenmann","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2540040104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2540040104","url":null,"abstract":"Until recently, only three obligately aerobic bacteria (affiliated with the genus Pseudo-monas) that can grow with nitrilotriacetate (NTA) as their only source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy have been isolated and studied in pure culture. By employing a different isolation strategy than was used previously, several nonpseudomonads were isolated in pure culture from both soil and wastewater that are able to utilize NTA under aerobic growth conditions. Additionally, a denitrifying bacterium was isolated from river sediment that is able to utilize NTA in the absence of oxygen. These isolates have been characterized with respect to their cell morphology and physiology. The data collected so far do not allow classification of both the gram-negative and the gram-positive strains isolated, and the taxonomic position of the isolates remains obscure. However, properties like C1 utilization, production of acetoin, and nonmotility clearly indicate that the gram-negative strains do not belong to the genus Pseudomonas. Information is presented on the regulation of NTA-metabolizing enzymes in isolate TE 1 suggesting that these enzymes are inducible in this bacterium.","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91431663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

The effects of limiting nutrient to algal toxicity assessment: A theoretical approach 限制营养物对藻类毒性评估的影响:一种理论方法

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040105

Chung‐Yuan Chen

引用次数: 9

A test battery of bacterial toxicity assays and comparison with LD50 values 一种细菌毒性测定和LD50值比较的试验电池

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1989-02-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2540040106

P. Lenz, R. Süssmuth, E. Seibel

引用次数: 10