Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality最新文献

{"title":"THE POTENTIAL OF RAPID ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES AS EARLY WARNING INDICATORS OF WETLAND DEGRADATION : A REVIEW","authors":"R. A. Dam, C. Camilleri, C. Finlayson","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<297::AID-TOX3>3.0.CO;2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<297::AID-TOX3>3.0.CO;2-2","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the need to develop assessment techniques that could provide advanced warning of significant wetland stress or degradation has been recognized. The goal of this paper is to identify rapid, yet realistic and reliable methods for the early detection of pollutant impacts on wetland ecosystems, particularly those in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia. In doing so, it describes the ideal attributes of early warning indicators and their subsequent selection for wetland research. It then evaluates the potential of existing methods of assessment as early warning indicators of wetland degradation due to pollutant impacts. Particular attention is paid to rapid assessment techniques, covering a range of trophic levels and levels of biological organization. Due to a number of favorable characteristics, phytoplankton were considered to be potentially the most promising indicators of wetland degradation, and thus the scope of application of toxicity assessment and monitoring methods warrants further investigation. Rapid toxicity bioassays using invertebrates and vertebrates were also considered to be an essential part of an early detection program for wetlands, while biomarkers represented a promising tool for achieving true “early warning” of potential pollutant impacts. Given further refinement and development, rapid methods of monitoring aquatic community assemblages were also considered potentially useful tools for the early detection of wetland degradation. Finally, to gain effective use from an early warning system for wetlands, its incorporation into an ecological risk assessment framework was recommended. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 297–312, 1998","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"20 1","pages":"297-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86036593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OBSERVATIONS FROM A SIX MONTH STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF BIODEGRADATION PROCESSES IN SEDIMENT ON THE TOXICITY POTENTIAL OF TARGETED CHEMICALS","authors":"B. Dutka, Dickson L. S. Liu, A. Jurkovic, R. Mcinnis, H. Lee, F. Onuska, S. Rao","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<313::AID-TOX4>3.0.CO;2-A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<313::AID-TOX4>3.0.CO;2-A","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"22 1","pages":"313-322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76084702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Derivation of Australian tropical marine water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life from adverse effects of petroleum hydrocarbons","authors":"Y. Tsvetnenko","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<273::AID-TOX1>3.0.CO;2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<273::AID-TOX1>3.0.CO;2-4","url":null,"abstract":"The use of data on the water concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in hazard evaluation for marine biota is hindered by the lack of justified water quality criteria for TPH. Using ecotoxicology data for marine organisms and U.S. EPA guidelines (1985, 1994), numerical criteria for TPH were derived. Acute and chronic toxicity data for marine organisms exposed to water-soluble fractions of oil products were obtained from published materials and the author's investigations. Out of 310 data reviewed and sorted, 82 data for the test temperatures of 20–32°C were selected and analyzed. The genus mean acute values (GMAV) were calculated for 15 animal genera belonging to the phyla Chordata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Annelida. Plant values were obtained for six species of the algae classes Diatom, Chlorophyta and Dinophyta. The GMAVs ranged from 0.2 to 13.1 mg/L TPH. The considerable variability of data was attributed to differences in toxicity test designs. The EC50 values were adjusted by taking into account the fact that average test concentrations drop during courses of static-renewal and static toxicity tests. These adjustments resulted in a GMAV range of 0.2–5.2 mg/L with acceptable intergeneric variability. The final acute value derived as the fifth percentile of the set of 15 GMAVs for animals was in the range of 0.168–0.198 mg/L for the triangular, logistic, and normal distribution models. The advisory water quality criterion (AWQC) derived from these values was 0.007 mg/L. According to the criterion definition, to protect warm water marine organisms from unacceptable effects, an ambient concentration of TPH must not exceed AWQC of 0.007 mg/L. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 273–284, 1998","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"14 1","pages":"273-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73616508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of biomarkers for exposure of fish to eucalypt-based pulp mill effluent and for determination of routes of exposure","authors":"J. Woodworth, B. Munday, D. Campin","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<285::AID-TOX2>3.0.CO;2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<285::AID-TOX2>3.0.CO;2-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"423 1","pages":"285-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77235595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECOTOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATERS IN INDONESIA","authors":"J. Smith, A. Tyler, Z. Sabeur","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<323::AID-TOX5>3.0.CO;2-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2256(1998)13:4<323::AID-TOX5>3.0.CO;2-9","url":null,"abstract":"An ecotoxicological study aimed at deriving practical methods for assessing the impact of complex discharges from offshore facilities has been conducted. The study focused on large volume discharges in the West Java Sea, Indonesia, which exhibit limited mixing in the receiving waters and can form “ponds” of elevated concentration as a result of variable hydrodynamic flows. A number of experiments and analyses have been conducted aimed at characterizing the effluent during the process of degradation. This information has been used to determine likely body residues in test organisms used in 96-h exposure toxicity tests. The data from the toxicity tests have been correlated with the predicted body residues to provide an approach [whole effluent toxicity (WET)] to evaluate likely mortality arising from a complex mixed effluent. This semiempirical approach has been used in an integrated physicochemical transport model where time-varying exposure concentrations can be simulated and the resulting uptake into biota modelled. This permits direct assessment of the risk posed by discharges. The toxicity test results show that, at concentrations of effluent commonly found in the receiving waters, some mortality may be encountered albeit at low levels, probably not exceeding 5%. These results are confirmed by the modelled mortality using the WET approach. The groups of compounds most likely to be contributing to the toxicity include the PAHs and phenols. Contributions from each group vary between different characterized effluents from different facilities. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol Water Qual 13: 323–336, 1998","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"53 26 1","pages":"323-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86198177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxicity of metals toward rainbow trout R1 cell line","authors":"H. Segner, D. Lenz, W. Hanke, G. Schüürmann","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090404","url":null,"abstract":"Cultured fish cells are of potential use in the initial screening of the adverse effects of aquatic pollutants. In the present study, R1 cells, a fibroblast-like cell line derived from liver tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were exposed to 13 metal salts. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the neutral red uptake inhibition test. The rank order of cytotoxicity for the cationic metals was silver > mercury > cadmium > zinc > copper > nickel > lead; for the anionic metal complexes it was arsenite > dichromate > chromate > arsenate > selenite > permanganate > selenate. Metal cytotoxicity toward R1 cells showed close correlation with the cytotoxicity values of metals toward the BF-2 cell line from bluegill sunfish (r = 0.98). For the divalent cations, cytotoxicity correlated well with the physicochemical softness parameter σp (r = 0.93). Correlation coefficients between the in vitro toxicity of cationic metals and their in vivo LC50 data varied for different fish species, with r values from r = 0.64 to r = 0.92. The in vitro cytotoxicity of anionic metal complexes was not related with their acute in vivo toxicity. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"314 1","pages":"273-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75250021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid methods to assess the effects of chemicals on microbial activity in soil","authors":"S. D. Haigh, A. Rennie","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090415","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis and an automated bacterial impedance technique (RABIT) were compared to the Pseudomonas putida growth inhibition assay (PGI) to assess their suitability as rapid methods to screen for effects of chemicals on soil microbial activity. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000RABIT was rapid, was the simplest, and was most convenient of the three methods to perform, but it was an order of magnitude less sensitive to toxicity than FDA or PGI. Further modification of the method may result in a most useful tool for screening purposes. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The FDA hydrolysis method was both simple and rapid to perform. It gave comparable results to the PGI method for 3,5-dichlorophenol and an amphoteric surfactant, but FDA was an order of magnitude more sensitive to the anionic and nonionic and an order of magnitude less sensitive to the cationic surfactants tested. This apparent conflict emphasizes that the toxicity assessment of a chemical in the environment should not rely entirely on inherent toxicity tests. For terrestrial toxicity testing, interactions between chemical and soil should be taken into account in order to predict correctly the chemical's impact on the environment. For example, adsorption of cationics onto soil particles results in significantly higher concentrations of the chemical being needed in vivo to cause a toxic effect than that predicted by inherent toxicity tests. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The use of soil suspensions in the FDA assay, rather than pure cultures of microorganisms, is a more realistic, but still indirect, test of a chemical's toxicity in soil. When the assay is calibrated against a standard method, such as PGI using uncharged reference chemicals, this method can provide a simple and rapid tool to assess the relative effects of chemicals on soil microbial activity. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"61 1","pages":"347-354"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84702921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method to assess the toxicity of pollutants on anaerobic microbial degradation activity in sediments","authors":"A. Remde, W. Traunspurger","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090407","url":null,"abstract":"A method to assess the impact of toxicants on the actual anaerobic microbial degradation activity in sediments is described. Under conditions closely related to in situ, the influence of isoproturon and three of its known metabolites on the actual carbon dioxide release rate and the actual methane production rate was determined. For isoproturon only a slight inhibition ( < 10%) of the methane production rate was observed at concentrations up to 6.25 mg/L. All tested metabolites of isoproturon significantly inhibited the methane production rate (up to 70%) at concentrations of 50–500 μg/L. Complete inhibition of methanogenesis did not affect the anaerobic mineralization rate measured as carbon dioxide release in the investigated sediment. Neither isoproturon nor the tested metabolites affected the carbon dioxide release rate. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"23 1","pages":"293-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85430185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity and genotoxicity enhancement during polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biodegradation","authors":"S. Belkin, M. Stieber, A. Tiehm, F. Frimmel, A. Abeliovich, P. Werner, S. Ulitzur","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090409","url":null,"abstract":"Several laboratory column percolators were operated in order to study the bioremediation potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-contaminated soils. The columns contained either soil artificially amended with specific PAH mixtures or contaminated soil from a site in Karlsruhe, Germany. In all cases, biodegradative processes led to the elimination of the original contaminants. This, however, was accompanied by a marked increase in genotoxic activity of the column effluents as determined by the MutatoxTM assay. Genotoxicity was practically abolished, however, when a surfactant was added to the percolating fluids. While in some cases the changes in genotoxicity were paralleled by toxicity (MicrotoxTM) data, in others the trend was opposite. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000It is concluded that when degradation is incomplete, the potential exists for toxicity and genotoxicity enhancement, with the latter hazard not always predictable by short-term toxicity assays. Routine genotoxicity monitoring is thus advocated for bioremediation projects; the MutatoxTM assay appears to be a convenient tool for this purpose. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"63 1","pages":"303-309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77498690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity assessment and on‐line monitoring: Immunoassays","authors":"B. Hock, T. Giersch, A. Dankwardt, K. Kramer, S. Pullen","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090402","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticides and environmental pollutants are traditionally analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The rigorous drinking water ordinances of various European countries enforce the development of fast screening methods. Immunoassays (IAs) gain growing importance as a screening tool in pesticide residue analysis. Improvements of antibody quality over the last decade has enabled the construction of highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for pesticides with detection limits in the lower ppt range. \u0000 \u0000The feature of an IA depends upon the selectivity and affinity of the antibodies (Ab) applied for these tests. Polyclonal and monoclonal systems can both be used to produce high-quality Ab. The choice of the method depends on the scope and intention for Ab application. \u0000 \u0000Polyclonal antibodies (pAb) may provide excellent reagents for detection systems such as immunoassays. Problems arising from the limited amounts can be overcome to a certain degree by using animals providing larger amounts of sera, e.g., sheep or goats. The pAb, however, are heterogeneous with respect to affinity and analyte recognition. A wide distribution of IAs in residue analysis can profit from the monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology. Apart from the greater expense connected to mAb production, it offers the desired supply of antibodies with defined biological properties during a prolonged period of time. This technique is based on the fusion of antibody-secreting Blymphocytes from immunized mice with myeloma cells. The resulting fusion products (hybridomas) will grow in culture and may continue to secrete Ab. After a careful screening and subcloning process, stable hybridoma cell lines can usually be selected that secrete the desired mAb. \u0000 \u0000All IAs depend upon the measurement of binding site occupancy by the analyte as the common basic principle because the occupancy of Ab binding sites by the analyte reflects the analyte concentration in the medium. Since the binding reaction itself does not produce a signal, a helper reagent or tracer is added in order to estimate Ab occupancy by measuring the tracer signal. Enzyme tracers benefit from signal amplification, because of the catalytic activity of their enzymes. \u0000 \u0000Competitive IAs can be applied for the quantification of pesticides and environmental pollutants. They determine the unoccupied sites and use limiting Ab concentrations. Examples are given for the assay of s-triazines. \u0000 \u0000Cross-reactivities and matrix effects are the most common sources of error. A significant step during the establishment of IAs for routine analyses is validation by independent methods. Interlaboratory tests play a decisive role. Under certain conditions, such as the participation of trained personnel in certified laboratories, IAs represent rapid, relatively simple, and reliable screening procedures, which make a valuable contribution to the analysis of pesticides. \u0000 \u0000A practi","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":"2 1","pages":"243-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76923501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}