Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality最新文献_第3页

Estimation of cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations in estuarine waters using the mussel Mytilus edulis planulatus L. 利用贻贝对河口水域中镉、铅和汞浓度的估计。

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090305

J. G. Fabris, B. Richardson, J. O'Sullivan, F. Brown

引用次数: 39

Removal of influenza A virus, phage T1, and PP7 from fluids with a nylon 0.04‐μM membrane filter 用0.04 μM尼龙膜过滤器从液体中去除甲型流感病毒、噬菌体T1和PP7

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090302

K. Oshima, A. Highsmith, E. Ades

{"title":"Removal of influenza A virus, phage T1, and PP7 from fluids with a nylon 0.04‐μM membrane filter","authors":"K. Oshima, A. Highsmith, E. Ades","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090302","url":null,"abstract":"We tested the ability of a 0.04-μm nylon membrane filter to remove viral agents (influenza A virus, 80–120 nm; phage T1, 50–150 nm; and phage PP7, 25 nm) from the following media: ultrapure water (UPW), Dulbecco's modified Eagle minimum essential medium (DMEM), gelatin phosphate (GP), DMEM with 10% (DMEM-10) fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 100% FBS. When challenged with at least 3.0 × 107 plaque-forming units/mL, no influenza A virus was detected downstream of the filter with any of the fluids tested. The titer reduction (Tr) was determined using the equation: \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000. \u0000 \u0000Higher concentrations of phage T1 were removed from UPW (Tr = 1.6 × 106) and DMEM (Tr = 1.1 × 106) than from GP (Tr = 9.3 × 103), DMEM-10 (Tr = 1.5 × 102), and 100% FBS (Tr = 2.4 × 102). Phage PP7 was removed in significant numbers only in ultrapure water (Tr = 8.5 × 104). The results indicate that adsorption enhanced the titer reduction in fluids containing low levels of protein. The titer reduction in DMEM-10 and 100% FBS may reflect the sieving properties of the 0.04-μm filter. As expected, a much smaller Tr was observed in the filtrate of the 0.2-μm filters, compared to the 0.04 μm filters. In contrast to the 0.04-μm filter, no increase in Tr was detected when the 0.2-μm filters were challenged with virus diluted in UPW compared with virus diluted in GP. These results suggest that the 0.04-μm filter has greater adsorptive properties than the 0.2-μm filter. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81777086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Allium test II: Assessment of a chemical's genotoxic potential by recording aberrations in chromosomes and cell divisions in root tips of Allium cepa L. Allium test II:通过记录Allium cepa L根尖的染色体畸变和细胞分裂来评估化学物质的遗传毒性潜力。

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090311

G. Fiskesjö

引用次数: 68

Effects of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on fungal propagules in freshwater ponds 2,4‐二氯苯氧乙酸对淡水池塘真菌繁殖体的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090308

J. Sherry

{"title":"Effects of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on fungal propagules in freshwater ponds","authors":"J. Sherry","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090308","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of treatments with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on fungal propagules in man-made freshwater ponds was studied as part of a larger investigation into the effects of the herbicide on the ponds' ecology and chemistry. Myriophyllum spicatum was planted in the ponds as a target plant; the ponds were allowed to stabilize before being treated with dimethylamine (DMA) and butoxyethylester derivatives of 2,4-D (1 mg/L). Although the 2,4-D treatments were highly toxic to M. spicatum in the ponds (B. F. Scott et al., 1985a) they did not have a clear effect on fungal propagule levels in either the water column or sediment, which indicates the absence of a primary effect. The mean levels of molds and “total fungi” in both pairs of treated ponds, and of yeasts in the DMA-treated ponds, tended to be depressed relative to the control ponds, for up to 114 days after treatment. That observation was reinforced by plots of the accumulated differences between the treated and control ponds. The differences between the mean fungal levels in the control and treated ponds were erratic, however, and the study's design did not permit a thorough statistical analysis of the data, although a multiple comparison test detected some differences (p < 0.05) between propagule levels, particularly molds, in the treated and control ponds. If real, the trends were probably a result of unidentified secondary effects of the pond treatments. The results imply that applications of 2,4-D to aquatic vegetation at realistic rates do not drastically affect fungal propagule levels in the water column or sediment. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76253424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

The effects of chromium on the growth and activity of a pentachlorophenol‐degrading bacterium 铬对五氯酚降解菌生长和活性的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090306

A. Wall, G. Stratton

引用次数: 9

Rapid toxicity assessment using esterase biomarkers in Brachionus calyciflorus (rotifera) 基于酯酶生物标志物的萼花臂轮虫毒性快速评价

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090303

S. Burbank, T. Snell

{"title":"Rapid toxicity assessment using esterase biomarkers in Brachionus calyciflorus (rotifera)","authors":"S. Burbank, T. Snell","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090303","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed biomarkers of sublethal toxicity in the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus based on the reduction of enzyme activity. Esterase and phospholipase A2 activity was quantified in single rotifers using image analysis and a fluorescence detection system. Esterase activity was localized in the gut and phospholipase A2 activity in the corona of females. Quantitation of enzyme activity demonstrated that toxicant stress reduced activity in a dose-dependent manner. Concentration-response relationships are described for 10 compounds representing a variety of toxicant classes and NOECs are reported. Esterase and phospholipase A2 activities were generally less sensitive end points than reproduction NOECs, but usually were more sensitive than LC50s. Since in vivo enzyme activity can be assessed in 1 h, these biomarkers will be useful where rapid results are important. The cost of performing in vivo enzyme inhibition tests is substantially less than traditional whole animal tests because these require three times more person-hours to execute. Obtaining test animals by hatching cysts, their sensitivity to toxicants, and the rapid results make the rotifer esterase and phospholipase A2 tests good candidates for inclusion in a test battery for rapid toxicity assessment. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78968718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 41

Toxicity potential of a textile dye toward the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum ISU 一种纺织染料对重氮营养蓝藻的毒性潜势

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090304

S. Shukla, G. Gupta

引用次数: 2

Peroxidation levels in Eschericia coli as a potential toxicity marker: Effect of nickel and methyl-parathion 作为潜在毒性标志的大肠杆菌过氧化水平:镍和甲基对硫磷的影响

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1994-08-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090307

M. Espigares, L. Lucadamo, C. Coca, E. Aloj, R. Gálvez

引用次数: 4

Semiautomated fluorometric analysis of nucleic acids in tissue homogenates 组织匀浆中核酸的半自动荧光分析

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090208

D. Nacci, S. Cheer, E. Jackim, Annette Juinio

{"title":"Semiautomated fluorometric analysis of nucleic acids in tissue homogenates","authors":"D. Nacci, S. Cheer, E. Jackim, Annette Juinio","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090208","url":null,"abstract":"This report describes a technique that was developed to provide an efficient and accurate estimation of RNA:DNA ratios. These ratios have been used as an instantaneous measure of recent growth of individual aquatic organisms where morphometrics are not appropriate (e.g., field-collected species) or insufficiently sensitive (e.g., small life stages or species). In this semiautomated, sensitive method, ethidium bromide fluorescence was used to quantitate total nucleic acids in crude homogenates. Individual concentrations of RNA and DNA were determined by differences in fluorescence before and after elimination of RNA by digestion with RNase. Efficiency of the procedure was enhanced using a computer-driven multiwell plate scanning system (CYTOFLUOR, Millipore Corporation1 ) to measure fluorescence at timed intervals and perform data manipulations. Routinely, detection limits of 0.1 μg DNA and 0.4 μg RNA were achieved, allowing the analysis of small, individual organisms. Fluorescence results of split samples were comparable with those obtained using a standard spectro-photometric method to quantitate nucleic acids. Coefficients of variation for replicate samples within an assay (1.6%) and for samples within replicate assays (5.6%) indicated good test reproducibility. Quantitative recoveries of nucleic acid standards spiked into tissue homogenates were generally high, averaging 91.0% for DNA and 119.0% for RNA. Factors affecting the fluorescence of ethidium bromide stained nucleic acids—e.g., nucleic acid source, crude homogenate components, and buffer composition—are discussed relative to assay performance. This method provides a rapid and reliable assessment of individual growth, an important sublethal toxicological end point, that is suitable for both laboratory and field studies. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83075589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Genotoxicity assessment through the Ames test of medicinal plants commonly used in Brazil 通过Ames试验对巴西常用药用植物进行遗传毒性评价

Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality Pub Date : 1994-05-01 DOI: 10.1002/TOX.2530090203

I. Rivera, M. Martins, P. Sanchez, M. Sato, M. S. Coelho, M. Akisue, G. Akisue

{"title":"Genotoxicity assessment through the Ames test of medicinal plants commonly used in Brazil","authors":"I. Rivera, M. Martins, P. Sanchez, M. Sato, M. S. Coelho, M. Akisue, G. Akisue","doi":"10.1002/TOX.2530090203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/TOX.2530090203","url":null,"abstract":"Ten medicinal herbs commonly used as popular medicine in Brazil—Bauhinia forficata L., Bauhinia variegata L., Cymbopogon citratus D.C. Stapf, Echinodorus macrophyllum (Kunth) Micheli, Hidrocotyle asiatica L, Matricaria chamomila L., Pfaffia iresinoides (Kunth) Sprengel, Plaffia paniculata (Martius) Kuntze, Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb, and Solidago microglossa D.C.—were tested for mutagenicity by the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA 97a, TA 98, TA 100, and TA 104 strains, with and without metabolic activation. The genotoxicity assessment of these medicinal plants was performed in aqueous extracts 1:5. Seventy percent of these herbs presented mutagenic effects with at least one of the Ames strains used in this study. Bauhinia variegata L., E. macrophyllum K., and M. chamomilla L. showed no mutagenic activity. The mutagenic effects were detected mainly with the strains TA 98 related to frameshift mutations. The higher mutagenicity ratio was obtained with S. microglossa D.C. (known as arnica-do-Brazil) when TA 98 strain was used with metabolic activation (MR = 6.55) and with TA 97a strain with and without the addition of S9. Medicinal plants are now used by all the segments of the population, more intensively in the last years. These results indicate the need to establish rules to assess the safety of the use of medicinal herbs. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..","PeriodicalId":11824,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology & Water Quality","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88070343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11