Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Development of the fish invitrome for animal-free environmental risk assessment of chemicals.","authors":"Marion Revel, Ksenia Groh, Jessica Bertoli, Mihai-Ovidiu Degeratu, Melanie Fischer, Stephan Fischer, Jarno Hoekman, Barbara Jozef, Roman Li, Sven Lukas Mosimann, Colette Vom Berg, Anže Županič, Bernhard Truffer, Kristin Schirmer","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf028","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the need to reduce animal testing for environmental risk assessment, we aim to develop a fish invitrome, an alternative fish modular framework capable of predicting chemical toxicity in fish without the use of animals. The central module of the framework is the validated RTgill-W1 cell line assay that predicts fish acute toxicity of chemicals (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline 249). Expanding towards prediction of chronic toxicity, the fish invitrome includes two other well-advanced modules for chemical bioaccumulation/biotransformation and inhibition of fish growth. This framework is expected to continuously evolve with the development of modules that predict, for instance, neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. We envisage the fish invitrome framework becoming part of the broader academic field of new approach methodologies (NAMs), where it will remain flexible and open to integration of new developments from research groups around the world. To accelerate the development and uptake of this framework, we strive for transdisciplinarity, integrating both natural and social sciences, along with broader stakeholder interactions. A stepwise socio-technical approach was chosen, where mainstreaming the fish invitrome involves progressive adoption across various ecotoxicological contexts. The framework will be codesigned with stakeholders from academia, industry, and regulatory bodies. Rather than aiming for immediate regulatory acceptance, this approach aims to build trust and familiarity with fish cell line-based testing among stakeholders. By doing so, it encourages broader use of the framework in practical applications while gradually overcoming institutional, cultural, and technical barriers. Additionally, establishing a clear roadmap for mainstreaming the fish invitrome will help identify and address challenges to its uptake, ensuring a smoother transition to nonorganismal testing methodologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2648-2658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143064474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Derivation of transcriptomics-based points of departure for 20 per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances using a larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) reduced transcriptome assay.","authors":"Daniel L Villeneuve, Kendra Bush, Monique Hazemi, John X Hoang, Michelle Le, Brett R Blackwell, Emma Stacy, Kevin M Flynn","doi":"10.1002/etc.5825","DOIUrl":"10.1002/etc.5825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional toxicity testing has been unable to keep pace with the introduction of new chemicals into commerce. Consequently, there are limited or no toxicity data for many chemicals to which fish and wildlife may be exposed. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emblematic of this issue in that ecological hazards of most PFAS remain uncharacterized. The present study employed a high-throughput assay to identify the concentration at which 20 PFAS, with diverse properties, elicited a concerted gene expression response (termed a transcriptomics-based point of departure [tPOD]) in larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas; 5-6 days postfertilization) exposed for 24 h. Based on a reduced transcriptome approach that measured whole-body expression of 1832 genes, the median tPOD for the 20 PFAS tested was 10 µM. Longer-chain carboxylic acids (12-13 C-F); an eight-C-F dialcohol, N-alkyl sulfonamide; and telomer sulfonic acid were among the most potent PFAS, eliciting gene expression responses at concentrations <1 µM. With a few exceptions, larval fathead minnow tPODs were concordant with those based on whole-transcriptome response in human cell lines. However, larval fathead minnow tPODs were often greater than those for Daphnia magna exposed to the same PFAS. The tPODs overlapped concentrations at which other sublethal effects have been reported in fish (available for 10 PFAS). Nonetheless, fathead minnow tPODs were orders of magnitude higher than aqueous PFAS concentrations detected in tributaries of the North American Great Lakes, suggesting a substantial margin of safety. Overall, results broadly support the use of a fathead minnow larval transcriptomics assay to derive screening-level potency estimates for use in ecological risk-based prioritization.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2455-2469"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139982709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptomics-based points of departure for Daphnia magna exposed to 18 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.","authors":"Daniel L Villeneuve, Brett R Blackwell, Kendra Bush, Joshua Harrill, Felix Harris, Monique Hazemi, Michelle Le, Emma Stacy, Kevin M Flynn","doi":"10.1002/etc.5838","DOIUrl":"10.1002/etc.5838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a large group of contaminants of concern based on their widespread use, environmental persistence, and potential toxicity. Many traditional models for estimating toxicity, bioaccumulation, and other toxicological properties are not well suited for PFAS. Consequently, there is a need to generate hazard information for PFAS in an efficient and cost-effective manner. In the present study, Daphnia magna were exposed to multiple concentrations of 22 different PFAS for 24 h in a 96-well plate format. Following exposure, whole-body RNA was extracted and extracts, each representing five exposed individuals, were subjected to RNA sequencing. Following analytical measurements to verify PFAS exposure concentrations and quality control on processed cDNA libraries for sequencing, concentration-response modeling was applied to the data sets for 18 of the tested compounds, and the concentration at which a concerted molecular response occurred (transcriptomic point of departure; tPOD) was calculated. The tPODs, based on measured concentrations of PFAS, generally ranged from 0.03 to 0.58 µM (9.9-350 µg/L; interquartile range). In most cases, these concentrations were two orders of magnitude lower than similarly calculated tPODs for human cell lines exposed to PFAS. They were also lower than apical effect concentrations reported for seven PFAS for which some crustacean or invertebrate toxicity data were available, although there were a few exceptions. Despite being lower than most other available hazard benchmarks, D. magna tPODs were, on average, four orders of magnitude greater than the maximum aqueous concentrations of PFAS measured in Great Lakes tributaries. Overall, this high-throughput transcriptomics assay with D. magna holds promise as a component of a tiered hazard evaluation strategy employing new approach methodologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2470-2484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140048979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental reporting of fish transcriptomic responses in environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology.","authors":"Laura M Langan, Camille G Baettig, Alexander R Cole, Lea Lovin, Kendall Scarlett, Adam R Wronski, Megan E O'Brien, Yesmeena Shmaitelly, Bryan W Brooks","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgae077","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgae077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to its increasing affordability and efforts to understand transcriptional responses of organisms to biotic and abiotic stimuli, transcriptomics has become an important tool with significant impact on toxicological investigations and hazard and risk assessments, especially during development and application of new approach methodologies (NAMs). Data generated using transcriptomic methodologies have directly informed adverse outcome pathway frameworks, chemical and biological read across, and aided in the identification of points of departure. Using data reporting frameworks for transcriptomics data offers improved transparency and reproducibility of research and an opportunity to identify barriers to adoption of these NAMs, especially in environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology with aquatic models. Improved reporting also allows for reexamination of existing data, limiting needs for experiment replication and further reducing animal experimentation. Here, we use a standardized form of data reporting for omics-based studies, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development omics reporting framework, which specifically reports on a list of parameters that should be included in transcriptomics studies used in a regulatory context. We focused specifically on fish studies using RNA- Sequencing (Seq)/microarray technologies within a toxicology context. Inconsistencies in reporting and methodologies among the experimental designs (toxicology vs. molecular characterization) were observed in addition to foundational differences in reporting of sample concentration or preparation or quality assessments, which can affect reproducibility and read across, confidence in results, and contribute substantially to understanding molecular mechanisms of toxicants and toxins. Our findings present an opportunity for improved research reporting. We also provide several recommendations as logical steps to reduce barriers to adoption of transcriptomics within environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2580-2598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12394885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143448591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing adverse outcome pathways to support radioecological risk assessment: challenges and insights.","authors":"Elizabeth Dufourcq Sekatcheff, Loïc Quevarec, Marie-Laure Delignette-Muller, Clément Car, Jean-Marc Bonzom, Rodolphe Gilbin, Knut-Erik Tollefsen, Olivier Armant, Sandrine Frelon","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf031","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental pollution associated with long-term effects, especially in the case of ionizing radiation, poses significant risks to wildlife, necessitating a more nuanced approach to Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA). In radioecology, current methods, as outlined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, focus primarily on exposure and individual/population-level effects, often both suffering a lack of ecological realism due to the nature of the data used and sidelining a large amount of critical nonindividual effects such as sub-individual ones like genotoxicity. This review aims to address these gaps by suggesting the integration of New Approach Methods (NAMs) and the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework in the field of radioecology. New Approach Methods encompass innovative techniques, such as in silico and in vitro methodologies, that can provide predictive insights without relying solely on traditional animal testing. The AOP framework, developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, structures effects data into a sequence of causally linked events, enabling a clearer understanding of how molecular changes lead to adverse ecological outcomes. In the first section of the review, we explore the challenges of applying AOPs within radioecology, including the complexities of modeling realistic exposure scenarios, the temporal dynamics of effects, and the impacts of multiple stressors. The second section highlights the potential and the application of some NAMs within an AOP framework to contribute improving risk assessment methodologies (in the species realism issue and the use of sub-individual data). This part also offers other potential solutions to increase the number of data to be used in ERA as well as their ecological realism, through the use of AOP frameworks with relevant biological scales and ecological endpoints still uninvestigated in such a way. In conclusion, leveraging NAMs and AOPs is very valuable for bridging molecular data and ecological implications, thereby advancing regulatory practices in radioecology and ensuring more comprehensive protection of ecosystems from radiological hazards.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2414-2437"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143051986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of in vitro transcriptomic points of departure with fish acute and chronic toxicity values: a case study of rainbow trout cells exposed to pesticides.","authors":"Sophie Emberley-Korkmaz, Krittika Mittal, Ke Xu, Jessica Head, Niladri Basu","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf017","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is growing interest in transcriptomic points of departure (tPOD) values from in vitro experiments as an alternative to animal test method. The study objective was to calculate tPODs in rainbow trout gill cells (RTgill-W1 following Organisation for Economic Co-operaon and Development [OECD] 249) exposed to pesticides, and to evaluate how these values compare to fish acute and chronic toxicity data. Cells were exposed to one fungicide (chlorothalonil), 10 herbicides (atrazine, glyphosate, imazethapyr, metolachlor, diquat, s-metolachlor, aminomethylphosphonic acid, dicamba, dimethenamid-P, metribuzin), eight insecticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, permethrin, carbaryl, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole), and OECD 249 positive control 3,4-dichloroaniline. Pesticide concentrations in wells were modeled with IV-MBM EQP Ver. 2.1. Sequencing libraries were prepared with UPXome, and tPODs calculated with ExpressAnalyst. The method identified 14,449 unique genes, with 1,115 genes having >5 counts in the 576 samples sequenced. For all chemicals, tPODs were derived, and tPOD mode values ranged from 0.0004 to 125 µM with an average of 36 µM. There were significant correlations between tPOD mode values (x-value) and median effect concentrations from RTgill-W1 cells (y = 0.92x + 1.2, R2 = 0.9, p < 0.00001; n = 11), rainbow trout acute toxicity median lethal concentrations (y = 0.81x + 0.8, R2 = 0.63, p < 0.0001; n = 20), fish chronic sublethal effect concentrations (y = 0.53x - 0.2, R2 = 0.4, p = 0.009; n = 16), and fish chronic lethal effect concentrations (y = 0.64x - 0.023, R2 = 0.59, p = 0.0013; n = 14). Bland-Altman plot analyses of these comparisons also showed good agreement. Pathway-level benchmark doses were calculated when statistical requirements were met, and only possible for four pesticides. These findings support the notion that tPODs from short-term in vitro studies may be comparable to effect concentration data from in vivo studies of fish exposed for chronic durations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2622-2634"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"xeredar: An open-source R package for the statistical analysis of endocrine new approach methodologies using fish and amphibian eleutheroembryos.","authors":"Inka Marie Spyridonov, Lijuan Yan, Eduard Szöcs, Ana Filipa Pereira Miranda, Carsten Lange, Andrew Tindall, David Du Pasquier, Gregory Lemkine, Lennart Weltje, Maike Habekost, Pernille Thorbek","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf056","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The experimental design of new approach methodologies (NAMs) might deviate from common ecotoxicological studies, often requiring tailored statistical approaches. For instance, in NAMs developed for the detection of endocrine activity using aquatic vertebrate eleutheroembryos (Xenopus eleutheroembryonic thyroid assay [XETA], rapid androgen disruption activity reporter [RADAR] assay and rapid estrogen activity in vivo [REACTIV] assay), all concentration groups are nested within three independent study repeats, named 'runs' in the relevant test guidelines. Here, runs are referred to as replicates to emphasize their role as the repeated, independent entity. By contrast, for most other ecotoxicological studies, the replicates are nested in the concentration groups. This leads to a different dependency structure for XETA, RADAR, and REACTIV assays. Disregarding this violates the basic statistical requirement for independence of observations potentially leading to incorrect conclusions. Unfortunately, in the statistical sections of the test guidelines of the XETA, RADAR and REACTIV assays, it is not clearly recommended to regard this dependency structure, as statistical recommendations using a mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) are provided only in the annexes. Here, we present xeredar, an open-source R package allowing automated statistical analysis of XETA, RADAR, and REACTIV assays where the dependency structure of the data is correctly regarded through a mixed ANOVA. The xeredar package was validated on 36 XETA ring test studies and further tested on 41 RADAR ring test studies. A power analysis was carried out for the REACTIV assay, demonstrating that ignoring the dependency structure potentially leads to lower power and an increased false-positive rate compared with the mixed ANOVA approach. The open-source R package xeredar also comes with a Shiny application, making it accessible to everyone and thereby enhancing standardization and reproducibility for the statistical analyses of XETA, RADAR, and REACTIV assays.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2673-2686"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143556240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Daphnids can safeguard the use of alternative bioassays to the acute fish toxicity test: a focus on neurotoxicity.","authors":"Christoph Schür, Martin Paparella, Christopher Faßbender, Gilly Stoddart, Marco Baity Jesi, Kristin Schirmer","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf014","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assessment of potential impacts of chemicals on the environment traditionally involves regulatory standard data requirements for acute aquatic toxicity testing using algae, daphnids, and fish (e.g., Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] test guidelines 201, 202, and 203, respectively), representing different trophic levels. In line with the societal goal to replace or reduce vertebrate animal testing, alternative bioassays were developed to replace testing with fish: the fish cell line RTgill-W1 acute toxicity assay (OECD test guideline 249) and the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity test (zFET, OECD test guideline 236). However, previous studies revealed the lower sensitivity of the RTgill-W1 cell line assay and zFET for some neurotoxic chemicals and allyl alcohol, which is presumably biotransformed in fish to the more toxic acrolein (which is predicted well through the cell line assay). To provide an additional alternative to acute fish toxicity, in this study we analyzed historic ecotoxicity data for fish and daphnids from the EnviroTox Database. We found a considerable variability in acute fish median lethal concentration and acute daphnids median effect concentration values, particularly for neurotoxic chemicals. Comparing sensitivity of these taxonomic groups according to different neurotoxicity classification schemes indicates that fish rarely represent the most sensitive trophic level of the two. Exceptions here most prominently include a few cyclodiene compounds, which are no longer marketed, and a chemical group that could be identified through structural alerts. Moreover, daphnids are more sensitive than fish to acrolein. This analysis highlights the potential of the Daphnia acute toxicity test, which is usually a standard regulatory data requirement, in safeguarding the environmental protection level provided by the RTgill-W1 cell line assay and the zFET. This research, rooted in decades of efforts to replace the fish acute toxicity test, shifts the focus from predicting fish toxicity one-to-one to emphasizing the protectiveness of alternative methods, paving the way for further eliminating vertebrate tests in environmental toxicology.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"2635-2647"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143002385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined ivermectin and spinosad effects on sepsid flies.","authors":"Natalia Gourgoulianni, Wolf U Blanckenhorn, Daniel González-Tokman","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human-generated pollutants can act in combination to affect the dynamics of non-target beneficial insect populations. Here we simulated a natural scenario by exposing five closely related species of temperate sepsid dung flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) to realistically low concentrations of the parasiticide ivermectin during their larval growth stage, and subsequently to the widely used insecticide spinosad during their adult stage. We evaluated the effects of combined pesticides on several life-history traits associated with organismal fitness. The clearest effect of the combined contaminants across all species was a delay of the egg laying onset, although the most severe effects were observed as dramatic reductions in offspring number in various treatment combinations. As the strongest negative effects of both contaminants in combination were not necessarily at the highest pesticide concentrations, explanations for these non-monotonic dose-responses, including hormesis, are provided. Our results suggest that multiple pesticides released in the environment can interact in different ways to affect insects in agricultural landscapes, with consequences for population dynamics and ecosystem functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Boundary Layer Theory to Improve the Accuracy of Air Release Factors Used in Environmental Exposure Estimations.","authors":"Yves Verhaegen, Mark R Wiesner","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A realistic release estimation is key when assessing whether the use of a chemical can be considered as environmentally safe. For practically all industrial, professional and consumer use patterns, air emission measurements are absent or available for only 1 or, at best, a handful of volatile chemicals. When using such empirical data in the release estimation of other chemicals, environmental risks will be underpredicted for more volatile chemicals or unnecessarily overpredicted for less volatile chemicals. This short communication describes a pragmatic method to extrapolate release rates between chemicals with different physico-chemical properties used in similar conditions. The method is based on boundary layer theory and confirmed with empirical data. It is applicable to evaporative release from liquids and (semi-)solids. To demonstrate its value and ease-of-use in improving environmental risk assessments, the method was used to generate vapor pressure specific air release factors for hydrocarbons used as industrial laboratory reagents.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}