Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Aquatic Risk of Fragrance Materials: Advancing Prioritization in Aquatic Systems.","authors":"Aurelia Lapczynski, Heather Summers, Christopher Stevens, Paul DeLeo","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For more than two decades, the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) has been at the forefront of conducting environmental risk screening assessments, helping to ensure the safe use of all fragrance materials with reported use in consumer and commercial products. Salvito et al. (2002) introduced a tiered framework for prioritizing fragrance materials that enter aquatic systems via down-the-drain disposal in the United States and Europe. Given the global use of fragrance materials, there is a growing need to update the framework to better represent the environmental risk screening across additional geographic regions. This paper describes an update to the framework that applies global exposure data, as well as advances in predictive tools for ecological hazard assessment and environmental fate models. We integrate advanced methods for predicting environmental concentrations of fragrance materials in wastewater and surface water by using modern wastewater treatment plant fugacity models and accounting for abiotic and biotic loss mechanisms. To rapidly screen low-volume and low-toxicity chemicals using a data-driven approach, we apply an ecological threshold of concern in the initial tiers of the framework. In combination, these practices yield a broadly applicable, efficient, yet conservative framework for prioritizing fragrance materials for additional data gathering. This framework will enable RIFM and manufacturers and suppliers of fragrance materials to support science-based decisions on fragrance material environmental safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control Performance of the Extended Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay with the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis.","authors":"Katherine K Coady, Zhenglei Gao, Laurent Lagadic, Allen W Olmstead, Joseph Marini, Amy Snow, Katherine Urann, Suzanne Schneider, Jeff Wolf","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (AMA) was established as a standardized guideline test with the primary purpose of evaluating test materials for potential endocrine activity in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid axis of developing African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). The Extended Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (EAMA) is similar to the AMA with a key difference in that the EAMA terminates at a fixed developmental stage (ie Nieuwkoop and Faber (NF) stage 62) rather than at a fixed exposure time of the AMA (ie, 21-days). This paper summarizes the control data at NF stage 62 for a total of seventeen EAMAs conducted at two different laboratories. EAMA termination endpoints including wet body weight, snout-to-vent length, hind limb length, normalized hind limb length, and thyroid histopathology as well as the time to reach NF stage 62 are summarized. The endpoints in the EAMA exhibited lesser variability in comparison to endpoints collected at termination (day 21) in the AMA. Regression analyses were conducted for continuous endpoints taken at the termination of the EAMA. Wet body weight vs. snout-vent length showed the highest average coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.71. Time to NF stage 62 was generally less correlated to morphometric endpoints (R2 ≤0.40), which may reflect plasticity of amphibian metamorphosis. Histopathological investigations of thyroid glands indicate that mild and moderate follicular cell hypertrophy and mild follicular cell hyperplasia occur regularly as a part of normal development among NF stage 62 control tadpoles. In summary, the control performance of seventeen EAMAs indicates a robust baseline that can be used to refine the performance criteria and aid in the interpretation of the results of future fixed stage test designs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Priority setting for chemicals, waste and pollution: a risk-based strategy for environmental and human health protection.","authors":"Michelle C Bloor, Stijn Baken, Adriana C Bejarano, Tarryn L Botha, Michelle Embry, Todd Gouin, Darren Koppel, Lorraine Maltby, Amanda Reichelt-Brushett, Helena Silva de Assis","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemicals provide numerous benefits that support and improve the health and welfare of humans and the environment in a wide range of applications. The environmental release of chemicals, however, can result in risks to humans and the environment. Minimizing and eliminating chemical pollution should thus represent an important goal for all stakeholders and rights holders. Recognizing the global concerns associated with chemical pollution, in 2022 the United Nations Environmental Assembly 5.2. approved the adoption of resolution 5/8, declaring that a science-policy panel should be established to contribute further to the sound management of chemicals and waste, and to prevent pollution. Three years later, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel for Chemicals, Waste and Pollution (ISPCWP) was established on the 20th June 2025 at an Intergovernmental Meeting in Punta de Este, Uruguay. A globally harmonized approach and collective international effort can maximize the value of existing national efforts, overcome regional disadvantages related to socioeconomic and geopolitical factors, and fast-track international responses to emerging and legacy chemicals and waste issues. The mission of the ISPCWP will only be achieved with multi-stakeholder and rights owner engagement, a robust scientific foundation, and the sound implementation of policies. A conceptual framework is presented that supports a risk-based prioritization of issues and actions for environmental and human health protection. It is proposed that the conceptual framework provides a tool that can be adopted to support science-based prioritization, and which can facilitate transparency with respect to the decision-making process of the ISPCWP's work programme.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of POPs and Remediation Proposal at a Former Pesticide Plant in Salamanca, Mexico.","authors":"Israel Castro Ramírez, Elizabeth Ramírez Mosqueda, Glenda Edith Cea Barcia, Diana Olivia Rocha Amador, Graciela Ma de la Luz Ruiz Aguilar, Francisco Daniel Ramos Patlán, Rogelio Costilla Salazar","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Salamanca, Mexico, a point source of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) has been identified in an area previously occupied by the Tekchem industrial plant, which was formerly dedicated to the production and marketing of agrochemicals. This study aimed to develop a strategy to reduce the concentration of 13 POPs found in soil. The compounds studied were: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, 2,4'-dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane (2,4'DDD), 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (4,4'DDD), 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (4,4'DDE), 2,4'-dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (2,4'DDT), and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (4,4'DDT). Additionally, to support the possible source distribution of POPs, a characterization of their presence in plasma from free-ranging dogs was conducted. The analyzed plasma samples revealed average concentrations of 4,4'DDT (92.20 ng/glipid), 4,4' DDD (124.11 ng/glipid), and 4,4'DDE (149.64 ng/glipid), indicating that the area occupied by Tekchem plant is a source point of DDT compounds, which are bioavailable, suggesting a possible exposure to environmental. Remediation strategy involved the use of molasses and ZVI (Zero-Valent iron) at three different concentrations in subsurface extracted soil (up to 30 cm deep). This soil was homogenized and characterized, initially showing a concentration of ∑POPs of 6,078.34 mg/kg; the 4,4'DDT concentration is particularly noteworthy at 4,200 mg/kg. Remediation treatment results demonstrated that the 1% ZVI (w/w) application achieved a maximum reduction of ∑POPs by 96.45%. However, statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the treatments applied. Although differences were noted when comparing the treatments to the control group and among the individual treatments, the conclusion suggests that selecting a specific agent for reducing POPs at the study site should be guided by a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Different concentrations of the insecticide thiamethoxam affects the midgut, behavior and causes oxidative stress in the stingless bee Partamona helleri Friese, 1900 (Hymenoptera: Meliponini).","authors":"João Victor de Oliveira Motta, Davy Soares Gomes, João Paulo Pimentel de Oliveira Cruz, Millena Cristhina Dias Correia, Daniel Silva Sena Bastos, Leandro Licursi de Oliveira, José Eduardo Serrão","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approximately 30% of global food production relies on crops that depend on pollinators. In the Neotropics, Meliponini bees are generalist pollinators, contributing to the pollination of up to 90% of native flora. Partamona helleri is a eusocial stingless bee that plays a crucial role in pollinating several economically significant plants. However, various factors, particularly exposure to insecticides, are driving the population decline of these insects. Thiamethoxam is a neurotoxic neonicotinoid that acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors but can also affect other organs, such as the midgut, through ingestion. This study assessed the effects of acute oral exposure to thiamethoxam on the behavior, midgut, and oxidative stress of P. helleri workers. The bees were orally exposed for 72 hr to sublethal concentrations (LC) of thiamethoxam corresponding to LC5 and LC50. The results revealed that thiamethoxam exposure altered the bees' behavior, affecting their traveled distance and meandering activity. Additionally, the insecticide caused histopathological alterations in the midgut epithelium of workers, including cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear pyknosis, and release of cell fragments to the gut lumen secretion. Both LC5 and LC50 concentrations induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by changes in detoxification enzyme activity and antioxidant markers. These findings indicate that sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam negatively impact P. helleri workers, potentially compromising individual survival and colony health.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144947318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of the RTgill-W1 assay for commercial testing applications.","authors":"Jack Salole, Lisa N Taylor, Joanna Y Wilson","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf208","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf208","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The RTgill-W1 in vitro assay is a new approach method designed as an alternative to one of the most widely used toxicity tests globally, the fish acute lethality test. The RTgill-W1 assay is standardized (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; International Organisation of Standardization) but the test conditions could be optimized to allow for higher throughput, better replication, and lower costs. This study explores potential optimizations regarding the culturing conditions, plate format, and reference toxicant testing to make the RTgill-W1 assay more practical for widespread implementation. We demonstrate that the RTgill-W1 culture can be routinely split 1:3 without impacting test sensitivity (p = 0.207 to 0.612), which allows all work to be contained to a standard 5-day work week and 1.3x more tests over the current test methods. The test can adopt a 96-well plate format without impacting sensitivity (p = 0.672 to 0.889), dramatically improving the replication of the exposure wells and test controls and generating test data from a single plate. The fluorescent signal does not bleed across the smaller wells in the 96-well format to impact test endpoints (p = 0.465 to > 0.999). The reference toxicity test concentrations can be modified to increase confidence in the point estimate (EC50), allowing for more effective monitoring of assay performance. These optimizations improve the practicality and decrease the costs of the RTgill-W1 assay, which is particularly desirable for implementation in commercial and government laboratories that conduct regulatory toxicity testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144882479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification and risk assessment of phthalate leachate from single-use consumer plastics using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME)-GC/MS.","authors":"Zachery A Kasuske, Andrea C Medrano, Frank B Green, Paola A Prada-Tiedemann, Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phthalates are high production synthetic compounds primarily used as plasticizers in plastic products to help with manufactured substance flexibility, pliability, and reduce environmental degradation. Phthalates have been detected in various manufactured goods ranging from food packaging to personal care products to water bottles. Unfortunately, recent studies have shown evidence of endocrine disruption and adverse effects upon reproductive systems following phthalate exposure in both males and females. This study aimed to quantify phthalate residues that leached from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into drinking water over a 35-d period placed either in an indoor UV chamber or outside. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) coupled with direct immersion solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers, the highest total phthalate concentration in bottles exposed indoors was 451 ± 366.5 µg/L with butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) concentrations being the highest individual concentration (297.6 ± 284.3 µg/L). In the outdoor exposure group, the highest total phthalate concentration was 546.7 ± 217.5 µg/L, with BBP being at the highest concentration (395.4 ± 189.3 µg/L). A subsequent risk assessment was conducted quantifying the risk associated with adults consuming leachate found in bottled water in various countries across North America, Asia, and Europe. Using standard reference values and experimental values expressed here, it was found that there was no calculated risk associated with consuming this bottled water.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144872059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecotoxicological Implications of Environmental Contaminants on Disease Vectors: Challenges in Risk Assessment and Strategies for Integrated Vector Management.","authors":"Ebrahim Abbasi","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial pollutants exert profound effects on the biology, behavior, and ecology of disease vectors, especially Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. These effects complicate control strategies and enhance the risk of insecticide resistance, thereby influencing the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on how pollutants alter vector development, survival, reproduction, and host-seeking behaviors, often in synergy with insecticide exposure. Notably, sub-lethal contaminant levels induce enzymatic and genetic resistance mechanisms, including overexpression of cytochrome P450s and kdr mutations. Current ecotoxicological risk assessment models fail to adequately account for multi-stressor environments or the unique characteristics of vector habitats. Integrated Vector Management (IVM) is presented as a holistic approach that combines biological control, chemical reduction, community engagement, and environmental safety measures. However, its effectiveness depends on strong governance, consistent monitoring, and interdisciplinary collaboration. This review emphasizes the need for refined, context-specific risk assessments and adaptive vector control strategies that account for the complex ecological interactions between pollutants and disease vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employing Site-Specific Sediment Toxicity Tests to Develop Remediation Goals for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at a Manufactured Gas Plant Site.","authors":"Susan Kane Driscoll, Sean Ryan, Abigail Small, Frank Dombrowski","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of the use of site-specific sediment toxicity data as a line of evidence for development of preliminary remediation goals (PRGs) for the protection of the community of benthic invertebrates in sediments of the Upper Fox River adjacent to the former Oshkosh, WI manufactured gas plant (MGP). Standard 28-d laboratory toxicity tests with the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca, were conducted. Various exposure metrics were examined to determine which metrics were the best predictor of toxicity. Metrics included concentrations of TPAH13 and TPAH34 in sediment (with and without normalization to organic carbon), toxic units (TU) estimated from concentrations of 34 PAHs measured in sediment, and TU estimated from 34 PAHs measured in porewater using passive samplers (with and without the addition of organoclay to avoid fouling of passive samplers). Exposure-response models were used to evaluate the relationships between the various exposure metrics and toxicological responses. All of the exposure metrics provided relatively good fits of models to data and were used to calculate effect concentrations (EC20) predicted to cause 20% reduction in the endpoint (e.g., survival and biomass). The EC20 value of 119 mg/kg TPAH13 was selected for future use as a conservative and protective line of evidence to describe the nature and extent of MGP impacts at the Site. The integrated approach outlined in this study presents a scientifically defensible method for establishing site-specific remediation goals that are protective of benthic communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144844978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence, potential sources and ecological risk of current-use pesticides in mangrove sediments from South China.","authors":"Ruotong Wu, Siman Liu, Yaoping Wang, Huizhen Li, Jing You","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mangrove forests act as sinks for contaminants carried by inland runoff, while the occurrence and potential ecological risk of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in mangrove sediments are limitedly known. In this study, 75 of pesticides (including 57 insecticides, 13 herbicides and 5 fungicides) were analyzed in 38 mangrove sediments from urban, agricultural, and aquicultural areas in Zhanjiang, China. The total pesticide concentrations in sediments ranged from 4.55 to 364 ng/g dry weight (dw) (mean ± standard deviation: 68.1 ± 67.3 ng/g dw), with insecticides dominating at 96%. Among the regions, mangrove sediments from urban areas exhibited the highest pesticide concentrations. Legacy organochlorines were identified as the predominant insecticides, accounting for 65% of the total insecticide concentrations. Pyrethroids were the most abundant CUPs, accounting for 79% of the total concentrations of current-use insecticides on average. The spatial distribution of pesticide categories varied across functional regions, reflecting different sources and land-use influences. Tetramethrin, a pyrethroid, posed a high risk to benthic organisms in mangrove sediments, with risk quotients exceeding 10. Some neonicotinoids, organophosphates, and herbicides presented medium ecological risks, although the majority of pesticides (69%) showed low risk. Despite lower concentrations of CUPs compared to legacy organochlorines, the ecological risks posed by CUPs in mangrove sediments cannot be ignored, underscoring the need for further risk assessment focused on benthic organisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144844979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}