Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Influence of drainage infrastructure and land use on microplastic contamination in urban watersheds.","authors":"Brittanie L Dabney, Donna R Kashian","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf092","DOIUrl":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stormwater runoff is a significant source of microplastic (MP) contamination in tributaries. However, the role of drainage infrastructure (e.g. surface drains and pipes) and land use in the transport of MPs into freshwater systems is largely unknown. Here, we quantify and compare MP concentrations deposited below surface drains and pipe stormwater outfalls in two distinct urban watersheds: one characterized by agricultural and forested land cover, and the other dominated by residential and commercial development. We compared MP morphologies and abundances upstream and downstream of 20 stormwater outfalls to determine the influence of outfall type on MP accumulation. Three surface water and sediment samples were collected at each sampling location along with measurements of chemical and physical water quality parameters. Microplastics were identified using Nile Red staining, a rapid and effective screening technique suitable for large-scale environmental assessments while minimizing resource-intensive analyses. Fragments were the most abundant MP morphology and were the primary form driving differences in total MP concentrations among the sites. Flow velocity had the greatest impact on plastic concentrations in the sediment, and the accumulation of MPs in surface water increased as water depth decreased. The highest MP concentrations were found at pipe outfalls in both surface water and sediment compared with surface drains. The watershed with more agricultural and forested landcover had higher MP concentrations downstream of both types of drainage infrastructure than the more developed urban watersheds. These findings highlight the importance of considering both land use characteristics and drainage infrastructure when assessing MP input into freshwater systems, providing valuable insights for decision-making on monitoring, retention, and remediation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1785-1796"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12207011/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143802722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of microplastics on soil organisms.","authors":"Sara Martínez-Pérez, Theresa Schell, Daniel Franco, Sam van Loon, Paula E Redondo-Hasselerharm, Virtudes Martínez-Hernández, Cornelis A M van Gestel, Andreu Rico","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil ecosystems are considered important sinks for microplastics (MPs). However, the effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of MPs on soil organisms have rarely been assessed. This study aimed to evaluate the chronic effects of a mixture of MPs on two model soil organisms, the earthworm Eisenia andrei and the springtail Folsomia candida. The MP mixture was composed of polymers and shapes frequently found in agricultural soils amended with sewage sludge, including HDPE and PP fragments, and PES fibres. The organisms were exposed in LUFA 2.2 soil to MP concentrations of 0-1% dry soil for E. andrei, and 0-5% for F. candida. This study shows that particle ingestion by E. andrei was proportional to MP exposure levels, and the size distribution taken up was similar to that observed in the exposure medium, suggesting non-selective uptake behaviour. In contrast, very low ingestion levels of MPs were found for F. candida, even at the highest test concentration. No significant effects were found on survival, growth or reproduction of E. andrei. However, significant adverse effects were found on the reproductive output (number of juveniles) and juvenile dry weight for F. candida, with a reduction of approximately 30% in both endpoints at the highest test concentration, and calculated NOECs of 0.4% and 1%, respectively. These adverse effects may have been caused by changes in soil properties, mobility reduction, and/or the presence of plastic additives, instead of MP uptake. The comparison of MP exposure concentrations in soils obtained from the literature with the threshold concentrations derived for F. candida indicates insignificant environmental risks at current exposure levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144539604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refining the use of stream biofilms as a pesticide monitoring tool: impact of sample processing and periphytometer replication on detection accuracy.","authors":"Moira M Ijzerman, Gab B Izma, Yaryna Kudla, Jacob Gawronski, Ryan Rosniak, Tyler Black, Nicholas V Letwin, Melanie Raby, Paul K Sibley, Ryan S Prosser","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate characterization of pesticide exposure is critical for assessing risks to aquatic ecosystems. However, pesticide concentrations in surface waters are highly variable and often missed by traditional grab sampling methods, which typically fail to capture transient peaks and hydrophobic compounds that partition into non-water matrices. Time-integrated monitoring approaches, such as biofilm sampling using periphytometers, offer a promising alternative. Despite this, uncertainties remain about how biofilm processing methods affect pesticide quantification, and whether replicate periphytometers are necessary to improve monitoring accuracy. To address these questions, water and biofilm samples were collected from six stream sites in Southern Ontario. Biofilm samples were split and processed using either freeze-drying or centrifugation to evaluate the effect of sample preparation on pesticide detection. All samples were analyzed for ∼500 pesticides. Freeze-dried biofilm consistently yielded higher pesticide detection frequencies and concentrations compared to centrifuged samples, indicating that freeze-drying is a more effective processing method for capturing pesticide residues in biofilm. These findings highlight the importance of standardizing biofilm processing methods to improve monitoring reliability. To evaluate the need for replication, six periphytometers were deployed in parallel at a single stream site. Biofilm samples from each replicate were analyzed for pesticide presence. Pesticide detection profiles were highly consistent across replicates (P > 0.05) in two separate sampling events, suggesting that a single periphytometer is sufficient to characterize site-level pesticide exposure at our stream site. Together, these results provide guidance for improving pesticide monitoring programs by recommending freeze-drying for biofilm processing and supporting the continued use of single periphytometer deployments, which are more feasible for routine monitoring without compromising data quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyrethroid insecticides implicated in mass mortality of monarch butterflies at an overwintering site in California.","authors":"Staci Cibotti, Michelle L Hladik, Emily May, Emma Pelton, Timothy A Bargar, Natalie Johnston, Aimee Code","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the 1980s, monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus plexippus) populations across North America have declined by 80-95%. Although several studies have implicated pesticides as a contributing factor to their population declines, our understanding of monarch exposure levels in nature remains limited. In January 2024, a mass mortality event near an overwintering site in Pacific Grove, California, USA, provided an opportunity to analyze dead overwintering monarch butterflies for pesticide residues. Ten recently deceased butterflies were collected and analyzed using liquid and gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS). We identified a total of 15 pesticides and associated metabolites in the butterflies, including 8 insecticides (plus 1 associated metabolite), 2 herbicides (plus 2 associated metabolites), and 2 fungicides. On average, each monarch butterfly contained 7 pesticides, excluding transformation products if the parent compound was also detected. Notably, three pyrethroid insecticides-bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and permethrin-were consistently detected at or near each chemical's lethal dose (LD50). Bifenthrin and cypermethrin were found in every sample, while permethrin was present in all but two samples. The average concentrations of these insecticides were 451.9 ng/g dry weight (dw) for bifenthrin, 646.9 ng/g dw for cypermethrin, and 337.1 ng/g dw for permethrin. These findings demonstrate pesticide contamination in monarch butterflies, including within urban areas, and highlight the risks pesticides, especially insecticides, pose to monarch populations. Additional measures may be required to safeguard this species from pesticide exposure, particularly near aggregation locations, such as overwintering sites in coastal California.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Biological Assessment of Asuncion Bay (Paraguay): Evaluating Environmental Health Through Zebrafish, Tradescantia, and Macroinvertebrates Biomarkers.","authors":"Hajime G Kurita-Oyamada, Arturo Benitez, Laura Baez, Natalia Ramirez, Rocio Vega, Cesar Vian, Martha Avila, Hernan Caballero, Gustavo Godoy, Monica Benitez, Francisco Ferreira, Deidamia Franco de Diana","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents, to our knowledge, the first ecotoxicological assessment in Paraguay combining multiple biomarkers from distinct biological levels (individual and community), including fish, plants, and macroinvertebrates. These findings revealed genotoxic effects in Tradescantia (Commelinacea, commonly known as spiderwort), as evidenced by significant micronucleus formation, suggesting potential genetic damage from sediment contaminants. Conversely, micronucleus tests in zebrafish did not indicate genotoxicity, likely due to the limited bioavailability or short exposure duration. Sediment analysis did not detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The macroinvertebrate community exhibited disturbances, with limited diversity of taxa associated with high organic matter content and low oxygen levels. While acute embryotoxicity was not observed, sublethal effects on aquatic biota cannot be ruled out. This study established crucial baseline data for future ecotoxicological studies, considering the ecological importance of Asuncion Bay and ongoing anthropogenic changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of Chlorfenapyr to Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus in natural and artificial soil.","authors":"Sam van Loon, Bart G van Hall, Sven Janse, Cornelis A M van Gestel","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pesticides with vastly different modes of action are needed to combat pests that have become multi-pesticide resistant. One proposed alternative is the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr. This pro-pesticide needs bioactivation by CYP450 enzymes to form the more potent metabolite tralopyril. However, its effects on non-target soil organisms are largely unknown. This study aimed to assess the toxicity of chlorfenapyr to Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus, two model species for soil ecotoxicology, following Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. Tests were performed in Lufa 2.2 natural soil and in OECD artificial soil containing 5% sphagnum peat (OECD5). F. candida were exposed for 28 days, E. crypticus for 21 days. High toxicity of chlorfenapyr was observed to F. candida, with LC10s of 1.88 and 0.64 mg/kg dry soil, and LC50s of 2.44 and 1.01 mg/kg dry soil in Lufa 2.2 and OECD5 soils, respectively. For reproduction, EC10s were 0.36 and 0.25 mg/kg dry soil, and EC50s 0.79 and 0.35 mg/kg dry soil in Lufa 2.2 and OECD5 soils, respectively. Chlorfenapyr was not toxic to E. crypticus within the tested concentration range (ie No-Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) >900 mg/kg dry soil), indicating no immediate hazard to enchytraeids in the field. The observed effect concentrations for F. candida are within the predicted environmental concentrations for agricultural use of chlorfenapyr and therefore indicate an immediate hazard towards Collembola. The differences in toxicity observed between the two test soils and the two test species show the importance of using different soils and different test organisms in the environmental risk assessment of pesticides.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of body mass and legacy of pesticide contamination on oxidative stress biomarkers in larval Rana sylvatica under baseline and NaCl-contaminated conditions.","authors":"Kyra Ricci, Emily Ronan, Grascen Shidemantle, Nicholas Buss, Devin DiGiacopo, Katarzyna Affek, Ivan Gomez-Mestre, Jessica Hua","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monitoring biomarkers of physiological stress (e.g., oxidative stress) in sensitive wildlife populations can allow conservationists to identify, quantify, and make predictions about the impacts of global change. However, interpretation of stress responses can be complicated by multiple interacting factors (e.g., individual development, evolved physiological tolerance to stressors) which alter biomarker expression. To better understand the relative influences of these factors, we used wood frog (Rana sylvatica) populations with known variation in ontogenetic and contaminant tolerance traits. We examined how both individual ontogenetic traits and population-level tolerance traits influence oxidative stress responses under baseline and NaCl-contaminated environmental conditions. We exposed tadpoles from six noninteracting populations with known variation in ontogeny, pesticide tolerance, and NaCl tolerance to either baseline or NaCl-contaminated conditions and evaluated five biomarkers of oxidative stress. We found that individual body mass was a significant predictor of two oxidative stress biomarkers (catalase and glutathione reductase) in baseline conditions only, such that greater mass predicted lower enzyme activity. Separately, population pesticide tolerance was a significant predictor of one oxidative stress biomarker (glutathione peroxidase) in NaCl-contaminated conditions only, such that higher pesticide tolerance predicted higher enzyme activity. Our results demonstrate that both individual traits (mass) and population history (selection for pesticide tolerance) can explain some variation in oxidative stress biomarkers. However, these associations are largely dependent upon the environmental conditions experienced. Our findings demonstrate that individual development and population history influence stress responses. This underscores the need for future applications of oxidative stress biomarkers to consider both historical and contemporary environmental contexts to improve their use as indicators of change.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144495362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using molecular dynamics simulation to enhance conservation analysis for cross species extrapolation of the PFOA-Transthyretin interaction.","authors":"Dylan J Buglewicz, Ryan Staub, Daniel T Chang, Stefania Evoli, Peter G Schumann, Alexander R Cole, Jennifer H Olker, Carlie A LaLone","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's web-based Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility (SeqAPASS) tool was developed to evaluate protein conservation across species through sequence and structural alignments to gather lines of evidence for predicting chemical susceptibility. While SeqAPASS can rapidly generate predictions of species susceptibility in terms of a \"yes\" or \"no\" output, there is a growing interest in deriving more quantitative metrics for enhancing these predictions. To do this, a bioinformatics workflow was developed that combined SeqAPASS results with molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This workflow was developed using transthyretin (TTR) and a per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), with an emphasis on perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as it is known that PFOA binds to TTR in humans and other experimental animals. This workflow was applied to generate quantitative information as additional lines of evidence for the conservation of the PFOA-TTR interaction across species. The SeqAPASS analysis predicted hundreds of species as susceptible based on conservation of the PFOA-TTR interaction (Level 1: 952 species, Level 2: 976 species, Level 3: 750 species). Predicted TTR structures from a subset of the species predicted as susceptible by SeqAPASS were used in molecular docking and MD simulations. The simulations supported that Lysine-15 is a key residue for the PFOA-TTR interaction. Quantitatively there was no significant difference in the species tested regarding their predicted binding affinities or other metrics specific to the chemical-protein interactions. These results demonstrated that the interaction between TTR and PFOA is likely conserved across various vertebrate taxonomic groups. Overall, this work provides a template for how advanced bioinformatics tools like MD simulations can be applied within ecotoxicology for improving cross-species predictions of chemical susceptibility. Importantly, our efforts aim to demonstrate applicability of these computational methods for integration in Next-Generation Risk Assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying ototoxicity in zebrafish.","authors":"Eduarda Oliveira Cunha, Dora de Athayde Saul, Murilo Sander de Abreu, Márcia Salgado Machado, Eliane Dallegrave","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ototoxicity is the adverse reaction in the auditory system caused by exposure to xenobiotics. Animal models have been used to improve the understanding of ototoxicity research. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model animal that is being increasingly used in ototoxicity research. Here, we identified and map the evidence on the use of zebrafish as an animal model to study ototoxicity. We conducted an exploratory systematic search in the three databases (Cochrane, LILACS and PubMed) with a two-step screening process based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Outcome measures of included non-drug xenobiotics studies (n = 15) and drugs (n = 118) were grouped into: hair cell death rate, exposure time, and developmental stages. Our review evidences zebrafish as an important model to screen the ototoxicity potential of xenobiotics, but also demonstrates novel studies are necessary to define the most appropriate evaluation outcomes and specific protocol.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Computational Identification of Essential Parameters governing Biocide Distribution in Soil.","authors":"Nadine Kiefer, Judith Klein, Felix Beyer, Benita Burghardt, Mirko Rohr, Michael Klein, Michael Burkhardt, Matthias Noll, Stefan Kalkhof","doi":"10.1093/etojnl/vgaf156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/etojnl/vgaf156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biocides conventionally contained in building materials can leach out and penetrate the environment. Simulating the concentration and persistence of substances in environmental habitats is an effective approach to risk assessment. While the modeling has been effectively applied for risk assessments of pesticide input into the soil environment, the release of biocides from facades notably differs from those in agricultural use. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of adapted simulation approaches to approval procedures. Herein, a preliminary PELMO-generated simulation was compared against an experimental setup to identify the key parameters and optimization thereof of biocide soil distribution. The 5-day soil column experiment was performed to address the higher application dilutions of biocides. Based on the adapted parameters in the preliminary findings a 90-day experimental study was compared against the corresponding simulation. Experimentally, the presence of hydrophobic and slowly degradable biocides in soil layers up to 25 cm was observed, which was in contrast to maximum of 5 to 7.5 cm of soil layer depth identified via the PELMO simulation. Furthermore, weather events, such as dry periods or heavy rain events, were shown to influence the biocide distribution, which is a parameter excluded from the simulation. The main finding herein was that adjustment of the dispersion length standalone is not sufficient to approximate the biocide application scenario. The adjustment of the adsorption parameter should be adapted in the simulation, accompanied by the water-substance application. Finally, these adaptions should be evaluated against a field study since a laboratory set-up does not represent all aspects of natural weathering events.</p>","PeriodicalId":11793,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}