Environmental toxicology and pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Effects of cyanobacterial oligopeptides: Anabaenopeptin-B, aeruginosin-98B and their mixture on oxidative stress biomarkers, HSP70 production and tyrosine phosphatase activity in three aquatic invertebrate species: Brachionus calyciflorus, Thamnocephalus platyurus, and Chironomus aprilinus","authors":"Adam Bownik,&nbsp;Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of the study was to determine the effects of anabaenopeptin-B (ANA-B), aeruginosin 98 (AER-B) and their binary mixture (ANA-B+AER-B) on biomarkers of oxidative stress (glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase SOD, total nitric oxide (NO), catalase (CAT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), hemoglobin (Hb) level, heat shock protein HSP70 and tyrosine phosphatase activity in three aquatic invertebrates <em>Brachionus calyciflorus</em>, <em>Thamnocephalus platyurus</em> and <em>Chironomus aprilinus.</em> The results revealed alterations of the tested parameters in response to the tested cyanobacterial metabolites with various interactions in the mixtures. The study suggests that During natural exposure to cyanobacterial metabolites and their mixtures different responses to oligopeptides in the group of may occur in aquatic invertebrates. Total effects of mixtures may depend on the structure, type of components and sensitivity of the exposed invertebrate species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 104755"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic effects on hematological parameters and antioxidant enzymes in Far Eastern catfish, Silurus asotus depending on the exposure to nano and micro silver particles size","authors":"A-Hyun Jo ,&nbsp;Cheol Young Choi ,&nbsp;Ju-Chan Kang ,&nbsp;Joon Yeong Kwon ,&nbsp;Jun-Hwan Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has raised concerns about their ecotoxicological effects on aquatic organisms. This study assessed the toxic impact of AgNPs and silver microparticles (AgMPs) on hematological parameters and antioxidant enzymes in Far Eastern catfish, <em>Silurus asotus</em>. Experimental fish, <em>S. asotus</em> (mean weight, 95.6 ± 33.0 g; mean length, 25.5 ± 2.4 cm) were exposed to AgNPs (0, 4, 8, 64, 128 mg/L) and AgMPs (0, 4, 8, 64, 128, 256, 512 mg/L) for 10 days. Hematocrit (Hct) decreased in both AgNPs- and AgMPs-exposed groups, while hemoglobin (Hb) decreased with AgNPs exposure but increased with AgMPs. Plasma calcium (Ca) increased with AgNPs but decreased with AgMPs, whereas magnesium (Mg) showed an initial increase at day 5 followed by a decrease with AgNPs and a continuous decrease with AgMPs. Plasma glucose (Glu) and cholesterol (Cho) levels increased, while total protein (TP) decreased. Plasma enzyme activity (AST, ALT, ALP) was increased in all exposure groups. Antioxidant responses showed significant changes, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) increasing in gills and liver under both AgNPs and AgMPs exposure. Catalase (CAT) increased in both tissues with AgNPs, while AgMPs led to decreased activity in gills but increased levels in the liver. These findings highlight the particle size-dependent toxicity of silver, emphasizing potential risks to aquatic organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 104753"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain-specific mutagenicity of NDMA and CPNP: insights from TA1535, TA100, and WP2 uvrA (pKM101) under metabolic activation","authors":"Chetan K. Kajavadara ,&nbsp;Darshan T. Valani ,&nbsp;Satyam N. Patel ,&nbsp;Rushikesh M. Shukla ,&nbsp;Laxit K. Bhatt ,&nbsp;Rajesh J. Patel,&nbsp;Sunny P. Kumar,&nbsp;Rajesh Sundar,&nbsp;Mukul R. Jain","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104752","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104752","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ames test is a critical assay for assessing the mutagenic potential of chemical compounds; however, its conventional version (OECD TG 471) falls short in detecting nitrosamine mutagenicity due to insufficient metabolic activation. Given the ubiquity of nitrosamines as environmental contaminants and drug impurities, an enhanced protocol incorporating 30 % v/v hamster and rat liver S9 fractions with a 30-minute pre-incubation is warranted. This study streamlined the enhanced Ames test by evaluating the sensitivity of <em>S. typhimurium</em> strains TA1535 and TA100, and <em>E. coli</em> WP2 <em>uvr</em>A (pKM101), against N‑nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 1‑cyclopentyl‑4‑nitrosopiperazine (CPNP). Dose‑normalized fold‑induction metrics revealed that TA1535 offers superior sensitivity across varied S9 conditions. Hamster liver S9 generally enhanced mutagenic responses compared to rat liver S9. Notably, CPNP was more potent in TA1535 and TA100, while NDMA was more active in WP2 <em>uvr</em>A (pKM101) with rat S9. This optimized screening strategy minimizes resources and is recommended for initial nitrosamine impurity mutagenicity detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 104752"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can digestive biomarkers detect early effects of bifenthrin exposure in native fish?","authors":"Andrea S. Rossi ,&nbsp;Carla Bacchetta ,&nbsp;Celeste Mora ,&nbsp;Melina P. Michlig ,&nbsp;María Rosa Repetti ,&nbsp;Jimena Cazenave","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The digestive health of fish is directly related to their ability to process food and therefore, to their welfare and growth performance. However, the digestive tract of fish is also one of the main routes of entry for pesticides, which could ultimately affect metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess the responses of digestive biomarkers in two native and commercially important fish species confined in cages in a rice field during a bifenthrin (BF) application. Two cages per species were placed at each experimental site: the control site and the site where BF was sprayed (Seizer®; 100 cm³ ha⁻¹). At 72 h after application, morphological and biochemical biomarkers, the intestinal accumulation of BF and digestive enzyme activities in different tissues were evaluated in <em>Hoplosternum littorale</em> and <em>Piaractus mesopotamicus</em>. Short-term <em>in situ</em> exposure caused increased plasma glucose levels and intestinal accumulation of BF in both fish species, without changes in condition factor or hepatosomatic index. Lower lipase and amylase activities were observed in the intestinal tissue of <em>P. mesopotamicus</em> while <em>H. littorale</em> showed no enzymatic changes. Digestive biomarker enzymes could be used as early warning tools to reflect the health status of sensitive fish in rice-fish cocultures predicting economic implications for producers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 104751"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144503786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The intracellular free concentration of endocrine disrupting chemicals enables translation between cell-free and cell-based estrogenic activity assays","authors":"Vesna Munic Kos ,&nbsp;Staffan Arvidsson ,&nbsp;Barira Islam ,&nbsp;Violetta Nikiforova ,&nbsp;Evgeniya Mickols ,&nbsp;Alina Meyer ,&nbsp;Richard Svensson ,&nbsp;Ummu Gulsum Boztepe ,&nbsp;Eirini Banti ,&nbsp;Patrik Lundquist ,&nbsp;Hiba Khalidi ,&nbsp;Iain Gardner ,&nbsp;Ola Spjuth ,&nbsp;Ian Cotgreave ,&nbsp;Per Artursson","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many environmental toxicants can activate estrogen receptor α (ERα), disrupting normal endocrine function. While these activities are predicted across <em>in silico</em>, <em>in vitro</em>, and <em>in vivo</em> models, translating active concentrations between these systems remains challenging. We hypothesized that cellular uptake and the resulting free intracellular toxicant concentration could bridge this gap. Using cell-free (hER) and cell-based (ERα-CALUX cells) estrogen assays, we tested this hypothesis by determination of the free intracellular concentration available for binding to the intracellularly located ERα. Predictive modeling identified three classes of estrogenic chemicals from the ToxCast collection: bisphenols, parabens, and phthalates. Experimental data confirmed potency differences of up to 100-fold between the cell-free and cell-based models. Cellular toxicokinetic (TK) parameters, including cellular uptake and intracellular binding, were determined using computational and experimental methods. Incorporating experimental TK parameters significantly improved the correlation between ERα activities in the cell-free and cellular models (from r = 0.6230, P = 0.0989 without corrections to r = 0.8869, P = 0.0033 after corrections), and bridged the gap between the cell free and cell based assays. Both computational and experimental TK parameters varied widely across chemical classes and compounds. Correcting active concentrations for free intracellular levels enhanced assay correlations, with experimentally derived corrections showing the strongest improvement with r = 0.8869 (compared to the <em>in silico</em> derived corrections with r = 0.811). Our findings highlight the critical role of free intracellular concentration in determining the biological activity of estrogenic toxicants and emphasize its importance in accurately assessing their endocrine-disrupting potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 104750"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144499915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moderating effects of reduced morning and evening questionnaire scores on the association between urinary phthalate metabolites and inflammatory cytokines among Chinese young adults: A human biomonitoring study","authors":"Tingting Li ,&nbsp;Shuman Tao ,&nbsp;Tangjun Jiang ,&nbsp;Wanyu Che ,&nbsp;Liwei Zou ,&nbsp;Yajuan Yang ,&nbsp;Fangbiao Tao ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although previous findings have suggested that phthalate exposure was related to inflammation in young adults, little is known about whether chronotype, measured by the reduced Morning and Evening Questionnaire (rMEQ), reflects a moderating or mediating effect of phthalate exposure on inflammation. To address these gaps, this study examined the correlation of phthalate metabolites with inflammatory cytokines in Chinese young adults and explored the moderating effects of rMEQ scores in this association. From April to May 2019, 1179 young adults were recruited from 2 universities in Hefei and Shangrao cities. Among them, 1135 completed valid self-administered questionnaires, 1012 provided sufficient urine samples for phthalate metabolites analysis, and 744 provided fasting blood samples for the determination of inflammatory cytokines levels. The high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was adopted to determine the concentration of urinary phthalate metabolites. A liquid-phase protein suspension chip detection instrument was utilized to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the supernatant. The rMEQ was adopted as a measure of chronotype. The generalized linear model was established to determine the association of phthalate metabolites with inflammatory cytokines. Moderating analysis was used to examine whether rMEQ scores moderated the relationships of phthalate metabolites with inflammatory cytokines. The median concentrations of phthalate metabolites ranged from 2.74 to 107.22 ng/mL. The mean levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were 0.78 ± 0.21 pg/mL and 0.34 ± 0.26 pg/mL, respectively. The generalized linear model results revealed that monobutyl phthalate (MBP) was weakly but significantly positively correlated with TNF-α. According to gender and further stratified analysis, the results showed that MBP and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) were weakly but significantly positively correlated with TNF-α and IL-1β only among females. Furthermore, the moderating effects analysis results indicated that rMEQ scores have a negative moderating role among MBP, MEOHP and TNF-α. Phthalate exposure was significantly positively correlated with inflammatory cytokines in young adults, and rMEQ scores played a negative moderating role in this association. This study has the potential to offer useful insights for the prevention and control of chronic inflammation among young adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 104749"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144335525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel miniaturized exposure to evaluate the toxicity of Enniatin B1 on Daphnia magna","authors":"Beatrice De Felice,&nbsp;Simona Mondellini,&nbsp;Mirko Bertazzo,&nbsp;Marco Parolini,&nbsp;Francesca Caloni","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104748","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104748","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enniatins (ENNs) are a heterogenous group of mycotoxins that are commonly detected in several commodity items, food and feedstock. Although this class of compounds shows several toxicological properties, studies so far mainly investigated the effects of ENN B, neglecting other prevalent molecules such as ENN B1, one of the most detected mycotoxins in food. Despite ENNs have been detected in freshwater, regulatory efforts have only focused on limiting the levels of these molecules in food, while limited investigations assessed their toxicity towards organisms. This study aims at expanding the knowledge on the effects of ENN B1 through a miniaturized <em>in vivo</em> approach using the freshwater cladoceran <em>Daphnia magna</em> as model organism. A 7-day exposure was performed under miniaturized conditions to assess the effects of two concentrations of ENN B1 (i.e., 0.25 and 1.5 µM). After the exposure, effects on survival, activity of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, body size, reproductive outcomes (i.e., presence of eggs in the brood chamber) and swimming activity were investigated. Whilst EEN B1 did not affect survival and enzyme activities, significant changes in body length and egg appearance were observed. These findings highlight the potential toxicity of ENN B1 on a freshwater species suggesting the need of further studies to assess its risk for aquatic organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 104748"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144320943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental co-exposure to lead and cadmium induces species-specific genotoxic stress responses in free-ranging rodent zoomonitors","authors":"Tsenka Chassovnikarova ,&nbsp;Vesela Mitkovska ,&nbsp;Hristo Dimitrov","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ecotoxicological multi-species and bioassay approach is used to compare the effects of chronic lead and cadmium co-exposure on genomic stability in free-ranging rodent zoomonitors. Heavy metal accumulation, a biomarker of exposure, and DNA damage, a biomarker of genotoxic effects, were analyzed using the comet assay (for early effects) and the micronucleus test (for irreversible effects). Significant site- and species-specific differences in lead and cadmium liver levels were observed. All rodents exhibited a positive, dose-dependent genotoxic response. Toxicant-induced DNA damage significantly correlated with elevated lead but not cadmium loadings. Among the rodents studied, <em>Apodemus flavicollis</em> exhibited the strongest sensitivity to lead- and cadmium-induced genotoxicity <em>in situ</em>, followed by <em>Microtus arvalis</em> and <em>Mus macedonicus</em>. Therefore, <em>A. flavicollis</em> is likely the most appropriate zoomonitor when assessing DNA integrity during genotoxicity monitoring. The presence of micronuclei and DNA damage in free-ranging rodents can serve as reliable and accurate indicators in genotoxicity risk assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 104747"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144295527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological and functional response of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to the Enalapril metabolite, Enalaprilat","authors":"Alessia Caferro ,&nbsp;Maria Assunta Iovine ,&nbsp;Federica Impellitteri ,&nbsp;Caterina Faggio ,&nbsp;Daniela Amelio ,&nbsp;Alfonsina Gattuso ,&nbsp;Olga Mileti ,&nbsp;Noemi Baldino ,&nbsp;Emilio Sperone ,&nbsp;Maria Carmela Cerra ,&nbsp;Sandra Imbrogno ,&nbsp;Mariacristina Filice","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing presence of antihypertensives and their metabolites in the aquatic environment is giving rise to considerable concern, due to their potential effects on non-target organisms. We here assessed whether and to what extent the exposure to Enalaprilat, the main metabolite of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor Enalapril, induces morpho-functional alterations in the mussel <em>Mytilus galloprovincialis</em>. The effects of 10-days exposure to 7 ng/L (ET1) and 7000 ng/L (ET2) of Enalaprilat were analyzed in the digestive gland (DG) in terms of cell viability, and cell volume regulation, and in both DG and gills in terms of tissue morphology, oxidative stress and stress protein expression. Results indicated that Enalaprilat did not compromise the viability of DG cells and haemocytes, as well as the capacity of DG cells to regulate cell volume. Morphological analysis revealed an increase in eosinophilia, indicative of an inflammatory response activation, in the connective tissue of DG from ET1 group, and a loss of epithelial integrity in gills. No changes were observed in both DG and gill extracts in the relative transcript abundance of <em>hsp70,</em> neither in the relative protein expression, while a tissue-specific modulation of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD was observed in gills and DG. Overall, our data suggest that environmental exposure to Enalaprilat, by activating inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, may potentially affect animal homeostasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 104746"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of imidacloprid on the Perionyx excavatus: Biomarker responses and gene expression profiles","authors":"Duraisamy Elango ,&nbsp;Velu Subash ,&nbsp;Velu Manikandan ,&nbsp;Venugopal Dhananjayan ,&nbsp;Nagarajan Kayalvizhi ,&nbsp;Palaniyappan Jayanthi","doi":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etap.2025.104745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Imidacloprid, a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, negatively impacts soil biota and harms the environment with long-term use. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of imidacloprid on <em>Perionyx excavatus</em>, an indigenous earthworm species found in India. To evaluate the toxic effects of imidacloprid on earthworms, avoidance behavior, acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, oxidative damage, and functional gene expression patterns were measured. The LC₅₀ value of imidacloprid with 14-day exposure was 1.64 mg kg⁻¹ and the AC₅₀ value for net avoidance response was 0. 23 mg kg⁻¹ of imidacloprid at 48 h. Antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes were altered, which led to oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage in earthworms. Hence, it was confirmed that imidacloprid may cause harmful effects on the biophysical homeostasis of <em>P. excavatus</em>, primarily through oxidative damage and altered gene expression. This present research emphasizes the possible threat of imidacloprid to native earthworms in subtropical ecosystem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11775,"journal":{"name":"Environmental toxicology and pharmacology","volume":"117 ","pages":"Article 104745"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144287581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}