Environmental and Experimental Botany最新文献

{"title":"Silicon nanoparticles mitigate cadmium toxicity in rice by modulating root development and exudate dynamics","authors":"Md Tofail Hosain ,&nbsp;Md Imran Ullah Sarkar ,&nbsp;Shamim Mia ,&nbsp;Md Mokhlesur Rahman ,&nbsp;Ravi Naidu ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106318","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106318","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium (Cd) contamination severely hampers rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.) growth by disrupting root development, nutrient uptake, and exudation processes, posing a major risk to food security. This study investigated the role of silicon nanoparticle (SiNP) on root architecture and root exudation dynamics in rice grown hydroponically under two levels of Cd (10 and 20 μM). Cadmium markedly impaired root development, as evidenced by significant reductions in root length (8.94 % and 17.93 %), surface area (15 % and 31.42 %), diameter (15.78 % and 28.94 %), volume (8.15 % and 25.54 %), biomass (31.19 % and 40.36 %), and water uptake efficiency (11.94 % and 28.05 %) at 10 and 20 μM, respectively, while concurrently increasing root branching. Co-application of SiNP mitigated these effects, enhancing root biomass (28.00 % and 32.30 %) and restoring water uptake (14.31 % and 11.91 %) relative to Cd-only treatments. Cadmium stress inhibited antioxidant enzymes (APX, CAT, SOD, POD) and increased oxidative damage (MDA, electrolyte leakage). SiNP co-application substantially mitigated Cd-induced oxidative stress in rice roots by restoring APX 17.8 and 39.4 %, CAT 37.0 and 70 %, SOD by 7.25 and 15.61 % and POD by 14.59 and 38.00 %, respectively, with both levels of Cd stress, while reduced MDA and electrolyte leakage by 27.7 % and 29.6 %, respectively, with the highest levels of Cd stress. Cadmium stress also significantly altered the profile of root exudates, decreasing oxalic acid (Cd₁₀: 22.03 %; Cd₂₀: 32.60 %) and citric acid (Cd₁₀: 38.23 %; Cd₂₀: 49.67 %) while increasing malic acid production (Cd₁₀: 11.48 %; Cd₂₀: 17.84 %). SiNP supplementation reversed these shifts by elevating oxalic (Cd₂₀: 17.43 %) and citric (Cd₂₀: 24.29 %) acids, suppressing malic acid release (Cd₁₀: 21.39 %; Cd₂₀: 26.83 %), and overall enhancing total organic acid secretion, thereby contributing to rhizosphere acidification. Over time, SiNP significantly lowered Cd bioavailability in the nutrient solution, likely via Si–Cd complexation and organic acid-mediated chelation. At the cellular scale, SiNP supplementation reduced Cd accumulation in both the cell wall and symplast, indicating restricted Cd uptake and transport. Moreover, Cd stress substantially increased total organic carbon (TOC) (Cd₁₀: 32.28 % and Cd₂₀: 58.13 %) and total nitrogen (TN) (Cd₁₀: 4.25 % and Cd₂₀: 27.71 %) in rhizosphere exudates, SiNP co-treatment also moderated these elevations and concurrently preserved cellular ultrastructure. Therefore, SiNP mitigated Cd toxicity by improving root architecture, modulating exudation, and reducing Cd bioavailability and uptake. These findings demonstrate the potential of SiNPs as a sustainable nanotechnology-based strategy for reducing Cd accumulation in rice and safeguarding food quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 106318"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cysteine and glutathione improve mercury tolerance in rice by modulating cell wall binding, transport, and detoxification pathways","authors":"Yeon-Ok Kim ,&nbsp;Dream Kim ,&nbsp;Mahpara Safdar ,&nbsp;Jangho Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mercury (Hg), a highly toxic element, poses significant risks to plant growth and human health. This study investigated the mechanisms of Hg accumulation and tolerance by exogenous cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) in rice. Here, we showed that exogenous Cys and GSH significantly enhanced Hg tolerance in rice but exhibited contrasting effects on Hg accumulation. Exogenous Cys significantly increased Hg accumulation in rice roots, primarily in the cell wall, while exogenous GSH decreased root Hg accumulation. Exogenous Cys significantly increased the expression of cell wall biosynthesis genes, particularly those involved in lignin synthesis, resulting in greater lignin accumulation in epidermis, exodermis, and stele, which correlated with increased Hg binding to the cell wall. In addition, exogenous Cys significantly upregulated several ABC transporters, particularly OsABCGs and OsABCCs, suggesting their possible involvement in Hg transport and vacuolar sequestration. In the process of cellular Hg detoxification, GSH upregulated aquaporin to maintain membrane function and water balance, Cys primarily activated peroxidase-mediated H₂O₂ scavenging. Taken together, these findings highlight novel candidate genes involved in Hg cell wall binding, transport, and detoxification, regulated by Cys and GSH, offering insights for enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Hg accumulation and tolerance. Furthermore, this study provides new insights into thiol-mediated Hg tolerance and offers potential strategies for reducing Hg accumulation in crops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 106312"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and characterization of circular RNAs involved in cadmium response in Malus hupehensis","authors":"Baozhen Sun ,&nbsp;Bing Chen ,&nbsp;Jianfei Song ,&nbsp;Weiwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongqiang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential heavy metal that is highly toxic to plants. While numerous regulatory factors that contribute to Cd responses in plants have been identified, few studies focus on circular RNAs (circRNAs). CircRNAs are endogenous RNA molecules that are involved in plant growth, development, and stress resistance. However, the potential involvement of circRNAs in plant responses to Cd remains largely unexplored. High-throughput sequencing identified 401 high-confidence circRNAs from the roots of <em>Malus hupehensis</em> seedlings subjected to Cd stress. We identified 140 differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs), of which 55 were explicitly differentially expressed in more than one pairwise comparison. Notably, 37 of these DECs contained 47 binding sites for 23 miRNAs that have the potential to regulate the expression of several Cd transporters, including <em>MhNRAMP1</em>, <em>MhHMA1</em>, <em>MhZIP1</em>, and <em>MhABCG25</em>, as well as Cd-related transcription factors, through circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks. Furthermore, we identified a Cd-induced circRNA, <em>Mh-circCWF19</em>, negatively regulates Cd tolerance in <em>Malus hupehensis</em> seedlings and apple calli. Our findings uncovered the critical roles of plant circRNA in Cd toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 106314"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA hypomethylation induced by drought preconditioning improved physiological responses and promoted tiller growth of perennial ryegrass","authors":"Lili Zhuang ,&nbsp;Yunjia Ding ,&nbsp;Nan Yang ,&nbsp;Luyao Wang ,&nbsp;Zhimin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous studies have shown that perennial ryegrass exhibits superior performance under drought preconditioning (DP) compared to continuous drought stress (DR) or even well-watered conditions (WW), however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate if changes in DNA methylation could be the mechanism behind preconditioning, particularly studying its contribution to plant physiological responses and tiller growth. Dynamic alterations in DNA methylation levels in the crowns of perennial ryegrass were detected at 14, 17, 30, 33, and 44 days under WW, DP, and DR by the methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) method. DNA methylation level was significantly elevated after 14 days of drought stress. Conversely, DP treatment induced DNA hypomethylation, with MSAP% at DP₃₀, DP₃₃, and DP₄₄ being lower than DR and comparable to WW. Supplementing S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a methyl group donor, counteracted the beneficial effects of DP, evidenced by reduced chlorophyll content, aboveground biomass, net photosynthesis rate (Pn), and tiller number in DPS (DP + SAM) compared to DP. In contrast, applying 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), a DNA methylation inhibitor, mimicked the DP effect, increasing leaf relative water content, aboveground biomass, Pn, and tiller number while reducing electrolyte leakage rate. Relative expression levels of DNA methylase and demethylase genes under SAM and 5-azaC treatments supported the dynamic changes of DNA methylation level in those plants. Meanwhile, expression levels of methylation genes were significantly correlated with the physiological parameters. This study provides the first evidence for the dynamic role of DNA methylation regulating perennial ryegrass physiological and tiller growth underlying the drought preconditioning process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 106317"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-translational modification omics reveals the early-stage response of Chinese cabbage to Cd stress","authors":"Lianhui Pan ,&nbsp;Dandan Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaoshuang Cui ,&nbsp;JiYun Hui ,&nbsp;Jiabao Huang ,&nbsp;Ru Li","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106319","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106319","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High concentrations of cadmium (Cd) in the soil first endanger the growth of crops and can also cause diseases to the human body through crops. Chinese cabbage (<em>Brassica rapa var. glabra Regel</em>) tends to accumulate cadmium (Cd), harming its growth and causing economic losses. Although both transcriptomics and proteomics have been used to study the molecular mechanisms of Cd tolerance, protein modification omics has not yet been used to study the tolerance mechanism of Chinese cabbage to Cd stress. Here, we used <em>S</em>-nitrosylation omics, data-independent acquisition phosphorylation omics, and ubiquitination omics analyses to found that under Cd stress, 952 differential S-nitrosylated proteins, 1863 differential phosphorylated proteins, and 122 differential ubiquitinated proteins were enriched. We identified 10 key candidates, including HMA1 and CCS, that may mediate Cd tolerance through specific PTMs. The <em>S</em>-nitrosylation of plant proteins is regulated by nitric oxide (NO), and exogenous application of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) improved the tolerance of Chinese cabbage seedlings to Cd. Exogenous application of 250 µM SNP considerably increased the antioxidant enzyme activities of Chinese cabbage seedlings, reduced the ROS and MDA content, and enhanced Cd resistance compared with the sole 1 mM Cd treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 106319"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cuticle water permeability, thickness and microchemistry of conifer seedlings and mature trees at the treeline","authors":"Giuseppe Tiloca ,&nbsp;Othmar Buchner ,&nbsp;Notburga Gierlinger ,&nbsp;Gilbert Neuner","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106313","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The needles of conifer seedlings at the alpine treeline experience hotter near-ground microclimates than adult canopies, prompting the question about how their cuticles maintain water-barrier function under heat. We compared needle cuticle permeability, thickness and microchemistry between seedlings and mature trees of <em>Larix decidua</em>, <em>Picea abies</em>, and <em>Pinus cembra</em> to assess phenotypic plasticity. The minimum leaf diffusive conductance (g_min) was measured two to 24 h after sample detachment during bench drying at temperatures between 25 and 43 °C. This procedure should force the stomata to close, providing an indication of the temperature dependent cuticle's water permeability. Raman imaging was used to assess microchemistry and thickness of the cuticles. At the study site, seedling's needles reached temperatures of up to 40 °C, which is 14 K higher than that of mature trees. Among species, <em>L. decidua</em> had the highest g_min, followed by <em>P. abies</em> and <em>P. cembra</em>. Seedlings of <em>P. abies</em> and <em>P. cembra</em> exhibited lower g_min at 43 °C, indicating greater cuticular resistance to water loss, unlike <em>L. decidua</em>. Raman imaging differentiated species-specific cuticle structures: <em>L. decidua</em> being thinner and aromatic/flavonol-rich, <em>P. cembra</em> with a thicker and more lipid/cutin rich cuticle and <em>P. abies</em> was intermediate. Seedlings lacked or had an outer wax layer &lt; 300 nm, though their internal aromatic layers resembled those of mature trees. Despite the rise in cuticular permeability above ∼35 °C, evergreen seedlings maintained lower g_min at 43 °C, consistent with acclimative plasticity of cuticle architecture and microchemistry under thermal extremes. These findings link microclimate-driven heat exposure to cuticle traits and highlight that species identity and developmental stage jointly determine water-barrier performance at the treeline.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 106313"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life form and behavior type shape water use efficiency in tropical plants via leaf functional traits","authors":"Jinkai Chen ,&nbsp;Tianbao Ren ,&nbsp;Heng Xie ,&nbsp;Wanxin Yang ,&nbsp;Weirong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinling Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingze Xu ,&nbsp;Liucui Wu ,&nbsp;Zehao Fan ,&nbsp;Cheng Yi ,&nbsp;Shanxia She ,&nbsp;Zhongmin Hu ,&nbsp;Chuan Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2026.106315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding how water use efficiency (<em>WUE</em>) responds to fluctuating light is critical for predicting ecosystem function under global change. In this study, we examined photosynthetic gas exchange and leaf functional traits across 48 tropical plant species in Hainan, categorized by life form (woody/herbaceous) and light-adaptation (sun/shade). We introduced a novel suite of parameters [e.g., maximum <em>WUE</em> (<em>WUE</em>_max), rising slope (<em>R</em>_S), and declining slope (<em>D</em>_S)] to quantify the dynamic <em>WUE</em>-light response curve. Our results revealed divergent water-use strategies where elevated CO₂ enhanced <em>WUE</em>_max in shade-tolerant species but reduced it in sun-adapted species. This negative reaction might be caused by the closure of stomata in sun-adapted plants, and its inhibitory effect on photosynthesis is stronger than that on transpiration. Using EXtreme Gradient Boosting model, we identified mean tilt angle (MTA) and leaf nitrogen content (LNC) as direct regulators of <em>WUE</em>_max. SHapley Additive exPlanation analysis further indicated this was a non-linear relationship, where moderate leaf inclination was associated with improved <em>WUE</em>_max. We further uncovered a key physiological trade-off where <em>WUE</em>_max was positively associated with mesophyll conductance (<em>g</em>_m) but negatively correlated with stomatal conductance (<em>g</em>_s) and photosynthetic capacity. This is because high <em>g</em>_m ensures efficient CO₂ diffusion to carboxylation sites, whereas excessively high <em>g</em>_s leads to substantial water loss. In conclusion, this study not only provides a novel framework for analyzing dynamic <em>WUE</em> but also reveals distinct water-use strategies across tropical plant functional groups. This finding underscores the necessity of incorporating such divergent, niche-specific strategies into projections of future ecosystem function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"242 ","pages":"Article 106315"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smaller but sweeter: The response of grapevine cultivars to drought determines organ interplay in non-structural carbohydrates allocation","authors":"A. Pichierri ,&nbsp;S. Gargiulo ,&nbsp;P. Sivilotti ,&nbsp;F. Boscutti ,&nbsp;G. Masutti ,&nbsp;E. De Luca ,&nbsp;Y. Zambon ,&nbsp;L. Falginella ,&nbsp;V. Casolo","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plant health relies on non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in plant organs and is jeopardized by different stresses, including drought. Plants may use different hydraulic strategies to cope with drought, often involving modifications in growth and NSC reserves. Our work highlighted the impact of cultivar and drought on the physiological responses at the specific organ levels, utilizing young <em>Vitis vinifera</em> cv. Grenache (GR) (near-isohydric) and Cabernet sauvignon (CS) (near-anisohydric) plants grown in pots and subjected to prolonged water deficit. Plants were harvested at cane maturity, and NSC were measured. The cultivar influenced NSC accumulation in cane, favoured in GR rather than CS, which also showed a reduced root biomass. Drought led to a boost of NSC concentration at the expense of biomass, confirming roots as a key organ in plant drought responses. Moreover, our prolonged water deficit enhanced starch accumulation and its degradation products (water-soluble NSC), leaving the other investigated NSC pool unchanged. In conclusion, our work offers direction on managing the accumulation of NSC in specific grapevine organs, minimizing water inputs and considering cultivar-specific traits. Under this light, the resultant plants will have elevated NSC concentrations which might enhance their resilience to future stresses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 106300"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GABA-regulated transamination generates alternative carbon skeleton for root nitrogen assimilation of wheat under waterlogging stress","authors":"Jingwen Gao ,&nbsp;Yao Su ,&nbsp;Xihua Zhang ,&nbsp;Juanjuan Chen ,&nbsp;Feng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mutual regulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism under waterlogging can provide a theoretical basis for nutrient management under such stress. We conducted pot experiments using two wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em>) cultivars, AK58 (waterlogging-sensitive) and XM25 (waterlogging-tolerant), under 7 days of waterlogging and control conditions. Waterlogging treatment decreased shoot nitrogen content, dry matter, and yield compared with the control, and the extent of these reductions was lower in XM25 than in AK58. Under waterlogged conditions, root glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activities decreased under waterlogging treatment due to insufficient supply of α-ketoglutaric acid, and the decrease of root nitrogen assimilation was lower in XM25 than in AK58. In contrast, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity increased, and alanine (Ala) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content increased significantly under waterlogging conditions, especially in XM25. To verify the effect of GABA, we applied exogenous GABA treatment and found that exogenous GABA upregulated pyruvate kinase (PK) and GPT activity, resulting in higher ¹⁵N-Ala and α-ketoglutaric acid content. Correspondingly, GABA treatment promoted GS and GOGAT activity in roots and increased shoot nitrogen content, indicating that GABA upregulated the glutamic-pyruvic transamination to supplement carbon skeletons for root nitrogen assimilation. In conclusion, enhancing the carbon skeleton anaplerotic pathway through transamination promoted nitrogen assimilation in roots under waterlogging conditions, and GABA acts as a regulator in this pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 106284"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and hormonal responses underlying salinity tolerance in wild tomatoes: Insights for cultivated varieties","authors":"Susanna Cialli ,&nbsp;Giulia Carmassi ,&nbsp;Rita Maggini ,&nbsp;Stefano Brizzolara ,&nbsp;Antonio Ferrante ,&nbsp;Luca Incrocci ,&nbsp;Anna Mensuali ,&nbsp;Alice Trivellini","doi":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envexpbot.2025.106296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil salinisation is one of the main abiotic stress factors threatening modern agriculture, with over 1.3 million hectares affected worldwide and causing a progressive loss of arable land. Tomatoes are among the most important horticultural crops globally, but its moderate salt tolerance restricts productivity in saline soils. Related wild species, such as <em>Solanum pimpinellifolium</em> L., which have evolved in high-salinity environments, represent a valuable resource for studying adaptive stress responses and improving cultivated tomatoes. This study compares the salt stress response of <em>S. lycopersicum</em> L. and <em>S. pimpinellifolium</em> L. to identify the processes underlying the higher tolerance in wild species. Plants were grown hydroponically in a closed-loop system using two nutrient solutions: one mimicking seawater irrigation (33 % seawater, EC = 21 dS m⁻¹), and a salt-free control (0 % seawater, EC = 3.22 dS m⁻¹). Phenological, morphological, biochemical, physiological and hormonal traits were assessed. <em>Solanum pimpinellifolium</em> L. effectively modulates the production of osmolytes and photoprotective compounds, the translocation of toxic ions, and improves leaf function which, in synergy with a more integrated and temporally coordinated hormonal network that sustain better growth, yield, and fruit quality under saline conditions. These findings provide new insights into the physiological basis of salt tolerance in wild tomato, supporting its value as a genetic resource and suggesting that seawater-based irrigation may serve as a framework for studying sustainable water management strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11758,"journal":{"name":"Environmental and Experimental Botany","volume":"241 ","pages":"Article 106296"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}