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Transient GI/MSP/1/N Queue. 瞬态 GI/MSP/1/N 队列。
IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Entropy Pub Date : 2024-09-22 DOI: 10.3390/e26090807
Andrzej Chydzinski
{"title":"Transient GI/MSP/1/N Queue.","authors":"Andrzej Chydzinski","doi":"10.3390/e26090807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090807","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A non-zero correlation between service times can be encountered in many real queueing systems. An attractive model for correlated service times is the Markovian service process, because it offers powerful fitting capabilities combined with analytical tractability. In this paper, a transient study of the queue length in a model with MSP services and a general distribution of interarrival times is performed. In particular, two theorems are proven: one on the queue length distribution at a particular time <i>t</i>, where <i>t</i> can be arbitrarily small or large, and another on the mean queue length at <i>t</i>. In addition to the theorems, multiple numerical examples are provided. They illustrate the development over time of the mean queue length and the standard deviation, along with the complete distribution, depending on the service correlation strength, initial system conditions, and the interarrival time variance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Autocatalytic Sets and Assembly Theory: A Toy Model Perspective. 自催化集与组装理论：玩具模型视角
IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Entropy Pub Date : 2024-09-22 DOI: 10.3390/e26090808
Sebastian Raubitzek, Alexander Schatten, Philip König, Edina Marica, Sebastian Eresheim, Kevin Mallinger
{"title":"Autocatalytic Sets and Assembly Theory: A Toy Model Perspective.","authors":"Sebastian Raubitzek, Alexander Schatten, Philip König, Edina Marica, Sebastian Eresheim, Kevin Mallinger","doi":"10.3390/e26090808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090808","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assembly Theory provides a promising framework to explain the complexity of systems such as molecular structures and the origins of life, with broad applicability across various disciplines. In this study, we explore and consolidate different aspects of Assembly Theory by introducing a simplified Toy Model to simulate the autocatalytic formation of complex structures. This model abstracts the molecular formation process, focusing on the probabilistic control of catalysis rather than the intricate interactions found in organic chemistry. We establish a connection between probabilistic catalysis events and key principles of Assembly Theory, particularly the probability of a possible construction path in the formation of a complex object, and examine how the assembly of complex objects is impacted by the presence of autocatalysis. Our findings suggest that this presence of autocatalysis tends to favor longer consecutive construction sequences in environments with a low probability of catalysis, while this bias diminishes in environments with higher catalysis probabilities, highlighting the significant influence of environmental factors on the assembly of complex structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431517/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Potential Benefits and Challenges of Quantifying Pseudoreplication in Genomic Data with Entropy Statistics. 用熵统计量化基因组数据中伪复制的潜在优势和挑战
IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Entropy Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/e26090805
Eric J Ward, Robin S Waples
{"title":"Potential Benefits and Challenges of Quantifying Pseudoreplication in Genomic Data with Entropy Statistics.","authors":"Eric J Ward, Robin S Waples","doi":"10.3390/e26090805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090805","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Generating vast arrays of genetic markers for evolutionary ecology studies has become routine and cost-effective. However, analyzing data from large numbers of loci associated with a small number of finite chromosomes introduces a challenge: loci on the same chromosome do not assort independently, leading to pseudoreplication. Previous studies have demonstrated that pseudoreplication can substantially reduce precision of genetic analyses (and make confidence intervals wider), such as <i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> and linkage disequilibrium (LD) measures between pairs of loci. In LD analyses, another type of dependency (overlapping pairs of the same loci) also creates pseudoreplication. Building on previous work, we explore the potential of entropy metrics to improve the status quo, particularly total correlation (TC), to assess pseudoreplication in LD studies. Our simulations, performed on a monoecious population with a range of effective population sizes (<i>N<sub>e</sub></i>) and numbers of loci, attempted to isolate the overlapping-pairs-of-loci effect by considering unlinked loci and using entropy to quantify inter-locus relationships. We hypothesized a positive correlation between TC and the number of loci (L), and a negative correlation between TC and <i>N<sub>e</sub></i>. Results from our statistical models predicting TC demonstrate a strong effect of the number of loci, and muted effects of <i>N<sub>e</sub></i> and other predictors, adding support to the use of entropy-based metrics as a tool for estimating the statistical information of complex genetic datasets. Our results also highlight a challenge regarding scalability; computational limitations arise as the number of loci grows, making our current approach limited to smaller datasets. Despite these challenges, this work further refines our understanding of entropy measures, and offers insights into the complex dynamics of genetic information in evolutionary ecology research.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Improving Transmission Line Fault Diagnosis Based on EEMD and Power Spectral Entropy. 基于 EEMD 和功率谱熵的输电线路故障诊断改进。
IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Entropy Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/e26090806
Yuan-Bin Chen, Hui-Shan Cui, Chia-Wei Huang, Wei-Tai Hsu
{"title":"Improving Transmission Line Fault Diagnosis Based on EEMD and Power Spectral Entropy.","authors":"Yuan-Bin Chen, Hui-Shan Cui, Chia-Wei Huang, Wei-Tai Hsu","doi":"10.3390/e26090806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090806","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fault diagnosis on a transmission line based on the characteristics of the power spectral entropy is proposed in this article. The data preprocessing for the experimental measurement is also introduced using the EEMD. The EEMD is used to preprocess experimental measurements, which are nonlinear and non-stationary fault signals, to overcome the mode mixing. This study focuses on the fault location detection of transmission lines during faults. The proposed method is adopted for different fault types through simulation under the fault point by collecting current and voltage signals at a distance from the fault point. An analysis and comprehensive evaluation of three-phase measured current and voltage signals at distinct fault locations is conducted. The form and position of the fault are distinguished directly and effectively, thereby significantly improving the transmission line efficiency and accuracy of fault diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431672/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Robustness of Entanglement for Dicke-W and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Mixed States. Dicke-W 和 Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger 混合态纠缠的鲁棒性。
IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Entropy Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/e26090804
Ling-Hui Zhu, Zhen Zhu, Guo-Lin Lv, Chong-Qiang Ye, Xiao-Yu Chen
{"title":"Robustness of Entanglement for Dicke-W and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger Mixed States.","authors":"Ling-Hui Zhu, Zhen Zhu, Guo-Lin Lv, Chong-Qiang Ye, Xiao-Yu Chen","doi":"10.3390/e26090804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantum entanglement is a fundamental characteristic of quantum mechanics, and understanding the robustness of entanglement across different mixed states is crucial for comprehending the entanglement properties of general quantum states. In this paper, the robustness of entanglement of Dicke-W and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) mixed states under different mixing ratios is calculated using the entanglement witness method. The robustnesses of entanglement of Dicke-W and GHZ mixed states are different when the probability ratio of Dicke to W is greater than 32 and less than 32. For the probability of Dicke and W states greater than or equal to 32, we study the robustness of entanglement of Dicke and GHZ mixed states and analyze and calculate their upper and lower bounds. For the probability of Dicke and W states less than 32, we take the equal probability ratio of Dicke and W states as an example and calculate and analyze the upper and lower bounds of their robustness of entanglement in detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Additively Optimal Interpreter for Approximating Kolmogorov Prefix Complexity. 用于近似柯尔莫哥洛夫前缀复杂性的加法最优解释器
IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Entropy Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/e26090802
Zoe Leyva-Acosta, Eduardo Acuña Yeomans, Francisco Hernandez-Quiroz
{"title":"An Additively Optimal Interpreter for Approximating Kolmogorov Prefix Complexity.","authors":"Zoe Leyva-Acosta, Eduardo Acuña Yeomans, Francisco Hernandez-Quiroz","doi":"10.3390/e26090802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090802","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We study practical approximations of Kolmogorov prefix complexity (<i>K</i>) using IMP2, a high-level programming language. Our focus is on investigating the optimality of the interpreter for this language as the reference machine for the Coding Theorem Method (CTM). This method is designed to address applications of algorithmic complexity that differ from the popular traditional lossless compression approach based on the principles of algorithmic probability. The chosen model of computation is proven to be suitable for this task, and a comparison to other models and methods is conducted. Our findings show that CTM approximations using our model do not always correlate with the results from lower-level models of computation. This suggests that some models may require a larger program space to converge to Levin's universal distribution. Furthermore, we compare the CTM with an upper bound on Kolmogorov complexity and find a strong correlation, supporting the CTM's validity as an approximation method with finer-grade resolution of <i>K</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Some Results for Double Cyclic Codes over Fq+vFq+v2Fq. Fq+vFq+v2Fq 上双循环码的若干结果
IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Entropy Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.3390/e26090803
Tenghui Deng, Jing Yang
{"title":"Some Results for Double Cyclic Codes over Fq+vFq+v2Fq.","authors":"Tenghui Deng, Jing Yang","doi":"10.3390/e26090803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090803","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Let Fq be a finite field with an odd characteristic. In this paper, we present a new result about double cyclic codes over a finite non-chain ring. Specifically, we study the double cyclic code over Fq+vFq+v2Fq with v3=v, which is isomorphic to Fq×Fq×Fq. This study mainly involves generator polynomials and generator matrices. The generating polynomial of the dual code is also obtained. We show the relationship between the generating polynomials of the double cyclic codes and those of their dual codes. Finally, as an application of these results, we construct some optimal codes over F3.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431047/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhanced Magnetocaloric Properties of the (MnNi)0.6Si0.62(FeCo)0.4Ge0.38 High-Entropy Alloy Obtained by Co Substitution. 通过 Co 取代获得的 (MnNi)0.6Si0.62(FeCo)0.4Ge0.38 高熵合金的增强磁性能
IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Entropy Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.3390/e26090799
Zhigang Zheng, Pengyan Huang, Xinglin Chen, Hongyu Wang, Shan Da, Gang Wang, Zhaoguo Qiu, Dechang Zeng
{"title":"Enhanced Magnetocaloric Properties of the (MnNi)<sub>0.6</sub>Si<sub>0.62</sub>(FeCo)<sub>0.4</sub>Ge<sub>0.38</sub> High-Entropy Alloy Obtained by Co Substitution.","authors":"Zhigang Zheng, Pengyan Huang, Xinglin Chen, Hongyu Wang, Shan Da, Gang Wang, Zhaoguo Qiu, Dechang Zeng","doi":"10.3390/e26090799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090799","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to improve the magnetocaloric properties of MnNiSi-based alloys, a new type of high-entropy magnetocaloric alloy was constructed. In this work, Mn<sub>0.6</sub>Ni<sub>1-</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Si<sub>0.62</sub>Fe<sub>0.4</sub>Co<i><sub>x</sub></i>Ge<sub>0.38</sub> (<i>x</i> = 0.4, 0.45, and 0.5) are found to exhibit magnetostructural first-order phase transitions from high-temperature Ni<sub>2</sub>In-type phases to low-temperature TiNiSi-type phases so that the alloys can achieve giant magnetocaloric effects. We investigate why <i>c<sub>hexagonal</sub></i>/<i>a<sub>hexagonal</sub></i> (<i>c<sub>hexa</sub></i>/<i>a<sub>hexa</sub></i>) gradually increases upon Co substitution, while phase transition temperature (<i>T<sub>tr</sub></i>) and isothermal magnetic entropy change (Δ<i>S<sub>M</sub></i>) tend to gradually decrease. In particular, the <i>x</i> = 0.4 alloy with remarkable magnetocaloric properties is obtained by tuning Co/Ni, which shows a giant entropy change of 48.5 J∙kg<sup>-1</sup>K<sup>-1</sup> at 309 K for 5 T and an adiabatic temperature change (Δ<i>T<sub>ad</sub></i>) of 8.6 K at 306.5 K. Moreover, the <i>x</i> = 0.55 HEA shows great hardness and compressive strength with values of 552 HV2 and 267 MPa, respectively, indicating that the mechanical properties undergo an effective enhancement. The large Δ<i>S<sub>M</sub></i> and Δ<i>T<sub>ad</sub></i> may enable the MnNiSi-based HEAs to become a potential commercialized magnetocaloric material.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessing Variable Importance for Best Subset Selection. 评估变量重要性以选择最佳子集
IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Entropy Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.3390/e26090801
Jacob Seedorff, Joseph E Cavanaugh
{"title":"Assessing Variable Importance for Best Subset Selection.","authors":"Jacob Seedorff, Joseph E Cavanaugh","doi":"10.3390/e26090801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the primary issues that arises in statistical modeling pertains to the assessment of the relative importance of each variable in the model. A variety of techniques have been proposed to quantify variable importance for regression models. However, in the context of best subset selection, fewer satisfactory methods are available. With this motivation, we here develop a variable importance measure expressly for this setting. We investigate and illustrate the properties of this measure, introduce algorithms for the efficient computation of its values, and propose a procedure for calculating <i>p</i>-values based on its sampling distributions. We present multiple simulation studies to examine the properties of the proposed methods, along with an application to demonstrate their practical utility.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Golf Club Selection with AI-Based Game Planning. 利用基于人工智能的游戏规划选择高尔夫球杆。
IF 2.1 3区 物理与天体物理
Entropy Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.3390/e26090800
Mehdi Khazaeli, Leili Javadpour
{"title":"Golf Club Selection with AI-Based Game Planning.","authors":"Mehdi Khazaeli, Leili Javadpour","doi":"10.3390/e26090800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e26090800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the dynamic realm of golf, where every swing can make the difference between victory and defeat, the strategic selection of golf clubs has become a crucial factor in determining the outcome of a game. Advancements in artificial intelligence have opened new avenues for enhancing the decision-making process, empowering golfers to achieve optimal performance on the course. In this paper, we introduce an AI-based game planning system that assists players in selecting the best club for a given scenario. The system considers factors such as distance, terrain, wind strength and direction, and quality of lie. A rule-based model provides the four best club options based on the player's maximum shot data for each club. The player picks a club, shot, and target and a probabilistic classification model identifies whether the shot represents a birdie opportunity, par zone, bogey zone, or worse. The results of our model show that taking into account factors such as terrain and atmospheric features increases the likelihood of a better shot outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"26 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11431687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142343904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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