Entropy最新文献

{"title":"(Finite-Time) Thermodynamics, Hyperbolicity, Lorentz Invariance: Study of an Example.","authors":"Bernard Guy","doi":"10.3390/e27070700","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27070700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Our study lies at the intersection of three fields: finite-time thermodynamics, relativity theory, and the theory of hyperbolic conservation laws. Each of these fields has its own requirements and richness, and in order to link them together as effectively as possible, we have simplified each one, reducing it to its fundamental principles. The example chosen concerns the propagation of chemical changes in a very large reactor, as found in geology. We ask ourselves two sets of questions: (1) How do the finiteness of propagation speeds modeled by hyperbolic problems (diffusion is neglected) and the finiteness of the time allocated to transformations interact? (2) How do the finiteness of time and that of resources interact? The similarity in the behavior of the pairs of variables (x, t and resources, resource flows) in Lorentz relativistic transformations allows us to put them on the same level and propose complementary-type relationships between the two classes of finiteness. If times are finite, so are resources, which can be neither zero nor infinite. In hyperbolic problems, a condition is necessary to select solutions with a physical sense among the multiplicity of weak solutions: this is given by the entropy production, which is Lorentz invariant (and not entropy alone).</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landauer Principle and Einstein Synchronization of Clocks: Ramsey Approach.","authors":"Edward Bormashenko, Michael Nosonovsky","doi":"10.3390/e27070697","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27070697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We introduce a synchronization procedure for clocks based on the Einstein-Landauer framework. Clocks are modeled as discrete, macroscopic devices operating at a thermal equilibrium temperature <i>T</i>. Synchronization is achieved by transmitting photons from one clock to another; the absorption of a photon by a clock reduces the uncertainty in its timekeeping. The minimum energy required for this reduction in uncertainty is determined by the Landauer bound. We distinguish between the time-bearing and non-time-bearing degrees of freedom of the clocks. A reduction in uncertainty under synchronization in the time-bearing degrees of freedom necessarily leads to heat dissipation in the non-time-bearing ones. The minimum energy dissipation in these non-time-bearing degrees of freedom is likewise given by the Landauer limit. The same is true for mechanical synchronization of clocks. We also consider lattices of clocks and analyze synchronization using a Ramsey graph approach. Notably, clocks operating at the same temperature may be synchronized using photons of different frequencies. Each clock is categorized as either synchronized or non-synchronized, resulting in a bi-colored complete graph of clocks. By Ramsey's theorem, such a graph inevitably contains a triad (or loop) of clocks that are either all synchronized or all non-synchronized. The extension of the Ramsey approach to infinite lattices of clocks is reported.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LLM-Enhanced Chinese Morph Resolution in E-Commerce Live Streaming Scenarios.","authors":"Xiaoye Ouyang, Liu Yuan, Xiaocheng Hu, Jiahao Zhu, Jipeng Qiang","doi":"10.3390/e27070698","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27070698","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>E-commerce live streaming in China has become a major retail channel, yet hosts often employ subtle phonetic or semantic \"morphs\" to evade moderation and make unsubstantiated claims, posing risks to consumers. To address this, we study the Live Auditory Morph Resolution (LiveAMR) task, which restores morphed speech transcriptions to their true forms. Building on prior text-based morph resolution, we propose an LLM-enhanced training framework that mines three types of explanation knowledge-predefined morph-type labels, LLM-generated reference corrections, and natural-language rationales constrained for clarity and comprehensiveness-from a frozen large language model. These annotations are concatenated with the original morphed sentence and used to fine-tune a lightweight T5 model under a standard cross-entropy objective. In experiments on two test sets (in-domain and out-of-domain), our method achieves substantial gains over baselines, improving F0.5 by up to 7 pp in-domain (to 0.943) and 5 pp out-of-domain (to 0.799) compared to a strong T5 baseline. These results demonstrate that structured LLM-derived signals can be mined without fine-tuning the LLM itself and injected into small models to yield efficient, accurate morph resolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12295434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Echo Chambers and Homophily in the Diffusion of Risk Information on Social Media: The Case of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs).","authors":"Xiaoxiao Cheng, Jianbin Jin","doi":"10.3390/e27070699","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27070699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the mechanisms underlying the diffusion of risk information about genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on the Chinese social media platform Weibo. Drawing upon social contagion theory, we examine how endogenous and exogenous mechanisms shape users' information-sharing behaviors. An analysis of 388,722 reposts from 2444 original GMO risk-related texts enabled the construction of a comprehensive sharing network, with computational text-mining techniques employed to detect users' attitudes toward GMOs. To bridge the gap between descriptive and inferential network analysis, we employ a Shannon entropy-based approach to quantify the uncertainty and concentration of attitudinal differences and similarities among sharing and non-sharing dyads, providing an information-theoretic foundation for understanding positional and differential homophily. The entropy-based analysis reveals that information-sharing ties are characterized by lower entropy in attitude differences, indicating greater attitudinal alignment among sharing users, especially among GMO opponents. Building on these findings, the Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) further demonstrates that both endogenous network mechanisms (reciprocity, preferential attachment, and triadic closure) and positional homophily influence GMO risk information sharing and dissemination. A key finding is the presence of a differential homophily effect, where GMO opponents exhibit stronger homophilic tendencies than non-opponents. Despite the prevalence of homophily, this paper uncovers substantial cross-attitude interactions, challenging simplistic notions of echo chambers in GMO risk communication. By integrating entropy and ERGM analyses, this study advances a more nuanced, information-theoretic understanding of how digital platforms mediate public perceptions and debates surrounding controversial socio-scientific issues, offering valuable implications for developing effective risk communication strategies in increasingly polarized online spaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification and Evolution of Online Public Opinion Heat Considering Interactive Behavior and Emotional Conflict.","authors":"Zhengyi Sun, Deyao Wang, Zhaohui Li","doi":"10.3390/e27070701","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27070701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the rapid development of the Internet, the speed and scope of sudden public events disseminating in cyberspace have grown significantly. Current methods of quantifying public opinion heat often neglect emotion-driven factors and user interaction behaviors, making it difficult to accurately capture fluctuations during dissemination. To address these issues, first, this study addressed the complexity of interaction behaviors by introducing an approach that employs the information gain ratio as a weighting indicator to measure the \"interaction heat\" contributed by different interaction attributes during event evolution. Second, this study built on SnowNLP and expanded textual features to conduct in-depth sentiment mining of large-scale opinion texts, defining the variance of netizens' emotional tendencies as an indicator of emotional fluctuations, thereby capturing \"emotional heat\". We then integrated interactive behavior and emotional conflict assessment to achieve comprehensive heat index to quantification and dynamic evolution analysis of online public opinion heat. Subsequently, we used Hodrick-Prescott filter to separate long-term trends and short-term fluctuations, extract six key quantitative features (number of peaks, time of first peak, maximum amplitude, decay time, peak emotional conflict, and overall duration), and applied K-means clustering algorithm (K-means) to classify events into three propagation patterns, which are extreme burst, normal burst, and long-tail. Finally, this study conducted ablation experiments on critical external intervention nodes to quantify the distinct contribution of each intervention to the propagation trend by observing changes in the model's goodness-of-fit (R2) after removing different interventions. Through an empirical analysis of six representative public opinion events from 2024, this study verified the effectiveness of the proposed framework and uncovered critical characteristics of opinion dissemination, including explosiveness versus persistence, multi-round dissemination with recurring emotional fluctuations, and the interplay of multiple driving factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entropies of the Classical Dimer Model.","authors":"John C Baker, Marilyn F Bishop, Tom McMullen","doi":"10.3390/e27070693","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27070693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological processes often involve the attachment and detachment of extended molecules to substrates. Here, the classical dimer model is used to investigate these geometric effects on the free energy, which governs both the equilibrium state and the reaction dynamics. We present a simplified version of Fisher's derivation of the partition function of a two-dimensional dimer model at filling factor ν=1, which takes into account the blocking of two adjacent sites by each dimer. Physical consequences of the dimer geometry on the entropy that are not reflected in simpler theories are identified. Specifically, for dimers adsorbing on the DNA double helix, the dimer geometry gives a persistently nonzero entropy and there is a significant charge inversion as the force binding the particles to the lattice increases relative to the thermal energy, which is not true of the simple lattice gas model for the dimers, in which all the sites are independent.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12293938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hybrid Framework Integrating Traditional Models and Deep Learning for Multi-Scale Time Series Forecasting.","authors":"Zihan Liu, Zijia Zhang, Weizhe Zhang","doi":"10.3390/e27070695","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27070695","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Time series forecasting is critical for decision-making in numerous domains, yet achieving high accuracy across both short-term and long-term horizons remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a general hybrid forecasting framework that integrates a traditional statistical model (ARIMA) with modern deep learning models (such as LSTM and Transformer). The core of our approach is a novel multi-scale prediction mechanism that combines the strengths of both model types to better capture short-range patterns and long-range dependencies. We design a dual-stage forecasting process, where a classical time series component first models transparent linear trends and seasonal patterns, and a deep neural network then learns complex nonlinear residuals and long-term contexts. The two outputs are fused through an adaptive mechanism to produce the final prediction. We evaluate the proposed framework on eight public datasets (electricity, exchange rate, weather, traffic, illness, ETTh1/2, and ETTm1/2) covering diverse domains and scales. The experimental results show that our hybrid method consistently outperforms stand-alone models (ARIMA, LSTM, and Transformer) and recent, specialized forecasters (Informer and Autoformer) in both short-horizon and long-horizon forecasts. An ablation study further demonstrates the contribution of each module in the framework. The proposed approach not only achieves state-of-the-art accuracy across varied time series but also offers improved interpretability and robustness, suggesting a promising direction for combining statistical and deep learning techniques in time series forecasting.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294620/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-Device-Independent Randomness Expansion Using <i>n</i>→1 Parity-Oblivious Quantum Random Access Codes.","authors":"Xunan Wang, Xu Chen, Mengke Xu, Wanglei Mi, Xiao Chen","doi":"10.3390/e27070696","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27070696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantum mechanics enables the generation of genuine randomness through its intrinsic indeterminacy. In device-independent (DI) and semi-device-independent (SDI) frameworks, randomness generation protocols can further ensure that the output remains secure and unaffected by internal device imperfections, with certification grounded in violations of generalized Bell inequalities. In this work, we propose an SDI randomness expansion protocol using n→1 parity-oblivious quantum random access code (PO-QRAC), where the presence of true quantum randomness is certified through the violation of a two-dimensional quantum witness. For various values of <i>n</i>, we derive the corresponding maximal expected success probabilities. Notably, for n=4, the expected success probability obtained under our protocol exceeds the upper bound reported in prior work. Furthermore, we establish an analytic relationship between the certifiable min-entropy and the quantum witness value, and demonstrate that, for a fixed witness value, PO-QRAC-based protocols certify more randomness than those based on standard QRACs. Among all configurations satisfying the parity-obliviousness constraint, the protocol based on the 3→1 PO-QRAC achieves optimal randomness expansion performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12296106/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-Resolved Information-Theoretic and Spectral Analysis of fNIRS Signals from Multi-Channel Prototypal Device.","authors":"Irene Franzone, Yuri Antonacci, Fabrizio Giuliano, Riccardo Pernice, Alessandro Busacca, Luca Faes, Giuseppe Costantino Giaconia","doi":"10.3390/e27070694","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27070694","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive imaging technique that measures brain hemodynamic activity by detecting changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations using light in the near-infrared spectrum. This study aims to provide a comprehensive characterization of fNIRS signals acquired with a prototypal continuous-wave fNIRS device during a breath-holding task, to evaluate the impact of respiratory activity on scalp hemodynamics within the framework of Network Physiology. To this end, information-theoretic and spectral analysis methods were applied to characterize the dynamics of fNIRS signals. In the time domain, time-resolved information-theoretic measures, including entropy, conditional entropy and, information storage, were employed to assess the complexity and predictability of the fNIRS signals. These measures highlighted distinct informational dynamics across the breathing and apnea phases, with conditional entropy showing a significant modulation driven by respiratory activity. In the frequency domain, power spectral density was estimated using a parametric method, allowing the identification of distinct frequency bands related to vascular and respiratory components. The analysis revealed significant modulations in both the amplitude and frequency of oscillations during the task, particularly in the high-frequency band associated with respiratory activity. Our observations demonstrate that the proposed analysis provides novel insights into the characterization of fNIRS signals, enhancing the understanding of the impact of task-induced peripheral cardiovascular responses on NIRS hemodynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12294903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entropy Alternatives for Equilibrium and Out-of-Equilibrium Systems.","authors":"Eugenio E Vogel, Francisco J Peña, Gonzalo Saravia, Patricio Vargas","doi":"10.3390/e27070689","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27070689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We introduce a novel entropy-related function, non-repeatability, designed to capture dynamical behaviors in complex systems. Its normalized form, mutability, has been previously applied in statistical physics as a dynamical entropy measure associated with any observable stored in a sequential file. We now extend this concept by calculating the sorted mutability for the same data file previously ordered by increasing or decreasing value. To present the scope and advantages of these quantities, we analyze two distinct systems: (a) Monte Carlo simulations of magnetic moments on a square lattice, and (b) seismic time series from the United States Geological Survey catalog. Both systems are well established in the literature, serving as robust benchmarks. Shannon entropy is employed as a reference point to assess the similarities and differences with the proposed measures. A key distinction lies in the sensitivity of non-repeatability and mutability to the temporal ordering of data, which contrasts with traditional entropy definitions. Moreover, sorted mutability reveals additional insights into the critical behavior of the systems under study.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12295897/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144728840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}