Entropy最新文献

{"title":"A Conditional Structural Organization of the Light-Baryon Spectrum: Eighteen Channels and Nucleon Mass Ratios.","authors":"Bin Li","doi":"10.3390/e28091021","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e28091021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the established dynamical account of light baryons. This paper asks whether their ground-state organization and dimensionless mass placement can also be represented by a finite reconstruction calculus. Given a three-grade rooted bilateral incidence complex, twenty-seven ordered routes reduce under the invariant side exchange to exactly eighteen classes. Complex linearization gives the standard representation identity Sym2(W)&otimes;W≅Sym3(W)&oplus;S(2,1)(W), with dimensions ten and eight. Identifying these sectors with the physical decuplet and octet is an explicit light-flavor correspondence postulate; the result is therefore a structural reorganization of known flavor combinatorics, not an independent derivation of the observed multiplets. A scale inherited from the published charged-lepton construction and finite operators then organize the masses. Data-informed closed-neutral and charged-boundary closures reproduce the neutron-electron and proton-electron ratios within 0.92 and 0.35 quoted experimental uncertainties. The leading seven-centroid comparison uses two common normalization integers and five effective discrete operator weights for seven values, so it is not an overdetermined prediction. Higher centroid and charge fibers were recognized with knowledge of the spectrum; their level-six agreements are consequently experimental-normalized reproducibility diagnostics, not statistical significances. A quadratic-local obstruction theorem excludes a simpler sector-blind charge selector, and the frozen carrier-lift complex gives a prospective Delta charge pattern. Published law-constant co-selection results motivate the common structural setting but do not prove the baryon-specific fibers. No continuously adjusted baryon-sector scale or measured fine-structure constant is inserted. The finite mathematics is exact within the declared complexes, while physical selection remains conditional; QCD and QED remain indispensable after read-out.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13605205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study of Decision-Level Fusion Strategies for Multi-Sensor CNN-Based Bearing Fault Diagnosis.","authors":"Iman Makrouf, Mourad Zegrari, Khalid Dahi, Demba Diallo, Meryem Abtane, Ilias Ouachtouk","doi":"10.3390/e28091020","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e28091020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bearing fault diagnosis increasingly relies on multiple sensors, since compound or multi-location faults can produce signatures that are only partially captured by a single sensor. The decision-level fusion (DLF) of independently trained models offers a practical way to combine such complementary information, yet systematic comparisons across DLF techniques remain scarce, particularly for measurements from different sensor locations. This paper benchmarks six DLF strategies, i.e, Max, Average, Majority Voting, Weighted Sum, Dempster-Shafer, and Stacking, on a dual-branch one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) with each branch trained end-to-end on vibration signals from a distinct bearing location. On a two-sensor test bench covering seven health conditions, all methods exceed 99.7% accuracy on clean signals, while Dempster-Shafer fusion proves markedly more robust under noise, retaining up to 84% accuracy at a 5 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A conflict-coefficient analysis further provides an interpretable account of when fusion succeeds, linking performance to the confidence complementarity between branches.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13605508/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irreversibility and Quantum Measurement.","authors":"Julio Gea-Banacloche","doi":"10.3390/e28091019","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e28091019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role played by irreversible processes, at the microscopic scale, in several examples of quantum measurements is studied within a \"minimally realist\" interpretation of the quantum formalism introduced in a recent publication. The analysis extends and confirms the basic results of the earlier work: separation of the collapse and amplification phases of the measurement, and decoherence and collapse happening already as a consequence of irreversible microscopic processes at the level of the \"probe\" itself (typically an atom in the examples considered). Additionally, the proposed interpretation of the formalism is shown to be consistent with previous interpretations, and a case for true irreversibility in physics is argued in some detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13605942/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visibility-Graph Analysis of Raman Spectra in Chalazion and Lipid Dysregulation: An Exploratory Study.","authors":"Renata Wojnarowska-Nowak, Rafał Rak, Kornelia Łach, Aneta Kowal, Kamil Szmuc, Damian Roczkowski, Rafał Kuna, Kamila Nester-Ostrowska, Zozan Guleken, Józef Cebulski, Aneta Lewicka-Chomont","doi":"10.3390/e28091011","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e28091011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A chalazion is an inflammatory lesion of the eyelid caused by a blockage in the sebaceous glands. To identify subtle biochemical differences in chalazion secretions and patient serum, we apply a graph-theory-based visibility-graph approach to Raman spectra, focusing on its exploratory potential for detecting band-specific spectral differences. As a classical baseline, we also employ Principal Component Analysis (PCA); however, the visibility-graph approach provides complementary, band-localized information that may support interpretation of subtle spectral differences. The study included samples from chalazion patients and control subjects, comprising healthy individuals and patients with lipid disorders. Raman spectra were analyzed by transforming the data into visibility graphs, enabling identification of hidden correlations and signal dynamics. Within the VG representation, group differences were concentrated mainly in the 1100-1300 cm^-1 range, with localized extrema near 1177, 1184, and 1260 cm^-1 in chalazion secretions and near 1172, 1174, 1219, and 1257 cm^-1 in serum. The identified positions overlap regions with possible lipid- and protein-related contributions, including C-C, =CH, and amide III vibrations, and are treated as candidate spectral positions rather than markers of individual molecular compounds. From the perspective of complex-network-based signal analysis, the visibility-graph transformation provides an alternative way of representing Raman spectra and extracting structural information that is not readily apparent in the original spectral domain. This information-oriented approach is consistent with entropy-related studies of complex signals, where nonlinear structure, local organization, and hidden dependencies in data are of central interest. These findings suggest that visibility-graph analysis may be useful as an exploratory tool for identifying candidate lipid-related spectral features, although further validation using larger sample sets is required. Full-range PCA was also examined over 200-2000 cm^-1. It revealed global covariance patterns distributed across several spectral regions, whereas VG localized the pairwise differences within the 1100-1300 cm^-1 range at specific Raman-shift positions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13605477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperadaptability Through Self-Organizing Behavioral Search.","authors":"Alex Baranski, Jun Tani","doi":"10.3390/e28091013","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e28091013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificially replicating the extraordinary adaptive potential of organisms remains difficult. Machine learning approaches based on big data pursue behavioral adaptation through generalization from training data, but often learn slowly and struggle with out-of-distribution situations. We propose that organisms may not adapt primarily through generalization alone but by rapidly eliminating infeasible solutions through online trial-and-error, effectively performing a search over the behavior space. If this search is complete, it is guaranteed to find an existing physically robust solution within a finite but unbounded time. For continuous behavioral domains that contain uncountably infinite behaviors, we introduce a mathematical framework for constructing a countably infinite dense subset of all behaviors using a mutable graph to segment behavior space, allowing any behavior to be progressively approximated arbitrarily well. Graph evolution is regulated by a heuristic feedback loop between outward growth and internal refinement; refinement is partially determined by a Bernoulli variance term related to binary entropy. Using this construction, we implement a proof-of-concept behavioral search algorithm and evaluate it on maze navigation and simple continuous control tasks. These preliminary results establish the practical feasibility of this approach in low-dimensional simulated environments while exposing unresolved limitations in terms of dimensional scaling and the incorporation of prior information.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13605792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining a Thermodynamic Temperature Scale Using Quantum Dot Heat Engines.","authors":"Shahaab Mansoor Qureshi, Jan Andries Mol","doi":"10.3390/e28091016","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e28091016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ability to define a temperature scale that is independent of any particular material is important for testing quantum thermodynamic concepts at the nanoscale. Here, we present a method for constructing a thermodynamic temperature scale from the reversible operation of quantum dot heat engines. In the limit of vanishing dissipation and lifetime broadening, temperature ratios can be determined directly from measurable open-circuit voltages and combined into a self-consistent temperature scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13604976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Momentum-Space Path Integral Approach to Non-Hermitian Symmetry Breaking.","authors":"Zhuo-Ting Cai, Wei Chen","doi":"10.3390/e28091010","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e28091010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A quantum-classical correspondence for non-Hermitian symmetry breaking has recently been established using coordinate-space path integrals, providing a semiclassical understanding of spectral transitions at the level of individual eigenstates. Here we develop its dual formulation in momentum space by constructing the corresponding trace formula and quantization condition. We show that the real or complex nature of individual eigenvalues is determined by the symmetry properties of the associated semiclassical orbits, as in the coordinate-space path-integral approach. Moreover, we demonstrate that the topology of semiclassical orbits determines the natural formulation of the quantization condition: the coordinate- and momentum-space formulations are equivalent for contractible periodic orbits in phase space, whereas for noncontractible orbits, the quantization condition along the winding direction remains valid, but its dual form must be corrected by a boundary term. In particular, real-space-winding and Brillouin-zone-winding orbits naturally select coordinate- and momentum-space quantization, respectively. As a nontrivial application, we investigate the boundary-induced spectral transition of Bloch oscillations in a finite non-Hermitian lattice, where Bloch-oscillation orbits winding across the Brillouin zone preserve the relevant symmetry and yield real energy levels, whereas boundary-reflected orbits form symmetry-related pairs and give rise to complex-conjugate eigenvalues. Our work completes the quantum-classical correspondence framework for non-Hermitian symmetry breaking, extending its applicability to a broader class of non-Hermitian problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13605924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Quantum-Inspired Residual Self-Attention Network for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis.","authors":"Yupeng Liu, Xianjie Feng, Yewang Zhong","doi":"10.3390/e28091014","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e28091014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multimodal sentiment analysis is challenging because textual, visual, and acoustic evidence is heterogeneous and oft en weakly aligned. Here, we present QRSAN, a quantum-inspired residual self-attention network that integrates an LSTM text encoder, modality-specific multilayer perceptrons for visual and acoustic inputs, normalized complex-valued encoding, a TFN-derived interaction expansion, real-valued residual self-attention, and classical projection-score mapping. QRSAN runs entirely on classical hardware and does not perform physical quantum computation. Across CMU-MOSI, CMU-MOSEI, and IEMOCAP, QRSAN was evaluated using a common protocol. It achieved the highest numerical mean ACC and Binary_F1 among the evaluated models on CMU-MOSI, whereas its IEMOCAP label-wise accuracy was below that of EF-LSTM. These findings support the utility of combining constrained complex-valued representations with residual self-attention using the evaluated settings, without claiming universal state-of-the-art performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13605767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149058784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-Normalized Cramér Type Moderate Deviations for Pooled Estimation in Branching Processes in a Random Environment.","authors":"Quanzhen Yao, Mengyu Li","doi":"10.3390/e28091018","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e28091018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We study the estimation of the offspring mean of a supercritical branching process in a random environment when multiple conditionally independent populations evolve in a common environment. Extending the single-population self-normalized Cramér moderate deviation theory to this multi-population setting, we introduce a pooled Lotka-Nagaev estimator and construct its associated martingale difference sequence. The core of the analysis is an exact decomposition of the pooled conditional variance, which, owing to the shared environment and conditional independence of the populations, separates the environmental and demographic sources of variability. This decomposition reveals a structural dichotomy: the environmental variance is undiluted by pooling, while the demographic variance is attenuated at a rate proportional to the inverse square of the number of populations. Verifying the two conditions of the martingale moderate-deviation theorem yields self-normalized Cramér moderate deviations for the pooled Student t-statistic, together with a Berry-Esseen bound, a moderate deviation principle, and confidence intervals for the offspring mean. The resulting pooling efficiency gain, in which the demographic variance decays inversely with the number of populations while the environmental variance forms an irreducible floor, has no analogue in any single-population framework and is confirmed by Monte Carlo simulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13605964/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entropic Confinement in String-Net Models: An Analogue Study via SU(2)_k Fusion Categories.","authors":"Xiaodong Yang","doi":"10.3390/e28091017","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e28091017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent lattice studies have revealed that the color flux tube between static quark-antiquark pairs exhibits an excess entanglement entropy (flux-tube entanglement entropy, FTE²) that scales linearly with the quark separation L. In this paper, we demonstrate similar behavior in a string-net model based on SU(2)k fusion categories, where the nontrivial object j=1/2 (analogous to color charge) cannot exist in isolation due to the fusion rules, naturally exhibiting \"confinement\". We compute the entanglement entropy of the flux tube connecting two j=1/2 objects using the microcanonical (equal-weight) prescription S(R)=ln(dim(Hom(R))) and find an entropy density σk=lnd1/2=ln(2cosπk+2). For k=3, the category reduces to the Fibonacci case, yielding an entropy density σ₃ = ln φ ≈ 0.4812 (φ is the golden ratio), which is qualitatively comparable in magnitude to the scale inferred from lattice studies and the entropy surface mechanism. Under a thermalization assumption for the fusion-channel degrees of freedom, minimizing the free energy F=(J-Tσk)L yields a confinement-deconfinement transition at (Tc=J/σk), which is first-order-like (tension sign reversal) rather than a continuous critical transition. The parameter k offers a tunable knob, making the SU(2)k family a computable laboratory for entropic confinement. The predicted entropy-density jump can be directly tested in quantum simulator platforms (e.g., Rydberg arrays or superconducting circuits) that realize Fibonacci anyonic models.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13605201/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}