Entropy最新文献_第3页

Distinguishing Ideal and Non-Ideal Chemical Systems Based on Kinetic Behavior.

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.3390/e27010077

Gregory Yablonsky, Vladislav Fedotov

{"title":"Distinguishing Ideal and Non-Ideal Chemical Systems Based on Kinetic Behavior.","authors":"Gregory Yablonsky, Vladislav Fedotov","doi":"10.3390/e27010077","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27010077","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on differentiating between ideal and non-ideal chemical systems based on their kinetic behavior within a closed isothermal chemical environment. Non-ideality is examined using the non-ideal Marcelin-de Donde model. The analysis primarily addresses 'soft' non-ideality, where the equilibrium composition for a reversible non-ideal chemical system is identical to the corresponding composition for the ideal chemical system. Our approach in distinguishing the ideal and non-ideal systems is based on the properties of the special event, i.e., event, the time of which is well-defined. For the single-step first-order reaction in the ideal system, this event is the half-time-decay point, or the intersection point. For the two consecutive reversible reactions in the ideal system, A ↔ B ↔ C, this event is the extremum obtained within the conservatively perturbed equilibrium (CPE) procedure. For the non-ideal correspondent models, the times of chosen events significantly depend on the initial concentrations. The obtained difference in the behavior of the times of these events (intersection point and CPE-extremum point) between the ideal and non-ideal systems is proposed as the kinetic fingerprint for distinguishing these systems.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765181/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Gibbs Fundamental Relation as a Tool for Relativity.

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.3390/e27010074

Friedrich Herrmann, Michael Pohlig

引用次数: 0

Advancing Rice Grain Impurity Segmentation with an Enhanced SegFormer and Multi-Scale Feature Integration.

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.3390/e27010070

Xiulin Qiu, Hongzhi Yao, Qinghua Liu, Hongrui Liu, Haozhi Zhang, Mengdi Zhao

{"title":"Advancing Rice Grain Impurity Segmentation with an Enhanced SegFormer and Multi-Scale Feature Integration.","authors":"Xiulin Qiu, Hongzhi Yao, Qinghua Liu, Hongrui Liu, Haozhi Zhang, Mengdi Zhao","doi":"10.3390/e27010070","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27010070","url":null,"abstract":"During the rice harvesting process, severe occlusion and adhesion exist among multiple targets, such as rice, straw, and leaves, making it difficult to accurately distinguish between rice grains and impurities. To address the current challenges, a lightweight semantic segmentation algorithm for impurities based on an improved SegFormer network is proposed. To make full use of the extracted features, the decoder was redesigned. First, the Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) was introduced to optimize the structure, selectively fusing the high-level semantic features and low-level texture features generated by the encoder. Secondly, a Part Large Kernel Attention (Part-LKA) module was designed and introduced after feature fusion to help the model focus on key regions, simplifying the model and accelerating computation. Finally, to compensate for the lack of spatial interaction capabilities, Bottleneck Recursive Gated Convolution (B-gnConv) was introduced to achieve effective segmentation of rice grains and impurities. Compared with the original model, the improved model's pixel accuracy (PA) and F1 score increased by 1.6% and 3.1%, respectively. This provides a valuable algorithmic reference for designing a real-time impurity rate monitoring system for rice combine harvesters.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11764792/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transport Numbers and Electroosmosis in Cation-Exchange Membranes with Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions of HCl, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl₂, CaCl₂ and NH₄Cl.

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.3390/e27010075

Simon B B Solberg, Zelalem B Deress, Marte H Hvamstad, Odne S Burheim

{"title":"Transport Numbers and Electroosmosis in Cation-Exchange Membranes with Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions of HCl, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 and NH4Cl.","authors":"Simon B B Solberg, Zelalem B Deress, Marte H Hvamstad, Odne S Burheim","doi":"10.3390/e27010075","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27010075","url":null,"abstract":"Electroosmosis reduces the available energy from ion transport arising due to concentration gradients across ion-exchange membranes. This work builds on previous efforts to describe the electroosmosis, the permselectivity and the apparent transport number of a membrane, and we show new measurements of concentration cells with the Selemion CMVN cation-exchange membrane and single-salt solutions of HCl, LiCl, NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 and NH4Cl. Ionic transport numbers and electroosmotic water transport relative to the membrane are efficiently obtained from a relatively new permselectivity analysis method. We find that the membrane can be described as perfectly selective towards the migration of the cation, and that Cl- does not contribute to the net electric current. For the investigated salts, we obtained water transference coefficients, tw, of 1.1 ± 0.8 for HCl, 9.2 ± 0.8 for LiCl, 4.9 ± 0.2 for NaCl, 3.7 ± 0.4 for KCl, 8.5 ± 0.5 for MgCl2, 6.2 ± 0.6 for CaCl2 and 3.8 ± 0.5 for NH4Cl. However, as the test compartment concentrations of LiCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 increased past 3.5, 1.3 and 1.4 mol kg-1, respectively, the water transference coefficients appeared to decrease. The presented methods are generally useful for characterising concentration polarisation phenomena in electrochemistry, and may aid in the design of more efficient electrochemical cells.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reporting Standards for Bayesian Network Modelling.

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.3390/e27010069

Martine J Barons, Anca M Hanea, Steven Mascaro, Owen Woodberry

{"title":"Reporting Standards for Bayesian Network Modelling.","authors":"Martine J Barons, Anca M Hanea, Steven Mascaro, Owen Woodberry","doi":"10.3390/e27010069","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27010069","url":null,"abstract":"Reproducibility is a key measure of the veracity of a modelling result or finding. In other research areas, notably in medicine, reproducibility is supported by mandating the inclusion of an agreed set of details into every research publication, facilitating systematic reviews, transparency and reproducibility. Governments and international organisations are increasingly turning to modelling approaches in the development and decision-making for policy and have begun asking questions about accountability in model-based decision making. The ethical issues of relying on modelling that is biased, poorly constructed, constrained by heroic assumptions and not reproducible are multiplied when such models are used to underpin decisions impacting human and planetary well-being. Bayesian Network modelling is used in policy development and decision support across a wide range of domains. In light of the recent trend for governments and other organisations to demand accountability and transparency, we have compiled and tested a reporting checklist for Bayesian Network modelling which will bring the desirable level of transparency and reproducibility to enable models to support decision making and allow the robust comparison and combination of models. The use of this checklist would support the ethical use of Bayesian network modelling for impactful decision making and research.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765109/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Maximum-Power Stirling-like Heat Engine with a Harmonically Confined Brownian Particle.

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.3390/e27010072

Irene Prieto-Rodríguez, Antonio Prados, Carlos A Plata

{"title":"Maximum-Power Stirling-like Heat Engine with a Harmonically Confined Brownian Particle.","authors":"Irene Prieto-Rodríguez, Antonio Prados, Carlos A Plata","doi":"10.3390/e27010072","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27010072","url":null,"abstract":"Heat engines transform thermal energy into useful work, operating in a cyclic manner. For centuries, they have played a key role in industrial and technological development. Historically, only gases and liquids have been used as working substances, but the technical advances achieved in recent decades allow for expanding the experimental possibilities and designing engines operating with a single particle. In this case, the system of interest cannot be addressed at a macroscopic level and their study is framed in the field of stochastic thermodynamics. In the present work, we study mesoscopic heat engines built with a Brownian particle submitted to harmonic confinement and immersed in a fluid acting as a thermal bath. We design a Stirling-like heat engine, composed of two isothermal and two isochoric branches, by controlling both the stiffness of the harmonic trap and the temperature of the bath. Specifically, we focus on the irreversible, non-quasi-static case-whose finite duration enables the engine to deliver a non-zero output power. This is a crucial aspect, which enables the optimisation of the thermodynamic cycle by maximising the delivered power-thereby addressing a key goal at the practical level. The optimal driving protocols are obtained by using both variational calculus and optimal control theory tools. Furthermore, we numerically explore the dependence of the maximum output power and the corresponding efficiency on the system parameters.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11764987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Refraction of the Two-Photon Multimode Field via a Three-Level Atom.

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.3390/e27010071

Trever Harborth, Yuri Rostovtsev

引用次数: 0

Entropies in Electric Circuits.

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-01-15 DOI: 10.3390/e27010073

Angel Cuadras, Victoria J Ovejas, Herminio Martínez-García

引用次数: 0

VFL-Cafe: Communication-Efficient Vertical Federated Learning via Dynamic Caching and Feature Selection.

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.3390/e27010066

Jiahui Zhou, Han Liang, Tian Wu, Xiaoxi Zhang, Yu Jiang, Chee Wei Tan

{"title":"VFL-Cafe: Communication-Efficient Vertical Federated Learning via Dynamic Caching and Feature Selection.","authors":"Jiahui Zhou, Han Liang, Tian Wu, Xiaoxi Zhang, Yu Jiang, Chee Wei Tan","doi":"10.3390/e27010066","DOIUrl":"10.3390/e27010066","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical Federated Learning (VFL) is a promising category of Federated Learning that enables collaborative model training among distributed parties with data privacy protection. Due to its unique training architecture, a key challenge of VFL is high communication cost due to transmitting intermediate results between the Active Party and Passive Parties. Current communication-efficient VFL methods rely on using stale results without meticulous selection, which can impair model accuracy, particularly in noisy data environments. To address these limitations, this work proposes VFL-Cafe, a new VFL training method that leverages dynamic caching and feature selection to boost communication efficiency and model accuracy. In each communication round, the employed caching scheme allows multiple batches of intermediate results to be cached and strategically reused by different parties, reducing the communication overhead while maintaining model accuracy. Additionally, to eliminate the negative impact of noisy features that may undermine the effectiveness of using stale results to reduce communication rounds and incur significant model degradation, a feature selection strategy is integrated into each round of local updates. Theoretical analysis is then conducted to provide guidance on cache configuration, optimizing performance. Finally, extensive experimental results validate VFL-Cafe's efficacy, demonstrating remarkable improvements in communication efficiency and model accuracy.","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11764777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143032344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Post-Processing Method for Quantum Random Number Generator Based on Zero-Phase Component Analysis Whitening.

IF 2.1 3区物理与天体物理

Entropy Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.3390/e27010068

Longju Liu, Jie Yang, Mei Wu, Jinlu Liu, Wei Huang, Yang Li, Bingjie Xu

引用次数: 0