Entropy最新文献

{"title":"DFST-UNet: Dual-Domain Fusion Swin Transformer U-Net for Image Forgery Localization.","authors":"Jianhua Yang, Anjun Xie, Tao Mai, Yifang Chen","doi":"10.3390/e27050535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Image forgery localization is critical in defending against the malicious manipulation of image content, and is attracting increasing attention worldwide. In this paper, we propose a Dual-domain Fusion Swin Transformer U-Net (DFST-UNet) for image forgery localization. DFST-UNet is built on a U-shaped encoder-decoder architecture. Swin Transformer blocks are integrated into the U-Net architecture to capture long-range context information and perceive forged regions at different scales. Considering the fact that high-frequency forgery information is an essential clue for forgery localization, a dual-stream encoder is proposed to comprehensively expose forgery clues in both the RGB domain and the frequency domain. A novel high-frequency feature extractor module (HFEM) is designed to extract robust high-frequency features. A hierarchical attention fusion module (HAFM) is designed to effectively fuse the dual-domain features. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of DFST-UNet over the state-of-the-art methods in the task of image forgery localization.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Nearest-Neighbor Distributions to Quantify Machine Learning of Materials' Microstructures.","authors":"Jeffrey M Rickman, Katayun Barmak, Matthew J Patrick, Godfred Adomako Mensah","doi":"10.3390/e27050536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Machine learning strategies for the semantic segmentation of materials' micrographs, such as U-Net, have been employed in recent years to enable the automated identification of grain-boundary networks in polycrystals. For example, most recently, this architecture has allowed researchers to address the long-standing problem of automated image segmentation of thin-film microstructures in bright-field TEM micrographs. Such approaches are typically based on the minimization of a binary cross-entropy loss function that compares constructed images to a ground truth at the pixel level over many epochs. In this work, we quantify the rate at which the underlying microstructural features embodied in the grain-boundary network, as described stereologically, are also learned in this process. In particular, we assess the rate of microstructural learning in terms of the moments of the <i>k</i>-th nearest-neighbor pixel distributions and associated metrics, including a microstructural cross-entropy, that embody the spatial correlations among the pixels through a hierarchy of <i>n</i>-point correlation functions. From the moments of these distributions, we obtain so-called learning functions that highlight the rate at which the important topological features of a grain-boundary network appear. It is found that the salient features of network structure emerge after relatively few epochs, suggesting that grain size, network topology, etc., are learned early (as measured in epochs) during the segmentation process.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network Risk Diffusion and Resilience in Emerging Stock Markets.","authors":"Jiang-Cheng Li, Yi-Zhen Xu, Chen Tao","doi":"10.3390/e27050533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050533","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With the acceleration of globalization, the connections between emerging market economies are becoming increasingly intricate, making it crucial to understand the mechanisms of risk transmission. This study employs the transfer entropy model to analyze risk diffusion and network resilience across ten emerging market countries. The findings reveal that Brazil, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia are the primary risk exporters, while countries such as India, South Africa, and Indonesia predominantly act as risk receivers. The research highlights the profound impact of major events such as the 2008 global financial crisis and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic on risk diffusion, with risk diffusion peaking during the pandemic. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of network resilience, suggesting that certain levels of noise and shocks can enhance resilience and improve network stability. While the global economy gradually recovered following the 2008 financial crisis, the post-pandemic recovery has been slower, with external shocks and noise presenting long-term challenges to network resilience. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding network resilience and risk diffusion mechanisms, offering new insights for managing risk transmission in future global economic crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Internal Structure of Hard-to-Reach Objects Using a Hybrid Algorithm on the Example of Walls.","authors":"Rafał Brociek, Józef Szczotka, Mariusz Pleszczyński, Francesca Nanni, Christian Napoli","doi":"10.3390/e27050534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The article presents research on the application of computed tomography with an incomplete dataset to the problem of examining the internal structure of walls. The case of incomplete information in computed tomography often occurs in various applications, e.g., when examining large objects or when examining hard-to-reach objects. Algorithms dedicated to this type of problem can be used to detect anomalies (defects, cracks) in the walls, among other artifacts. Situations of this type may occur, for example, in old buildings, where special caution should be exercised. The approach presented in the article consists of a non-standard solution to the problem of reconstructing the internal structure of the tested object. The classical approach involves constructing an appropriate system of equations based on X-rays, the solution of which describes the structure. However, this approach has a drawback: solving such systems of equations is computationally very complex, because the algorithms used, combined with incomplete information, converge very slowly. In this article, we propose a different approach that eliminates this problem. To simulate the structure of the tested object, we use a hybrid algorithm that is a combination of a metaheuristic optimization algorithm (Group Teaching Optimization Algorithm) and a numerical optimization method (Hook-Jeeves method). In order to solve the considered inverse problem, a functional measuring the fit of the model to the measurement data is created. The hybrid algorithm presented in this paper was used to find the minimum of this functional. This paper also shows computational examples illustrating the effectiveness of the algorithms.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Monte Carlo Study of Dynamic Phase Transitions Observed in the Kinetic <i>S</i> = 1 Ising Model on Nonregular Lattices.","authors":"Yusuf Yüksel","doi":"10.3390/e27050530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050530","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present paper, we discuss the thermodynamic and dynamic phase transition properties of the kinetic Blume-Capel model with spin-1, defined on non-regular lattices, namely decorated simple cubic, decorated triangular, and decorated square (Lieb) lattice geometries. Benefiting from the recent results obtained for the thermodynamic phase transitions of the aforementioned lattice topologies [Azhari, M. and Yu, U., J. Stat. Mech. (2022) 033204], we explore the variation of the dynamic order parameter, dynamic scaling variance, and dynamic magnetic susceptibility as functions of the amplitude, bias, and period of the oscillating field sequence. According to the simulations, a second-order dynamic phase transition takes place at a critical field period for the systems with zero bias. A particular emphasis has also been devoted to metamagnetic anomalies emerging in the dynamic paramagnetic phase. In this regard, the generic two-peak symmetric behavior of the dynamic response functions has been found in the slow critical dynamics (i.e. dynamic paramagnetic) regime. Our results yield that the characteristics of the dynamic phase transitions observed in the kinetic Ising model on regular lattices can be extended to such non-regular lattices with a larger spin value.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exergetic Analysis and Design of a Mechanical Compression Stage-Application for a Cryogenic Air Separation Plant.","authors":"Adalia Andreea Percembli Chelmuș, Arthur Dupuy, Lavinia Grosu, Daniel Dima, Alexandru Dobrovicescu","doi":"10.3390/e27050532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050532","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study focuses on the compression area of a cryogenic air separation unit (ASU). The mechanism of exergy consumption in the compressor was revealed. The influence of the compression ratio and of the isentropic efficiency per stage give arguments for proper choice of these decisional parameters. For the purchase cost of the compressor, an exergoeconomic correlation based on the exergetic product represented by the compression ratio and the isentropic efficiency as the Second Law coefficient of performance was used instead of the common thermo-economic one based only on the cost of materials. The impact of the suction temperature on the compressor operating performance is shown, making the gap between the compression stage and the associated intercooler. After optimization of the global system, a specific exergy destruction is assigned to each inter-stage compression cooler. To fit this optimum exergy consumption, a design procedure for the inter-stages and final coolers based on the number of heat transfer units (NTU-ε) method and the number of exergy units destroyed (NEUD) is shown. Graphs are provided that make the application of the method straightforward and much easier to use compared to the usual logarithmic mean temperature difference. A 25% increase in the compression ratio per stage leads to a decrease in the exergy efficiency of 3%, while the purchase cost of the compressor rises by 80%. An increase in the isentropic efficiency of the compressor from 0.7 to 0.85 leads to an increase in the exergetic performance coefficient of 21%, while the compressor purchase cost triples.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher Algebraic K-Theory of Causality.","authors":"Sridhar Mahadevan","doi":"10.3390/e27050531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050531","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Causal discovery involves searching intractably large spaces. Decomposing the search space into classes of observationally equivalent causal models is a well-studied avenue to making discovery tractable. This paper studies the topological structure underlying causal equivalence to develop a categorical formulation of Chickering's transformational characterization of Bayesian networks. A homotopic generalization of the Meek-Chickering theorem on the connectivity structure within causal equivalence classes and a topological representation of Greedy Equivalence Search (GES) that moves from one equivalence class of models to the next are described. Specifically, this work defines causal models as propable symmetric monoidal categories (cPROPs), which define a functor category CP from a coalgebraic PROP <i>P</i> to a symmetric monoidal category C. Such functor categories were first studied by Fox, who showed that they define the right adjoint of the inclusion of Cartesian categories in the larger category of all symmetric monoidal categories. cPROPs are an algebraic theory in the sense of Lawvere. cPROPs are related to previous categorical causal models, such as Markov categories and affine CDU categories, which can be viewed as defined by cPROP maps specifying the semantics of comonoidal structures corresponding to the \"copy-delete\" mechanisms. This work characterizes Pearl's structural causal models (SCMs) in terms of Cartesian cPROPs, where the morphisms that define the endogenous variables are purely deterministic. A higher algebraic K-theory of causality is developed by studying the classifying spaces of observationally equivalent causal cPROP models by constructing their simplicial realization through the nerve functor. It is shown that Meek-Chickering causal DAG equivalence generalizes to induce a homotopic equivalence across observationally equivalent cPROP functors. A homotopic generalization of the Meek-Chickering theorem is presented, where covered edge reversals connecting equivalent DAGs induce natural transformations between homotopically equivalent cPROP functors and correspond to an equivalence structure on the corresponding string diagrams. The Grothendieck group completion of cPROP causal models is defined using the Grayson-Quillen construction and relate the classifying space of cPROP causal equivalence classes to classifying spaces of an induced groupoid. A real-world domain modeling genetic mutations in cancer is used to illustrate the framework in this paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum Exact Response Theory Based on the Dissipation Function.","authors":"Enrico Greppi, Lamberto Rondoni","doi":"10.3390/e27050527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The exact response theory based on the Dissipation Function applies to general dynamical systems and has yielded excellent results in various applications. In this article, we propose a method to apply it to quantum mechanics. In many quantum systems, it has not yet been possible to overcome the perturbative approach, and the most developed theory is the linear one. Extensions of the exact response theory developed in the field of nonequilibrium molecular dynamics could prove useful in quantum mechanics, as perturbations of small systems or far-from-equilibrium states cannot always be taken as small perturbations. Here, we introduce a quantum analogue of the classical Dissipation Function. We then derive a quantum expression for the exact calculation of time-dependent expectation values of observables, in a form analogous to that of the classical theory. We restrict our analysis to finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, for the sake of simplicity, and we apply our method to specific examples, like qubit systems, for which exact results can be obtained by standard techniques. This way, we prove the consistency of our approach with the existing methods, where they apply. Although not required for open systems, we propose a self-adjoint version of our Dissipation Operator, obtaining a second equivalent expression of response, where the contribution of an anti-self-adjoint operator appears. We conclude by using new formalism to solve the Lindblad equations, obtaining exact results for a specific case of qubit decoherence, and suggesting possible future developments of this work.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study on Flux Solution Methods of Discrete Unified Gas Kinetic Scheme.","authors":"Wenqiang Guo","doi":"10.3390/e27050528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work, the Simpson method is proposed to calculate the interface flux of a discrete unified gas kinetic scheme (DUGKS) according to the distribution function at the node and the midpoint of the interface, which is noted by Simpson-DUGKS. Moreover, the optimized DUGKS and Simpson-DUGKS considering the force term are derived. Then, the original DUGKS, optimized DUGKS, and Simpson-DUGKS are compared and analyzed in theory. Finally, the numerical tests are performed under different grid numbers (<i>N</i>). In the steady unidirectional flow (Couette flow and Poiseuille flow), the three methods are stable under different Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) numbers, and the calculated <i>L</i>₂ errors are the same. In the Taylor-Green vortex flow, the <i>L</i>₂ error of the optimized DUGKS is the smallest with respect to the analytical solution of velocity, but the <i>L</i>₂ error of the optimized DUGKS is the largest with respect to the analytical solution of density. In the lid-driven cavity flow, the results of the optimized DUGKS deviate more from the reference results in terms of accuracy, especially in the case of a small grid number. In terms of computational efficiency, it should be noted that the computational time of optimized DUGKS increases by about 40% compared with the original DUGKS when CFL = 0.1 and <i>N</i> = 16, and the calculation time of Simpson-DUGKS is reduced by about 59% compared with the original DUGKS when CFL = 0.95 and <i>N</i> = 16.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Note on the Relativistic Transformation Properties of Quantum Stochastic Calculus.","authors":"John E Gough","doi":"10.3390/e27050529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e27050529","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a simple argument to derive the transformation of the quantum stochastic calculus formalism between inertial observers and derive the quantum open system dynamics for a system moving in a vacuum (or, more generally, a coherent) quantum field under the usual Markov approximation. We argue, however, that, for uniformly accelerated open systems, the formalism must break down as we move from a Fock representation over the algebra of field observables over all of Minkowski space to the restriction regarding the algebra of observables over a Rindler wedge. This leads to quantum noise having a unitarily inequivalent non-Fock representation: in particular, the latter is a thermal representation at the Unruh temperature. The unitary inequivalence is ultimately a consequence of the underlying flat noise spectrum approximation for the fundamental quantum stochastic processes. We derive the quantum stochastic limit for a uniformly accelerated (two-level) detector and establish an open system description of the relaxation to thermal equilibrium at the Unruh temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":11694,"journal":{"name":"Entropy","volume":"27 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144149551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}