Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Synergistic integration of solid-state hydrogen storage with thermal and electrical energy storage: Multi-energy collaborative optimization","authors":"Changyi Xie ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaokun Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Energy storage is essential for enhancing the utilization of intermittent renewable energy sources. Among available technologies, metal hydride-based hydrogen storage offers high safety, compactness, and suitability for long-duration applications. Yet its adoption is limited by significant thermal challenges, including heat release during hydrogen absorption and heat input required for desorption. This study proposes a hybrid energy storage-integrated energy system that combines metal hydride hydrogen storage with thermal and electrical energy storage to enhance multi-energy coordination. A key innovation is the integration of a phase change material (PCM) tank to capture heat from hydrogen absorption and fuel cell operation, which is reused for hydrogen desorption and heating. A two-phase collaborative optimization framework is developed, where the first phase determines the configuration of renewable and conversion units, and the second phase optimizes the sizing of energy storage subsystems. Applied to a near-zero energy community under six scenarios, results show that the fully integrated storage mode reduces carbon emissions by 59.9% and grid interaction by 38.6% compared to the mode without battery, and lowers the levelized cost of energy by 17.0% relative to the mode without thermal storage. This work introduces a thermally coordinated hydrogen storage strategy and a replicable optimization framework, providing new insights for designing low-carbon, hydrogen-integrated energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120228"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of sorption thermal battery via breakthrough curve modeling and experimental validation","authors":"Dae Young Jung ,&nbsp;Hyung Won Choi ,&nbsp;Jinhee Jeong ,&nbsp;Young Kim ,&nbsp;Jinseong Kim ,&nbsp;Jungkyu Choi ,&nbsp;Yong Tae Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120252","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120252","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides guidelines for the optimal design and operating conditions of the sorption thermal battery (STB) reactor. While significant progress has been made in material-level optimization through the development of novel composite adsorbents, research on system-scale optimization remains limited. Consequently, understanding the effects of operating conditions on STB performance still largely relies on case-by-case experimental approaches, hindering the practical application of STB. To address this, a breakthrough curve model is used to predict STB performance—specifically, energy storage density (ESD) and operating time—under varying conditions and to identify optimal conditions. The model is validated through proof-of-concept STB reactor experiments. Comprehensive material characterization is also performed to identify the optimal working pair, enabling optimization from the material level to the reactor scale. The results confirm that 15 wt% LiOH-impregnated zeolite 13X is the optimal adsorbent, achieving an ESD of 2175 kJ kg_ads⁻¹, surpassing other LiOH-based composite adsorbents reported in the literature. Operating conditions including vapor concentration, flow rate, and reactor length are integrated using the nondimensional adsorption distance coordinate <span><math><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow></math></span>, enabling a generalized analysis of operating conditions. The optimal operating range is determined to be <span><math><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow></math></span> = 0.105<span><math><mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow></math></span>0.118, achieving a maximum system-level ESD of 188.4 kWh m⁻³— representing a 38 % improvement compared to 136.3 kWh m⁻³ at <span><math><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow></math></span> = 0.038. Furthermore, experimental validation confirms that reactors operating at identical <span><math><mrow><mi>ξ</mi></mrow></math></span> values exhibit consistent breakthrough profiles and ESD, regardless of individual input parameters. These results have the potential to guide the optimal design of STB for low-grade heat utilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120252"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinspired interlocking copper nanosheet scaffolds via gravity-directed assembly: Anisotropic shape-adaptive phase change composites for solar-thermal conversion and thermal management","authors":"Pan Guo ,&nbsp;Weiguo Chen ,&nbsp;Junyu Lu ,&nbsp;Ligang Zhang ,&nbsp;Keying Zhang ,&nbsp;Fei Liu ,&nbsp;Hongzhi Liu ,&nbsp;Nan Sheng ,&nbsp;Chunyu Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase change materials like paraffin wax are promising for thermal energy storage but suffer from low thermal conductivity and structural instability during melting. Here, we report the fabrication of shape-adaptive phase change composites via a bioinspired gravity-directed assembly method, integrating copper nanosheets into a polydimethylsiloxane matrix to form mussel-like interlocking lamellar scaffolds. The hierarchical copper nanosheets network enhances in-plane thermal conductivity to 4.27 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ (20× that of pure paraffin wax) with a 5:1 anisotropic ratio, enabling rapid lateral heat diffusion. The PDMS matrix endows flexibility and shape adaptability, while interlocked copper nanosheets physically constrain molten paraffin wax, achieving a negligible leakage rate of 0.2 wt% at 80 °C and stable phase transitions over 200 cycles. Under simulated solar irradiation, the optimal composite (PW/PDMS/Cu0.5) exhibits an 84.8 % solar-thermal conversion efficiency, driven by accelerated heat transfer and efficient latent heat storage. Infrared thermal imaging confirms superior performance in electronic device cooling (8 °C temperature reduction in smartphone chips) and automotive thermal management, demonstrating conformal adaptation to complex surfaces. This bioinspired strategy bridges high thermal conductivity, shape stability, and functional adaptability, offering a scalable solution for advanced thermal management in flexible electronics, solar-thermal systems, and beyond.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120249"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase change materials as thermal buffers for power electronics modules with transient heat loads","authors":"Meghavin Bhatasana,&nbsp;Amy Marie Marconnet","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119931","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119931","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to increasing power densities and dynamic power profiles, thermal management plays an increasingly crucial role in power electronics modules, especially for automotive applications. Phase change materials (PCMs) have emerged as a promising option for effective thermal management in these modules. However, there is a gap in understanding the thermal behavior of these modules when using PCMs, specifically in considering realistic device geometries, and power profiles. In this paper, we evaluate the thermal performance of new module architectures that include PCM-based thermal energy storage (TES) in comparison to conventional architectures. We analyze the thermal performance under realistic transient heat loads derived from drive cycles and utilize three performance metrics for holistic performance comparison: the time-averaged maximum temperature rise, the maximum rate of temperature rise, and the standard deviation of the transient temperature response. There are trade-offs between the performance metrics for different architectures. Integrating liquid cooling on both sides of the device (<em>i.e.</em>, double-side cooled (DSC)) demonstrated significant reductions in the overall operating temperature (both with and without integrated TES) compared to the single-side cooled (SSC) architectures. Depending on the drive cycle and configuration, the DSC architecture can lead to up to a 26% decrease. Integrating thermal energy storage can lead to a thermal solution responsive to transient drive cycles. Specifically, adding a composite copper/PCM TES directly on the heat-generating die while maintaining the single-sided liquid cooling path minimizes the thermal resistance pathway from the hot spot to the TES. This SSC+TES configuration functions effectively as a thermal shock absorber and temperature stabilizer suppressing the maximum temperature spike by up to 33% and stabilizing temperature fluctuations by up to 32% compared to the baseline DSC architecture (and reducing each of these metrics by up to <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>65% compared to the conventional SSC architecture). Different drive cycles benefit from TES to various degrees. The SSC with TES proved highly effective in managing thermal loads in the stop-and-go drive cycles, consistently reducing thermal peaks resulting from aggressive driving conditions. Beyond improved thermal management, integrating a PCM-TES also enables the recovery of waste heat from power electronics modules. This waste heat can be utilized for cabin heating or battery warming, thereby decreasing additional energy drawn from the battery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 119931"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalytic co-pyrolysis of keyboard plastic and sawdust toward petrochemical-grade hydrocarbons over niobium-loaded zeolite catalyst","authors":"Avnish Kumar ,&nbsp;Sumin Pyo ,&nbsp;Siyoung Q. Choi ,&nbsp;Young-Kwon Park","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines for the first-time the <em>in-situ</em> co-pyrolysis of e-waste plastic, keyboards (KB) and sawdust (SD) in different blending ratios (2/1, 1/1, and 1/2) using a tandem microreactor–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system at 600 ℃. The blend with SD/KB = 2/1 exhibited a positive synergistic effect in the fractionation of the components and production of valuable aromatics, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), with a significant lowering of oxygenates. For the catalytic co-pyrolysis, Hβ(25) exhibited prominent results toward the BTEX production compared to HZSM-5(30) and Hβ(38). Among the metal-loaded (Nb, Zn, and Fe) Hβ(25), the maximum amount of BTEX was determined over Nb/Hβ(25) with catalyst/feedstock = 3/1. The results of the <em>ex-situ</em> micropyrolyzer configuration highlighted the prominent significance of the <em>in-situ</em> mode toward the activation in breaking the KB polymeric structure. Moreover, the lab-scale co-pyrolysis results exhibited a maximum positive synergistic effect (21.54 %) in the quantified yield of BTEX over the Nb/Hβ(25) catalyst. Furthermore, the Nb/Hβ(25) catalyst was also subjected to the three lab-scale catalytic co-pyrolysis cycles to evaluate its structural stability and durability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120238"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel approach to bipolar plate design in fuel cells with unique flow field geometries","authors":"Huseyin Sevinc,&nbsp;Hanbey Hazar","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation of six flow field configurations in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), including a conventional triple-serpentine design and five newly proposed geometries. The performance of each model was assessed in terms of temperature and pressure distributions, species transport (H₂, O₂, and H₂O), reaction heat generation, and electrochemical behavior. Results revealed that flow field architecture significantly influenced local electrochemical activity and overall cell efficiency. Among all designs, Model 3 (M3) demonstrated superior performance by achieving the highest current density (1.23 A/cm²) and net power output (12.26 W) at 0.4 V—representing a 2.77 % improvement over the serpentine baseline. This enhancement stems from M3′s innovative design, which integrates L-shaped internal obstacles within a serpentine-like layout to intensify reactant mixing, improve lateral transport, and promote uniform utilization across the active area. While the Model 2 (M2) model exhibited the most uniform temperature field, the Model 4 (M4) design achieved the lowest pressure drop (0.23 kPa), reducing parasitic losses by 47.73 %. In contrast, the Model 5 (M5) model, despite recording the highest local heat source intensity, suffered from spatially uneven reactions, which potentially hinder performance. The findings underscore the critical role of internal channel design −particularly flow bifurcation and lateral coupling- in optimizing PEMFC performance. The proposed configurations, especially M3, offer promising pathways for next-generation fuel cell flow field design, promoting enhanced power density with minimal pumping losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120237"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel vacuum membrane distillation system with water ejector: Performance assessment and optimization","authors":"Mohamed A. Kotb ,&nbsp;Atia E. Khalifa","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) system integrated with a water ejector is investigated in this study to enhance freshwater productivity, energy efficiency, and economic performance. The design employs a water ejector to control the vacuum in the vapor channel of the MD system. This approach significantly reduces the energy-intensive requirements typically associated with conventional vacuum pumps. Key performance indicators, including specific energy consumption (SEC), gained output ratio (GOR), and permeate flux, were analyzed using a developed mathematical model. The VMD model is validated against existing data available in the literature. A genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to identify optimal operating parameters, including feed temperature, feed flow rate, pump pressure, and membrane characteristics. The results demonstrated substantial improvements in system performance. The SEC was reduced to 720 kWh/m3, representing a 49 % energy savings, while the GOR increased to 0.9566, more than doubling that of a baseline system. The system achieved a maximum productivity of 383.9 L/h under optimal conditions. The optimized configuration yielded a unit production cost (UPC) of 20.3 $/m3, representing a 46.9 % cost reduction. These findings underscore the system’s potential as an efficient and cost-effective solution for desalination, particularly in water-stressed regions. The proposed system outperforms traditional VMD systems in the literature, making it a strong candidate for scalable freshwater production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120239"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon emission mitigation from the CO2-cofed pyrolysis of invasive biomass: A case study on kudzu (Pueraria montana)","authors":"Taewoo Lee ,&nbsp;Gitae Moon ,&nbsp;Doyeon Lee ,&nbsp;Wei-Hsin Chen ,&nbsp;Eilhann E. Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pyrolysis is a thermochemical strategy for converting lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels; however, the process is inherently energy-intensive, limiting its environmental benefits. To impart a sustainability during the pyrolysis, this study proposes an incorporation of carbon dioxide as a cofeeding agent for the valorization of kudzu vine, an invasive species. The use of carbon dioxide provides opportunities to enhance carbon availability in the pyrolysis system through its partial oxidative function, while mitigating process-related carbon emissions. Above 490 ˚C, the introduction of carbon dioxide altered the syngas composition by enhancing production of carbon monoxide, indicating its homogeneous interaction with pyrolytic volatiles derived from kudzu vine. To further promote reactivity of carbon dioxide, a nickel-based catalytic bed was incorporated, with system performance evaluated at 500, 600, and 700 ˚C. This catalytic configuration increased the yield of carbon monoxide via carbon dioxide reduction. Optimization at 700 ˚C with varying concentrations of carbon dioxide revealed a convergence in the net carbon emissions at a 50 % volumetric input of CO₂, corresponding to a net reduction of 2.96 g carbon dioxide per gram of kudzu vine. These findings advance the development of carbon-negative pyrolysis systems and highlight the potential of carbon dioxide as a reactive agent for sustainable biofuel production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120243"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing hydrogen production from bio-digested residue in biogas gasification: Synergistic effect, thermodynamic, and kinetic analysis","authors":"Xiyue Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaochao Zhu ,&nbsp;BeiBei Yan ,&nbsp;Donghao Hou ,&nbsp;Weijun Chen ,&nbsp;Kaidi Yang ,&nbsp;Zhi Wang ,&nbsp;Shengquan Zhou ,&nbsp;Guanyi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-digested residues gasification for hydrogen production represents a green and sustainable energy technology with remarkable advantages. In this study, biogas was employed as a gasification agent to gasify fermented bio-digested residues. The effects of gasification agent composition and temperature were explored using a laboratory gasification platform. By analyzing process control, product distribution, and thermodynamic behavior, the mechanism of the biogas gasification agent was elucidated. A synergistic interaction between CO₂ and CH₄ improved biogas gasification performance, promoting hydrogen production. At 900 °C, when the biogas concentration was 80 %, the H₂/CO ratio peaked at 1.27, 1.71 times higher than that in CO₂ gasification under the same conditions. This was attributed to the enhancement of the Boudouard and methane cracking reactions by CH₄ and CO₂ in the biogas. The maximum comprehensive pyrolysis index of 69.24 in a biogas atmosphere at 800 °C indicated more thorough gasification of bio-digested residues. 86.7 % of hydrogen was enriched from bio-digested residues, validating the effectiveness of the hydrogen migration and enrichment mechanism during gasification. The Boudouard, water–gas shift, methanation, methane dry reforming, and methane steam reforming reactions were identified as the main pathways. This study offers new perspectives for advancing biomass energy utilization and optimizing syngas production processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120222"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance analysis of helical coil heat exchangers for latent heat thermal storage in solar applications","authors":"Sameh Agrebi ,&nbsp;Bourhan Tashtoush ,&nbsp;AmenAllah Guizani","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120205","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120205","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents an experimental and performance analysis of helical coil heat exchangers for latent heat thermal storage systems. A thorough investigation that integrates experimental and numerical methods to assess the performance of these systems, particularly in dynamic scenarios pertinent to solar thermal applications, is presented. In this work, a novel design for a helical coil heat exchanger combined with polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG 600), a Phase Change Material (PCM) renowned for its thermal durability and appropriateness for low-temperature solar applications, is presented. A combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental methods is used to study the system’s heat response. The effect of temperature difference and heat transfer fluid (HTF) flow rate on the PCM’s melting and solidification behavior is assessed using parametric analysis. The findings showed that charging and discharging durations were considerably shortened by raising the HTF flow rate from 0.03 to 0.07 kg/s. Furthermore, melting and solidification rates were accelerated by greater HTF-PCM temperature differentials. With an average variance of less than 4 %, numerical models demonstrated good agreement with experimental results. These results support the adoption of the suggested design to improve energy efficiency in building thermal management and validate its effectiveness in optimizing energy exchange in solar LHTS systems. This work’s dual-mode validation of a small HCHE design for solar LHTS systems is what makes it unique and provides useful information for maximizing thermal performance in actual energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120205"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}