Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Novel energy management strategy for fuel cell/battery hybrid energy systems combining MPC and deep reinforcement learning","authors":"Shengnan Liu,&nbsp;Hangyu Cheng,&nbsp;Seunghun Jung,&nbsp;Young-Bae Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a novel energy management strategy (EMS) for fuel cell/battery hybrid energy systems by integrating model predictive control (MPC) with deep reinforcement learning (DRL).The proposed EMS leverages the advantages of both MPC and DRL, effectively addressing MPC’s performance degradation due to model uncertainties, while simultaneously accelerating DRL convergence and enhancing its adaptability to unforeseen conditions. Specifically, the study first formulates a dynamic model of the fuel cell/battery hybrid energy system, incorporating component degradation characteristics. Based on this, the corresponding MPC model is then developed. MPC serves as the baseline controller, ensuring system stability and constraint adherence through a linearized model, while DRL provides a compensatory policy to enhance the system’s long-term decision-making capability. The combined control strategy is applied to optimize the hybrid energy system, with objectives carefully designed to balance state of charge (SOC) maintenance, hydrogen consumption, and degradation costs of each energy source. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy outperforms both the standalone MPC-based EMS and the DRL-based EMS across multiple performance indicators. Compared to MPC, the proposed strategy results in a 4.41 % increase in battery degradation but achieves a significant 51.43 % reduction in fuel cell degradation. Moreover, while maintaining battery SOC, it achieves the lowest system operating cost, reducing it by 4.45 % and 2.13 % compared to MPC and DRL, respectively. Furthermore, comparative analyses with classical EMSs and validations under unknown scenarios further highlight the robustness and overall performance advantages of the proposed strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 120081"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and technical assessment of photovoltaic and vanadium redox flow battery systems for residential buildings based on time-of-use electricity pricing strategy","authors":"Haida Tang ,&nbsp;Kaiwen Shi ,&nbsp;Yuqin Wang ,&nbsp;Haibin Yang ,&nbsp;Wei Wan ,&nbsp;Yong Hao Su ,&nbsp;Chunying Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the technical feasibility of a photovoltaic and vanadium redox flow battery (PV-VRFB) system for residential power supply in urban environments. A three-dimensional transient model of the VRFB unit was established using COMSOL to analyze battery performance under different current densities. The VRFB unit simulation demonstrated good agreement with experimental results, showing a relative voltage error of 1.34 %. The research focused on a typical residential community in Shenzhen, utilizing time-of-use electricity pricing as an energy management strategy. The simulation results indicated that the current density of VRFB had a significant impact on charge–discharge time, efficiency, as well as the stored and output energy. At a current density of 40 A/m², the coulombic efficiency, voltage efficiency, and energy efficiency of the VRFB were 93.18 %, 84.77 %, and 78.99 %, respectively. Higher current densities adversely affected overall system energy performance. An increase in VRFB current density from 40 A/m² to 60 A/m² resulted in decreases of 2.19 % in PV self-consumption rate (PRSR) and 2.30 % in load coverage rate (LCR). The PV-VRFB system achieved annual average PV self-consumption rate and load coverage rate values of 59.40 % and 62.08 %, respectively. The PSCR and LCR values were improved by 18.07 % and 14.18 % compared to the PV-Only system. The research results show that, in the current system, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is 0.7416 CNY/kWh and the dynamic payback period (DPP) is 22.65 years. Introducing a PV-VRFB system in residential areas significantly enhances renewable energy utilization, while highlighting the critical importance of controlling the VRFB current density.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 120059"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the relevance of considering the uncertainty in renewables production forecasts to optimize hybrid power stations: a robust MILP approach","authors":"Francesco Superchi ,&nbsp;Antonis Moustakis ,&nbsp;George Pechlivanoglou ,&nbsp;Alessandro Bianchini","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid Power Stations (HPS), integrating RES with storage systems, offer a promising solution to increase the penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) by converting intermittent production into dispatchable power. This study underlines the importance of considering the uncertainty in forecasts of power production to improve the management of these systems and proposes a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) framework able to account for multiple possible outcomes, instead of a single one. Using a one-year dataset of historical forecasts and actual production, the study develops and tests three dispatch strategies: rule-based, standard MILP using raw forecasts, and robust MILP. The latter considers several production scenarios to enhance the reliability of the dispatch plan, valuable for grids with strict operational constraints. Unlike previous studies in the literature, this work dives into the aspect of tuning the span in which prediction scenarios are generated and the relaxation of constraints of the robust optimization. Sensitivity analyses showed that a forecast scenario span of ± 20 % for wind and ± 30 % for solar, paired with a moderate divergence penalty of €12/MWh, offered the best balance between system reliability and economic performance. The rule-based strategy exported 235.9 MWh/year but suffered from high undershooting, reducing net earnings by 16.3 %. The standard MILP approach improved performance, increasing annual energy exports and reducing undershooting, resulting in net earnings of €213.2 k/year compared to €197.5 k/year for the rule-based strategy. The robust MILP approach further optimized performance, achieving only 21.8 MWh/year of undershooting and net earnings of €223 k/year (only 3.1 % reduction from gross earnings), demonstrating that this strategy can improve the reliability of HPS operation while reducing penalties associated with forecast errors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 120078"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144299008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A long-term energy transition planning model for a district heating and cooling sector incorporating sector coupling approach: A case study of the Czech district heating and cooling sector","authors":"A. Kubín,&nbsp;J. Knápek,&nbsp;N. Koltsaklis","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The decarbonisation of the district heating and cooling sector is a key component of Europe’s path to climate neutrality, particularly in countries with coal-dominated heat generation. This study addresses the challenge of planning the optimal transformation of the sector under multiple technical, environmental, and policy constraints. A novel linear programming-based optimisation model is proposed, combining national-scale planning with comprehensive coverage of technologies and fuels, binding legislative targets, and an explicit representation of sector coupling between the district heating and cooling sector and the power sector. This modelling approach makes it possible to explore whether flexible sector coupling technologies can effectively support both heat sector decarbonisation and electricity system flexibility under realistic policy and technical conditions, while remaining cost-effective. The model is applied to the Czech Republic as a representative case of a fossil-fuel-dependent country. Results show that by 2030, approximately 5 562 MW_t of gas-fired combined heat and power capacity is expected to be developed, covering 51% of total heat demand, contributing an additional 11 TWh of electricity to the day-ahead market, and quadrupling the volume of balancing reserves provided compared to 2025. The results highlight risks of rapid scale-up, especially regarding permitting, investment, and supply chain conditions. Power-to-Heat technologies contribute by increasing electricity consumption on the day-ahead market by 1.9 TWh and quadrupling the volume of balancing reserves provided by 2050, while satisfying 4.3 TWh_t of heat demand. The results confirm that flexible sector coupling technologies form the backbone of the most economically efficient transition pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 120058"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen and Synthetic Natural Gas for decarbonizing steel hot rolling mills: Economic viability under dynamic electricity pricing","authors":"Gabriela Zabik,&nbsp;Felix Birkelbach,&nbsp;René Hofmann","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ambitious climate goals, such as those outlined in the European Union’s Green Deal, necessitate significant action from the industrial sector to mitigate carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Decarbonizing the steel processing industry, a major emitter of greenhouse gases, is particularly challenging due to its reliance on high-temperature processes like hot rolling, which currently depend on natural gas. This study conducts an economic assessment of hydrogen and synthetic natural gas (SNG) on-site production for a steel hot rolling plant, focusing on identifying the most cost-effective electrolysis technology and evaluating the impact of dynamic electricity prices. Using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization model, we analyze various scenarios by minimizing net present value (NPV) and calculating the levelised cost of energy (LCOE). Our findings indicate that alkaline water electrolysis (AEL) is most cost-effective for electricity prices below 0.13 €/kWh, while solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC) is preferable above this threshold due to higher efficiency and heat integration. In case of dynamic prices, on-site production with storage can lead to significant savings, with a 42% reduction in LCOE at an average electricity price of 0.2 €/kWh compared to constant pricing. Optimal system design varies with pricing structure, with dynamic prices resulting in larger capacities for electrolysis and hydrogen storage. On-site hydrogen production is more cost-effective than pipeline supply at electricity prices of around 0.1 €/kWh, and more economical than truck delivery at electricity prices of around 0.25 €/kWh. Although SNG systems avoid hydrogen storage costs, they are not more cost-effective than hydrogen in any scenario. However, alternative fuels have the potential to drastically reduce emissions and on-site production makes it possible to exploit fluctuations in the grid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 119912"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the economic potential of sustainable aviation fuel production pathways: A meta-analysis of techno-economic studies","authors":"Zeenat Farooq ,&nbsp;Elisabeth Wetterlund ,&nbsp;Sennai Mesfun ,&nbsp;Erik Furusjö","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is a key component for the defossilization of the aviation sector. The economic feasibility of SAF production is typically evaluated through techno-economic assessments (TEA), with the Minimum Jet Fuel Selling Price (MJSP) serving as the key economic performance indicator. Comparing MJSP values across different SAF pathways is challenging and potentially misleading due to differences in modelling assumptions, estimation methods for key variables, and their underlying relationships. This study aims to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the economic feasibility of four prominent SAF pathways: Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), Pyrolysis-to-Jet (PTJ), Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ), and Fischer-Tropsch (FT). We employed qualitative and quantitative methods, including meta-analysis and variable harmonization, to analyze a wide range of TEA studies from the literature and investigate the factors contributing to MJSP variation for these pathways. Our findings reveal that feedstock cost is a primary driver of MJSP variability across all pathways. Moreover, regression and harmonization analyses uncovered complex interdependencies among economic variables often underexplored in individual TEAs. Key sources of MJSP variability include methodological differences in by-product credit valuation, process design choices, capital cost estimation approaches, and financial assumptions. Recognizing and addressing these factors offers strategic opportunities to improve the techno-economic performance and comparability of SAF pathways. Notably, the PTJ pathway emerged as a promising alternative for non-food feedstocks, and all pathways demonstrated improved economic outcomes when integrated with existing industrial infrastructure. The analytical findings of this study provide a robust empirical foundation that can be leveraged by future studies aimed at policy analysis, as well as for project budgeting and investment decisions in sustainable aviation fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 120076"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systemic study for decarbonizing secondary aluminium production via waste heat recovery, carbon management and renewable energy integration","authors":"Daniel Flórez-Orrego ,&nbsp;Dareen Dardor ,&nbsp;Reginald Germanier ,&nbsp;Manuele Margni ,&nbsp;François Maréchal","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Secondary aluminium production relies on natural gas to transform both primary and recycled aluminium into semi-fabricated products, leading to significant atmospheric emissions, energy losses, and resource consumption. Despite the potential for waste heat recovery from stacks, casting water, and ancillary systems, wide-ranging temperature levels of waste heat produced complicate process integration. This work presents a systemic approach to enhance waste heat recovery, reduce fossil fuel consumption, integrate renewable energy resources, and use low-grade waste heat from a secondary aluminium plant to supply the heating requirements of a neighboring urban system. The goal is to highlight the role of process integration in decarbonizing and diversifying the industry’s energy requirements. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis evaluates decarbonization strategies, including, carbon capture, use, and sequestration; biomass energy conversion; oxycombustion furnaces; power-to-gas units; combined heat and power; heat pumps and seasonal storage units, considering energy prices, city demands, and seasonal variations<strong>.</strong> A systematic framework is employed to determine the most suitable decarbonization routes, while maintaining operational and financial feasibility. Results show that, carbon capture alone can only halve current CO₂ emissions (to 100 kg_CO₂/t_Al). Meanwhile integrated renewable electricity and biomass options achieve −200 kg_CO₂/t_Al with 27% lower total energy and 40% less biomass use than biomass-only configurations. Power-to-gas systems without biomass import reduce emissions by only 80%, making them also unsuitable for net-zero targets. Finally, electricity self-generation of 30% of the overall power consumption can be achieved if the exothermic reaction enthalpy of carbon mineralization is recovered for various applications, such as biomass drying, steam generation, amine regeneration, and district heating. These findings highlight the need for a holistic approach that optimizes resource integration, minimizes emissions, and ensures long-term sustainability in secondary aluminium production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 120021"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A study on generalized optimization of energy distribution in electric vehicle hybrid energy storage system for personalized driving style scores","authors":"Lin Hu ,&nbsp;Qingtao Tian ,&nbsp;Jing Huang ,&nbsp;Dongjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Xianhui Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaojian Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120047","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120047","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Balancing battery capacity degradation and system energy loss while optimizing supercapacitor utilization remains a key challenge in hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for electric vehicle (EV). This study proposes a generalized optimization strategy based on personalized driving style scores. Using real-world EV data, Lasso regression identifies key energy consumption parameters for energy distribution control. Principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering are then applied to classify the sample conditions into three driving styles: cautious, standard, and aggressive. The comprehensive scores for sample conditions are normalized to obtain individualized driving style scores, which serve as core indicators of personalized driving characteristics. A significant linear correlation is observed between the driving style scores and both battery capacity degradation and system energy loss. Based on this, a piecewise linear fitting model is constructed to calculate the contributions of battery capacity degradation and system energy loss to the total operational loss for each sample condition. These contributions are mapped to range of optimization weights, generating personalized weights for battery capacity degradation and system energy loss. A generalized weighted optimization cost function is then formulated, which is compatible with various optimization algorithms. Using GWO as an example, the results demonstrate that the proposed weighted optimization strategy reduces the average battery capacity degradation for aggressive driving styles by an additional 8.43% and decreases the average system energy loss for cautious driving styles by an additional 5.09% compared to non-weighted optimization. This enhances the flexibility and applicability of energy distribution in HESS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 120047"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on biological methanation processes: from gaseous feedstocks to biomethane","authors":"Hulya Civelek Yörüklü ,&nbsp;Donya Kamravamanesh ,&nbsp;Emre Oğuz Köroğlu ,&nbsp;Gulam Husain Patel ,&nbsp;Jouni Havukainen ,&nbsp;Hannu Karjunen ,&nbsp;Jani Sillman ,&nbsp;Marika Kokko","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biological methanation is a process that utilizes methanogenic archaea as catalysts to convert carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen (H₂) to methane (CH₄). The process can be carried out in various ways: <em>in-situ</em>, i.e. within a biogas digestor fed with organic feedstocks and H₂, <em>ex-situ</em>, i.e. in a reactor fed with CO₂-rich gas and H₂, or in a microbial electrosynthesis reactor, where the reducing equivalents for CO₂ reduction are provided with cathode electrode. This review shortly presents the key metabolic pathways involved in biological methanation and the different process options, including microbial electrosynthesis, and examines in detail the significance of the CO₂ and H₂ sources and the availability and composition of these gas streams, and presents results from life cycle assessment (LCA) of biological methanation processes. The focus of the review is on biogenic CO₂. When planning biological methanation, it is crucial to carefully evaluate the options of transferring CO₂ and/or H₂ or producing H₂ where CO₂ is produced in terms of cost and feasibility. The continuous versus intermittent availability of CO₂ and H₂ as well as the potential presence of impurities in the CO₂-rich gases can impact the efficiency of the biological methanation process. Specifically, impurities such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide and heavy metals can negatively impact the biological methanation process. Several LCA studies have demonstrated that biological methanation significantly reduces the greenhouse gas emissions and improves climate impacts, when renewable energy is used for H₂ generation and natural gas replacement is considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 120075"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating seasonal borehole thermal energy storage into deep borehole ground source heat pump systems: Dynamic performance analysis under uncertainties","authors":"Zeyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Menglong Lu ,&nbsp;Fenghao Wang ,&nbsp;Yixuan Li ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Bai ,&nbsp;Haozheng Qin ,&nbsp;Zhenjun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) into closed-loop medium-deep geothermal heating systems helps mitigate underground temperature decline and support sustainable operation. Existing research primarily focused on the heat storage performance of the deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) under deterministic conditions, neglecting the dynamic characteristics of the integrated system and multiple uncertainties. To address this gap, this study developed a solar-assisted deep borehole ground source heat pump system incorporating active heating, passive heating, and BTES, and investigated the long-term system performance and thermal storage characteristics under uncertainties. Firstly, a comprehensive DBHE model, considering heat extraction, storage, and recovery, was developed in TRNSYS. Subsequently, 20-year stochastic scenarios were generated considering uncertainty correlations. Long-term dynamic simulations were then performed to evaluate the system’s behavior under the combined effects of borehole depth and solar heat generation capacity. The results revealed significant fluctuations in annual energy performance under uncertainties, in contrast to the relatively stable variations observed under deterministic conditions. Ignoring uncertainties in long-term simulations could underestimate the annual maximum heat storage rate by up to 18.2 %. The integration of deep BTES achieved up to 66.9 % energy savings for the system when borehole depth exceeded 2,500 m and solar collector area surpassed critical thresholds. A generally negative correlation was observed between the critical collector area and borehole depth. Additionally, the benefits of deep BTES on heat extraction performance were more pronounced at borehole depths of 2,000–2,200 m and 2,900–3,000 m, with heat extraction gains of up to 17.5 % per unit of energy charged. This study provides meaningful insights into the long-term operational characteristics of medium-deep geothermal systems with BTES under real-world conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"341 ","pages":"Article 120030"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}