Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Large eddy simulation of wake mixing control strategies in offshore wind farms","authors":"Yisehak A. Keflemariam,&nbsp;Moosarreza Shokati,&nbsp;Sang Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wake-turbine interaction reduces power output in wind farms, especially in aligned layouts where downstream turbines operate in the wake of upstream units. This study evaluates established wake mixing control strategies, including dynamic induction control (DIC), baseline dynamic individual pitch control (DIPC), and a new higher-order DIPC method for enhancing wake recovery in floating offshore wind turbines. Wall-modeled large eddy simulation, coupled with an actuator line model, is employed to simulate a two-turbine wind farm under a neutrally stratified turbulent atmospheric boundary layer. The flow fields are analyzed using proper orthogonal decomposition, mean kinetic energy flux, and Fourier transformation techniques, which revealed that the DIPC-based methods significantly enhance wake mixing through a higher energy entrainment and tip-vortex breakdown, especially in below-rated wind region. The higher-order DIPC method, which combines two sinusoidal blade pitch signals, exhibits greater energy flux as well as a notable wake deflection that can improve downstream turbine performance. Compared to the conventional Greedy method, the wake mixing control methods generally increase the growth rates of mutual inductance instability modes that accelerate tip-vortex breakdown. In terms of wind turbine performance, the higher-order DIPC method achieves a 7.9% increase in total power relative to the Greedy case and 2.3% more than the baseline DIPC, while having slightly higher structural load and comparable platform motions. These findings demonstrate the potential of wake forcings to increase wake recovery and power yield in offshore wind farms, showing the dominant modes in the blade pitching frequency and their effect on exciting floating platform motions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120552"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing 300 °C industrial steam with a novel transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump system: Thermodynamic and configuration analyses","authors":"Shaoqiang Li,&nbsp;Yulong Song,&nbsp;Tianliang Chang,&nbsp;Qingsheng Yu,&nbsp;Yuchen Zhang,&nbsp;Feng Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The industrial fields have urgent demands for up to 300°C-grade high-temperature steam, which is far beyond the capability of conventional heat pump technologies. To expand the application range of high-temperature heat pump technology for industrial steam supply, this study proposes a novel transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump capable of directly generating 300 °C steam from ambient air as the heat source. By physically separating high-pressure water heating and steam superheating through a dual gas cooler configuration, the system achieves decoupled control of steam pressure and temperature. This staged generation strategy effectively exploits the temperature glide of supercritical carbon dioxide to supply 300 °C steam, while eliminating the need for inefficient steam recompression. The thermodynamic models based on energy and exergy analyses are developed to evaluate the system performance. The results indicate that the coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency are relatively insensitive to discharge pressure, which is different from conventional systems. Sufficient internal heat recovery enhances the coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency while creating a discharge temperature margin, providing the flexibility to further increase steam temperature at a stable peak performance. A peak coefficient of performance of 1.65 and a maximum exergy efficiency of 48.5 % are achieved at a heated water outlet temperature of 255 °C. A configuration comparison reveals that the efficiency advantage of the dual-recuperator configuration over the single-recuperator configuration at lower steam pressures is primarily due to the significant reduction in exergy destruction within the heat exchangers. At higher steam pressures, while the single-recuperator configuration achieves the highest coefficient of performance under high discharge pressures, the dual-recuperator configuration is more advantageous for maintaining higher performance at reduced discharge pressures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 120556"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing predictive modeling in conventional solar stills: a deep learning approach leveraging data augmentation and convolutional neural networks","authors":"Hashim H. Migaybil ,&nbsp;Bhushan Gopaluni","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate forecasting of freshwater productivity from conventional single-slope solar stills is crucial for enhancing operational efficiency and minimizing capital costs. A persistent challenge in this domain is the scarcity of experimental data, which limits the training of reliable predictive models. This study proposes a data-efficient forecasting framework that integrates a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN-1D) with time-series data augmentation. Gaussian noise sampled from <span><math><mi>N</mi></math></span>(0, 0.01²) was applied exclusively to the training set, generating six augmented samples per instance. Both the augmentation factor (six) and the look-back window (seven days) were selected through systematic optimization, ensuring preservation of temporal dependencies. The CNN-1D architecture comprised three convolutional layers with 128 filters, ReLU activations, a flattening stage, and a dense regression output layer. Hyperparameters—including learning rate, batch size, kernel size, and regularization strength—were fine-tuned using Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) optimization with a maximum of 50 trials, where the best-performing configuration achieved the lowest loss. Model training employed a feed-forward backpropagation algorithm with 365 daily observations to predict freshwater yield (P_std, L/day). Benchmarking against an optimized support vector regression (SVR) model with a radial basis function kernel revealed that the augmented CNN-1D achieved superior performance (RMSE = 0.04, MAE = 0.03, OIMP = 0.97), consistently outperforming both the baseline CNN-1D and the optimized SVR. Residual analyses confirmed its robustness, minimal bias, and strong generalization across unseen data. These findings demonstrate that combining augmentation with hierarchical feature extraction enables a scalable and computationally efficient predictive tool for solar still performance, offering significant potential for sustainable freshwater management in arid and data-constrained regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 120565"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-shifting storage scheme via electricity price arbitrage: Techno-economic optimization for carbon dioxide compression cost reduction in carbon capture, utilization and storage","authors":"Liugan Zhang ,&nbsp;Die Wei ,&nbsp;Meina Xie ,&nbsp;Renchun Zheng ,&nbsp;Kai Ye ,&nbsp;Longxiang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global decarbonization policies have heightened the urgency of developing carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies. Despite advances in capture methodologies, energy-intensive compression of captured carbon dioxide remains a critical bottleneck in reducing overall capture costs. Current optimization efforts primarily focus on internal technical improvements but overlook external operational factors, such as electricity pricing. Fluctuating electricity prices under time-of-use policies directly impact the daily operating costs of the carbon dioxide compression unit. Therefore, this study proposes a time-shifting storage scheme that exploits electricity price variations across different periods to reduce compression costs. Furthermore, the vapor compression refrigeration and organic Rankine cycles are employed to optimize energy utilization. Five simulation cases are conducted. The results show that under design conditions, Case 2 (carbon dioxide is temporarily stored during peak periods) achieves a levelized cost of compression of 12.62 $/tonne, which is 20.68 % lower than conventional compression compared to Case 1 (15.91 $/tonne). Moreover, Case 3 (carbon dioxide is stored during peak and shoulder periods) demonstrates a significantly lower cost of 10.15 $/tonne, indicating a 36.02 % reduction. Integrating two thermodynamic cycles in Case 3 reduced specific energy consumption from 97.44 kWh/tonne to 92.36 kWh/tonne and 93.71 kWh/tonne. The system exergetic efficiency increased from 62.39 % to 65.55 % and 64.87 %, yielding additional cost reductions of 2.36 % and 1.81 %, respectively. In full-chain carbon capture processes where the carbon dioxide compression system accounts for 30 % of the total cost, adopting the time-shifting storage scheme (Case 3) results in a 10.80 % reduction in aggregate costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120572"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance study of spectral-splitting concentrated photovoltaic/thermal systems integrating spiral-finned tubes and graphene-enhanced phase change materials","authors":"ELSaeed Saad ELSihy ,&nbsp;Mostafa M. Abd El-Samie ,&nbsp;Esmail M.A. Mokheimer","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spectrally beam splitting concentrated photovoltaic/thermal (SBS-CPV/T) systems incorporating advanced cooling with finned-spiral serpentine coils embedded in phase change materials (PCMs) offer a promising strategy for maximizing solar spectrum utilization. This paper numerically presents a performance analysis of five SBS-CPV/T systems using various spiral coil configurations: smooth tube (ST), solid annular fin (SAF), perforated annular fin (PAF), solid longitudinal fin (SLF), and perforated longitudinal fin (PLF) serpentines, evaluated at different concentration ratios. The effect of adding spheroidal graphene nanoplatelets to the PCM at 1–3 vol% is then investigated for the optimal configuration. Finally, all spiral coil configurations with 3 vol% of graphene nanoplatelets are compared using various performance metrics. The SBS-CPV/T system with PLF exhibits the best overall performance across all concentration ratios. As this parameter increases from 5 to 20, the merit function decreases by 38.19 % (ST), 46.7 % (SAF), 46.9 % (PAF), 47.18 % (SLF), and 47.6 % (PLF). At concentration ratio of 20, adding 3 vol% of graphene nanoplatelets to the best design boosts the merit function, electrical efficiency, overall thermal efficiency, total primary efficiency, and overall exergy efficiency by 22.2 %, 9.3 %, 57 %, 30.9 %, and 12.3 %, respectively, while reducing cell temperature by 17 °C compared to the pure PCM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120547"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing conventional power systems: Life cycle assessment of ammonia-based decarbonization","authors":"Ha Eun Lee ,&nbsp;Jester Lih Jie Ling ,&nbsp;Sushil Adhikari ,&nbsp;See Hoon Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition to clean energy systems has prompted discussion on ammonia co-combustion in conventional power plants. However, because ammonia is both energy- and carbon-intensive to produce, its potential for global CO₂ reduction requires comprehensive assessment. This study integrates process simulation and life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate ammonia co-combustion in a 1000 MWe large-scale power plant. Five ammonia production pathways (gray, blue, wind, solar, nuclear), three coal types (bituminous, sub-bituminous, lignite), and co-combustion ratios ranging from 0 to 50 % were analyzed. Among all scenarios, co-combusting nuclear-based ammonia with lignite yielded the greatest global warming potential (GWP) reduction up to 1,258,919 tons CO₂ per year. Furthermore, under future technology application scenarios, including low-carbon ammonia production and carbon capture and storage (CCS) integration, the CO₂ intensity decreased from 762 to 246 g CO₂/kWh. In contrast, scenarios using blue ammonia produced with fossil fuel-based electricity grids resulted in noticeably higher NO_x emissions, underscoring the influence of upstream energy sources. These results highlight the critical role of ammonia production methods and national electricity mixes in determining overall environmental performance. The findings of this study can inform fuel import policies, low-carbon technology selection, and transitional energy strategies, particularly for countries aiming to reduce emissions from coal-fired power plants while utilizing existing infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120567"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type and capacity configuration of hydropower retrofitted energy storage facilities in the regional hybrid energy system","authors":"Heng Zhou ,&nbsp;Mengyan Jiang ,&nbsp;Debin Fang ,&nbsp;Qiming Yan ,&nbsp;Ping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing penetration of large-scale new energy into power grids, multi-time-scale energy storage and flexible regulation are increasingly required to ensure safe and stable operation. Hydropower retrofitted energy storage facilities, built on existing cascade reservoirs, offer extended-duration energy storage and flexible regulation by enabling cascade hydropower recycling. This study proposes a framework for determining the necessity, type, and capacity of the hydropower retrofitted energy storage facilities through a power system extension model aimed at minimizing lifecycle installation and operation costs. A multi-time-scale scheduling model and time-series simulation method are developed to support the technical–economic evaluation of expansion schemes. A case study on the Longyangxia-Laxiwa cascade reservoirs located on the upper Yellow River, China, is conducted for three regional power grids with varying demand characteristics. Results indicate that the type and capacity selection of the hydropower retrofitted energy storage facilities depend on system demand and operational economy. They can transformed excess new energy power into potential hydropower, utilized the seasonal spilled water for power generation and reduced the peak-shaving operation of thermal power. The hydropower retrofitted energy storage facilities are shown to increase new energy utilization by 0.1–2.18 % and reduce carbon emissions by 0.84–1.67 million tons. Continuous energy storage and regulation capacity of 12–14 h per day can be provided under extreme new energy generation conditions. The selected type and capacity configuration remain unchanged under a ±20 % variation in unit capacity investment, fuel and carbon emission cost.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120553"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced wind energy harvesting via 2DOF vortex-induced vibration and wake-galloping interaction","authors":"Xiaoqing Ma ,&nbsp;Zihan Huang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Wei-Hsin Liao ,&nbsp;Shengxi Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a novel dual-degree-of-freedom hybrid energy harvester featuring a tunable auxiliary module, which synergistically combines vortex-induced vibration and wake-galloping mechanisms. The design aims to overcome key limitation of conventional flow-induced vibration energy harvesters and improve the energy harvesting efficiency. The theoretical model is developed and the output performance is thoroughly evaluated via wind tunnel experiments. The voltage amplitude and the operational wind speed range of the optimized design are respectively 1.6 times and 2.5 times of that of the conventional harvester without tunable auxiliary modules. Parametric analysis points out that geometric matching between two bluff bodies critically determines the output characteristics of the harvester. When the wind speed surpasses the critical wind speed of Bluff body 2, the resulting complex fluid–structure interactions between two bluff bodies lead to chaotic response and a consequent reduction in energy output. Overall, the presented harvester demonstrates considerable potential for practical applications, providing an efficient approach to harvest flow-induced vibration energy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120533"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired porous channels for thermal management of lithium-ion batteries: the PorousMorphoGrid approach","authors":"Ghazaleh Radman ,&nbsp;Afsaneh Mojra ,&nbsp;Madjid Soltani ,&nbsp;Masoud Ziabasharhagh","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120550","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120550","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing the lifecycle, performance, and safety of lithium-ion batteries requires efficient thermal management strategies. While liquid cooling systems are widely adopted for their superior efficiency, research on incorporating porous materials into channel designs remains limited. This study introduces the PorousMorphoGrid cooling configuration, a novel bio-inspired channel system that integrates porous media to capitalize on their high surface-to-volume ratio, thereby significantly improving heat transfer. The design mimics Morpho butterfly wings to reduce pressure drop and optimize fluid distribution. A liquid cold plate featuring 12 transverse PorousMorphoGrid channels is investigated for its thermal regulatory potential. To further enhance cooling performance while minimizing operational cost, a multilayer neural network is employed to predict system behavior under varied design and flow conditions. Results demonstrate that the PorousMorphoGrid architecture reduce pressure drop by 16.84 % compared to conventional rectangular channels. Subsequent investigations into partially filled porous channels reveal that filling 33.3 % of the channel length in counter-flow configuration enhances thermal uniformity by 27.2 % relative to fully porous scenario. Optimization analysis identifies a 23.48  mm porous filling length as ideal, achieving a pressure drop of 136.19  Pa while maintaining thermal stability (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>max</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> &lt; 27.35 °C; <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>b</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> &lt; 1.8 °C). The proposed PorousMorphoGrid cooling configuration marks a significant advancement in battery thermal management, offering an effective synthesis of bio-inspired design and porous media integration to reduce energy consumption, optimize pressure loss, and promote thermal uniformity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120550"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term optimal scheduling of a cascade hydropower-wind-photovoltaic-concentrated solar power hybrid power system considering dynamic frequency security constraints and flexible load response","authors":"Yunbo Yang ,&nbsp;Chengguo Su ,&nbsp;Quan Tan ,&nbsp;Shuo Han ,&nbsp;Ruiming Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuting Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the penetration of renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic generation continues to rise, the inherent randomness and intermittency of their output pose significant challenges to system frequency stability. To address the limited frequency regulation capability under high renewable penetration, this paper proposes a short-term optimal scheduling approach for a cascade hydropower-wind-photovoltaic-concentrated solar power hybrid system that explicitly incorporates dynamic frequency security constraints. First, a dynamic frequency constraint framework is developed that simultaneously accounts for inertial response, the rate of change of frequency and nadir frequency limits, and these constraints are embedded in the short-term scheduling framework as a mixed-integer linear programming formulation. Second, a coordinated frequency regulation strategy is then proposed for cascade hydropower and concentrated solar power units, with additional frequency support provided through reserved capacities of wind and photovoltaic units. Furthermore, a price-responsive flexible load model is introduced to achieve refined source–load coordination. Simulation studies on an extended IEEE 30-bus system demonstrate that the proposed approach improves the frequency nadir from 49.62 Hz to 49.94 Hz and reduces the maximum rate of change of frequency from 0.8357 Hz/s to 0.1378 Hz/s, thereby significantly enhancing the frequency-security margin. Meanwhile, the flexible load strategy reduces unnecessary hydropower cycling, increases renewable utilization, and improves overall economic performance. Thus, the proposed joint optimization of multi-energy coordinated frequency regulation and flexible load response can substantially improve the frequency security and economy of high-RES penetration power systems, providing a feasible solution for developing safe, economical, and efficient low-carbon power systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120560"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}