Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Towards carbon neutrality: The ammonia approach to green steel","authors":"Antonio Trinca, Giorgio Vilardi, Nicola Verdone","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119482","url":null,"abstract":"The steel sector accounts for 7 % of global greenhouse gas emissions, making its decarbonization a critical challenge. The use of green hydrogen in the direct reduction process enables a significant reduction in CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> emissions, reaching levels as low as 29 kgCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>/t<ce:inf loc=\"post\">STEEL</ce:inf>. However, one of the major challenges lies in the temporal and geographical mismatch between steel and hydrogen production. This issue is particularly pressing for the survival of steel supply chains in regions where green hydrogen production costs are expected to remain high. In such cases, transporting hydrogen from areas with more competitive production costs becomes essential. The transportation costs associated with hydrogen present an additional hurdle, driving the search for alternative solutions. Among these, ammonia has emerged as a viable option as a hydrogen carrier. This study uses an Aspen Plus process simulation model to analyze the complete steel production cycle, including ammonia cracking and the production of steel from direct reduced iron. It evaluates the impact of ammonia usage on the process and its overall efficiency. Two main scenarios are analyzed: direct injection of ammonia into the reduction furnace and external ammonia cracking. Production costs are calculated based on the transportation distances of hydrogen and ammonia. In a scenario where hydrogen is produced on-site, with an energy cost of 50 $/MWh and a hydrogen production cost of 5 $/kg, the final steel production cost amounts to 816 $/t<ce:inf loc=\"post\">STEEL</ce:inf>. However, these costs increase significantly with transportation distances. Using ammonia in these scenarios, despite its higher energy consumption, offers economic savings of up to 11 % for transportation distances of 5000 km. Looking ahead, with hydrogen production costs expected to drop to 2 $/kg, these savings could rise to 20 %.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven systematic methodology for predicting optimal heat pump integration based on temperature levels and refrigerants","authors":"Lander Cortvriendt, Daniel Flórez-Orrego, Dominik Bongartz, François Maréchal","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119495","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the industrial shift towards carbon neutrality and electrification, high temperature heat pumps have emerged as feasible solutions for decarbonizing the heat supply at temperatures previously associated only to fired or resistive heating technologies (<mml:math altimg=\"si3.svg\" display=\"inline\"><mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo></mml:math>100<ce:hsp sp=\"0.16667\"></ce:hsp>°C). The integration of high temperature heat pumps into industrial processes reduces the cooling and heating demand, while it capitalizes on the waste heat, which eventually enhances the overall energy efficiency. However, a heat pump device typically interacts with other competing energy systems, such as fired boilers and electric heaters. This renders the synthesis, design and optimization more complex. Moreover, the characterization of the grand composite curve of the industrial process is necessary to select the best levels of temperatures and refrigeration fluids that minimize the total operating cost of the systems. Mixed integer nonlinear programming approaches can be used to optimize the integration of a heat pump superstructure into any type of grand composite curve, bearing in mind economic and thermodynamic constraints. However, these problems are challenging to solve particularly as computational limitations become evident with larger problem sizes. Since the grand composite curve is a representation of the amount and temperature of the waste heat available through the industrial process, supervised machine learning techniques can be used, as a preprocessing step, to train and automate the selection of the best heat pump configurations based on the characteristics of that curve, instead of relying only on the expertise of the engineer. In other words, the model developed can identify distinctive patterns within the grand composite curve that influence the selection of specific heat pump structures and parameters. This approach streamlines the selection of temperature levels and refrigerant fluids, enhancing the efficiency and ease of the decision-making process. As a result, energy savings up to 60<ce:hsp sp=\"0.16667\"></ce:hsp>% are found in a case study if a set of heat pump technologies is optimally designed and integrated.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the heat transfer performance of a ground heat exchanger under the synergistic effect of nanofluid and phase change material","authors":"Qinggong Liu, Chao Lv, Minjie Wen, Yong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119490","url":null,"abstract":"A ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) system is an energy-efficient building service device that utilizes geothermal energy for heating or cooling buildings through ground heat exchanger (GHE). Owing to its ability to accomplish energy transfer, the GHE is a vital component of GCHP system. Therefore, efforts have been made to improve the heat transfer performance of GHE in terms of material and structure. A novel GHE design, nanofluid and shape-stabilized phase change material-assisted spiral-type GHE (NF&amp;SSPCM-SGHE) system, was conceptualized. To investigate the heat transfer performance of this novel system, a 3D transient numerical model based on the thermal dispersion model for the solving nanofluid flow and heat transfer, as well as an effective heat capacity method for the solving phase transition heat transfer process, were established and verified against the data obtained by the prototype experimental platform. Subsequently, comparative studies between the NF&amp;SSPCM-SGHE and U-type GHE (U-GHE) systems were conducted under summer conditions in Chengdu (China). The results demonstrated that the heat transfer performance of NF&amp;SSPCM-SGHE system was significantly improved under the synergistic effects of the spiral-type heat exchanger, SSPCM, and nanofluid, and its single borehole cooling capacity was approximately 2.35 times that of U-GHE system. Nanofluid and SSPCM, a combination of one inside and one outside, play a separate role and promote and reinforce one another. Findings of this study are anticipated to realize the innovation and development of GCHP system and provide the innovative paths and methods for the realization of the “dual carbon” goal.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical study of a novel ejector-enhanced heat pump system with subcooling defrosting under cold conditions","authors":"Zhengyong Li, Youcai Liang, Yan Zhu, Kai Ye, Zhili Sun, Meirong Dong, Jidong Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119507","url":null,"abstract":"The two main barriers to using air source heat pumps in cold climates are low performance and the evaporator freezing up. To this end, this study proposes an ejector-enhanced heat pump system (EEC) with liquid subcooling defrosting, which combines scenario characteristics to switch different modes for efficient heating and uninterrupted defrosting. A mathematical model and a defrosting model of the novel system are developed. A novel performance evaluation coefficient is proposed. Theoretical study of the system’s heating and defrosting performance under different operating conditions. The heating coefficient of performance (<mml:math altimg=\"si2.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mtext>P</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>h</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>) of the system was 33.9 % and 17.7 % higher than the vapor compression cycle (VCC) under typical solar enhanced conditions and frost conditions, respectively. The <mml:math altimg=\"si2.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mtext>P</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>h</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> of the system during defrost is also 9.3 % higher than the VCC in normal operation under the same conditions. In comparison to R134a, the heating capacity of R290 and R600a has been observed to increase by 3.72 kW and 3.58 kW, respectively, with a 1.7 % increase and a 2.1 % decrease in <mml:math altimg=\"si2.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mtext>P</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>h</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>, respectively. Additionally, the pressure lift ratio of the ejector for the two in defrosting mode is found to be comparable to that of R134a. Therefore, the novel system, which employs the environmentally friendly refrigerant R290, is an appropriate means of providing domestic heating in cold regions. This study can theoretically support the popularization of air source heat pump systems.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142990283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal microgrid planning for electricity security in Niamey: A strategic response to sudden supply disruptions from neighboring sources","authors":"Issoufou Tahirou Halidou, M.H. Elkholy, Tomonobu Senjyu, Taghreed Said, Mahmoud M. Gamil","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119529","url":null,"abstract":"Niger relies heavily on electricity imports from Nigeria. Still, recent political tensions have caused severe disruptions, leaving the country grappling with widespread energy shortages and an increased dependence on diesel generators (DGs). This study develops an optimal microgrid (MG) planning framework to enhance electricity security and sustainability in Niamey, Niger’s capital city. Using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP), the research explores two configurations: one using photovoltaic (PV) panels paired with battery storage systems (BSS) and another combining PV, BSS, and DGs in a hybrid system. A comprehensive techno-economic analysis evaluates both configurations regarding cost-effectiveness, reliability, and sustainability. The objective is to withstand the sudden import supply line cut while minimizing costs. Compared to the first scenario, the second scenario incorporating DGs is the most economically viable, with a 17.395% reduction in total life cycle cost (TLCC). The TLCC for scenario 2 is around $435,102,442, resulting in a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of 0.057$/kWh, marginally lower than the 0.069$/kWh in scenario 1. As well as offering data-driven insights to inform Niamey’s energy planning under severe energy disruptions, this detailed techno-economic assessment illustrates the trade-offs between economic efficiency and environmental sustainability.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Component sizing and dynamic simulation of a low-emission power plant for cruise ships with solid oxide fuel cells","authors":"B.N. van Veldhuizen, L. van Biert, C. Ünlübayir, K. Visser, J.J. Hopman, P.V. Aravind","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119477","url":null,"abstract":"Solid oxide fuel cell systems are considered for the power plant of ships, because of their high efficiency, low pollutant emissions, and fuel flexibility. This research compares the volume, mass, fuel consumption, and emissions of different hybrid power plants for cruise ships using solid oxide fuel cells, fuelled with marine gas oil and liquefied natural gas. A component sizing model allocates the installed power over the selected power plant components and determines their size and weight. The components and energy management strategy are simulated with a cruise ship for five years of operation. A simple method is implemented to estimate the degradation and its effect on component operation. The combined component sizing and time-domain model highlights the importance of dynamic simulation for battery sizing. The results show that using solid oxide fuel cells for the auxiliary consumers can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 21% and pollutants by 38% to 46% with only 17.5% installed power, which has limited consequences for the cost and size of the power plant. With 31% installed power, the ship can operate in low-emission zones while reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 33% and pollutants by 60% to 70%. Performing all cruise operations requires 51% installed fuel cell power and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 49% and pollutants by 94% to 96%. In conclusion, the study affirms that solid oxide fuel cell systems, with proper sizing and energy management, can be used to reduce shipping emissions and reach IMO’s 30% GHG emission reduction target for 2030.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low impact emissions H2 production via biogas steam reforming in a foam structured membrane reactor: Energy efficiency and exergy analyses, and H2 production cost assessment","authors":"H.B.Trujillo Ruales, C. Italiano, A. Vita, A. Iulianelli","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119504","url":null,"abstract":"This work focuses on the utilization of a novel Ru-Ni foam structured catalysts housed in a Pd-Ag membrane reactor to generate decarbonized H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> by steam reforming of synthetic biogas, analysing from energy/exergy point of views the whole MR based plant, including also the ancillary devices (condenser, boiler, pump etc.). The influence of the wall temperature in the reforming process has been studied to determine the temperature profile along the foam structured membrane reactor. In addition, the overall process efficiency as well as an economic study to determine the cost of the decarbonised hydrogen production have been analysed with the further objective of contributing to meet the European Green Deal policies in the framework of renewable energy carriers production respecting the net zero gas emissions by 2050. The experimental campaign has been realized between 673 and 773 K and varying the pressure between 100 and 200 kPa, reaching 74 % CH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf> conversion, 95 % hydrogen recovery and 55 % yield at 773 K and 200 kPa, S/C = 2/1 and WHSV = 0.6 h<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, and a total exergy efficiency of 85 %. The purity of the hydrogen stream recovered in the foam structured membrane reactor was superior to 99.999 % in the whole range of operating conditions analyzed in this work, meeting the expected values of the European Clean Hydrogen Agency (Targets-2030: hydrogen recovery = 95 %, hydrogen purity = 99.99 %)","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoeconomic analysis of an integrated membrane reactor and carbon dioxide capture system producing decarbonized hydrogen","authors":"Yagmur Nalbant Atak, Alper Can Ince, C.Ozgur Colpan, Adolfo Iulianelli, Mustafa Fazil Serincan, Ugur Pasaogullari","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119506","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a novel thermo-economic analysis on a membrane reactor adopted to generate hydrogen, coupled to a carbon-dioxide capture system, is proposed. Exergy destruction, fuel, and environmental as well as purchased equipment costs have been accounted to estimate the cost of hydrogen production in the aforementioned integrated plant. It has been found that the integration of the CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> capture system with the membrane reactor is responsible for the reduction of the hydrogen production cost by 12 % due to the decrease in environmental penalty cost. In addition, the effects of operating parameters (steam-to-carbo ratio and biogas temperature) on the hydrogen production cost are investigated. Hence, this work demonstrates that the latter can be decreased by approximately 2 <mml:math altimg=\"si75.svg\"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">$</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">/</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"italic\">kg</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>H</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> when steam to carbon ratio increases from 1.5 to 4. The analyses reveal that steam-to-carbo ratio increases exergy destruction cost, affecting consequently also the hydrogen production cost. However, from a thermodynamic point of view, it enhances the hydrogen production in the membrane reactor, mutually lowering the hydrogen production cost. It has been also estimated that a decrease in the biogas inlet temperature from 450 to 400°C can reduce the hydrogen production cost by 7 %. This study demonstrates that the fuel cost is a major economic parameter affecting commercialization of hydrogen production, while exergy destruction and environmental costs are also significant factors in determining the hydrogen production cost.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating a fuel cell with a heat pump: An energy-saving system for residential housing","authors":"Tatiana Santos Andrade, Sindhu Kanya Nalini Ramakrishna, Torbjörn Thiringer","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119509","url":null,"abstract":"Fuel cells are currently pointed out as a promising combined heat and power technology. In this work, the purpose was to investigate the potential to integrate a fuel cell and a heat pump as an energy-saving system for residential houses. We have applied a novel approach by evaluating the system across four European locations with diverse climates, focusing on fuel cell size, energy consumption, and cost. Results have shown that the system composed of the fuel cell and the heat pump can achieve a fuel cell size reduction of at least 40 % and an energy saving of at least 20 % compared to the system without a heat pump. Cost analysis has shown that despite the current high price for heat pumps, the system integrating the fuel cell and the heat pump can be compensated in less than 5 years for locations with a temperature profile similar to Paris or colder.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated power to methanol processes with steam-assisted direct air capture","authors":"Man Zhang, Bingyao Ge, Zhuozhen Gan, Shuai Liu, Shuang Li, Yixiang Shi, Xuancan Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119505","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon dioxide (CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>) generated from the combustion of fossil fuels has resulted in global warming. Utilizing CO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf> from direct air capture (DAC) and green hydrogen to produce methanol is a potential method to reverse this process; however, its technical and economic feasibility remains controversial. In this study, three distinct power-to-methanol systems integrating adsorption-based DAC, alkaline water electrolysis, and thermochemical methanol synthesis were investigated. The modelling results showed that the energy consumption of the base case (PtM) was 49.58 GJ t<ce:inf loc=\"post\">CH3OH</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, which decreased to 45.89 GJ t<ce:inf loc=\"post\">CH3OH</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> using a steam-assisted DAC process (S-PtM). The heat-integrated S-PtM system (I-S-PtM) could further reduce the energy consumption to 37.84 GJ t<ce:inf loc=\"post\">CH3OH</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>. In detail, high-grade waste heat (&gt;100°C) was directly transferred to DAC and methanol distillation units via heat exchangers. Low-grade waste heat (&gt;60°C) was upgraded and provided to DAC unit via heat pumps. In the I-S-PtM system, 93 % of the heat and 90 % of the cold demands could be satisfied, which achieved 23.7 % and 17.5 % reduction compared to that of the PtM and S-PtM systems. Consequently, the I-S-PtM system demonstrated a high total energy efficiency (53 %) and a low methanol production cost (801.79 $ t<ce:inf loc=\"post\">CH3OH</ce:inf><ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>) based on an electricity price of 60 $ MWh<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>. Moreover, when powered by renewable electricity with the electricity price less than 41.3 $ MWh<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, the I-S-PtM is more cost-effective than the conventional fossil fuel-to-methanol process. In China, replacing gasoline with methanol from the I-S-PtM process using abandoned renewables could reduce gasoline consumption by 4.4 % and emissions by 8.47 Mt<ce:inf loc=\"post\">CO2</ce:inf> per year.","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}