Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Numerical study on carbon emissions and economics of a high temperature heat pump system for an industrial process","authors":"Hak Soo Kim,&nbsp;JeongMin Seo,&nbsp;Sunyoung Moon,&nbsp;Dong Ho Kim,&nbsp;Yujun Jung,&nbsp;Yoong Chung,&nbsp;Kong Hoon Lee,&nbsp;Chan Ho Song","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research to achieve net-zero is actively being carried out. In industrial processes, large amounts of carbon are emitted to product thermal energy, and there is a growing interest in electrification technologies to reduce this. While electric heaters and heat pumps are representative technologies for electrification, research to determine which technologies can economically contribute to carbon reduction is necessary. In this study, transient model for a heat pump and thermal energy storage (TES) was developed, and the CO₂ emissions and economic feasibility were analyzed. When coupled with photovoltaic power and battery energy storage (BESS), it was found that the heat pump can reduce CO₂ emissions more economically than electric heater. Transient analysis was performed for the case of coupling TES with heat pump instead of BESS and it was found that CO₂ emissions vary from 276 to 231 g/kWh_th with and without the TES, respectively. When combining the heat pump and photovoltaic system with TES or BESS, the nominal levelized cost of heat to reach the same level of CO₂ emissions is 11.6 % higher for the BESS-coupled system. Up to certain level of CO₂ emissions, the TES-coupled system is economically viable, but minimum emissions can be achieved with the BESS-coupled system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 119150"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional coupling hole transport and extraction units over BiVO4 for efficient solar-to-hydrogen conversion","authors":"Zemin Fu ,&nbsp;Yu Zhu ,&nbsp;Dongmei Qin ,&nbsp;Yan Yang ,&nbsp;Sheng Han ,&nbsp;Zhenbiao Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting based on BiVO₄ nanostructures is largely limited by the fast recombination of charge carriers and the low oxygen evolution reaction (OER) kinetics. To enhance PEC performance of BiVO₄, combining hole transport units and hole extraction units is a simple and effective methods. In this work, Co₃O₄ and NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH) were coupled to promote bulk-phase charge separation and solid–liquid interface transfer, which accelerated OER kinetics on surface of target photoanodes. Moreover, p-n heterojunction between BiVO₄ and Co₃O₄ suppressed charge recombination and promoted charge transfer, resulting in an effectively enhanced photocurrent density and applied bias photon to current efficiency (ABPE). To facilitate involvement of photogenerated holes in OER, BiVO₄/Co₃O₄ electrodes are coated with NiFe-LDH as a hole extraction layer using a straightforward chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. Successful fabrication of NiFe-LDH with rich oxygen vacancies significantly improves transport of charge carriers and provides many activity sites on the electrode surface. The optimized BiVO₄/Co₃O₄/NiFe-LDH photoanode displayed a photocurrent density of 5.41 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V_RHE with an ABPE of 1.08 % at 0.86 V_RHE under light. These values are approximately 4.66 and 8.30 times higher than those of BiVO₄ photoanodes. This study presents a powerful approach to enhance charge separation and transport in BiVO₄-based photoanodes by functionally coupling hole transport and extraction units, thereby enabling efficient solar-to-hydrogen conversion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 119153"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an integrated energy and thermal planner for a series hybrid off-road autonomous tracked vehicle","authors":"Atharva Ghate ,&nbsp;Anirudh Sundar ,&nbsp;Qilun Zhu ,&nbsp;Robert Prucka ,&nbsp;Miriam Figuero-Santos ,&nbsp;Morgan Barron","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrifying off-road vehicle powertrains enhances energy efficiency and auxiliary power generation but poses control challenges due to extreme temperatures, complex terrain, powerful cooling systems, and high-power demands. This paper presents the Integrated Energy and Thermal Planner (IETP), a unified approach to energy and thermal management for off-road series hybrid tracked vehicles. The IETP addresses challenges posed by extreme ambient temperatures, high-power demands, and complex non-linear thermal dynamics by integrating the control of thermal systems with energy planning. The synergistic operation of the ICE-Generator and thermal actuators reduces battery degradation by up to 29% compared to traditional separated energy and thermal management. Additionally, IETP improves fuel efficiency by at least 10% in power-demanding high-speed driving scenarios. Key contributions include the ’priority-speed’ formulation, which optimizes the ICE-Gen’s operating point in a computationally efficient manner, and a systematic sensitivity analysis to balance planning accuracy with hardware constraints. Real-time planner-in-the-loop application mitigates execution delays through a memory buffer and compensation strategy. Despite uncertainties in modeling and preview assumptions, the IETP demonstrates robustness, with future work aimed at further improving transient compensation and estimation routines. This integrated strategy enhances both the efficiency and durability of hybrid electric vehicles in extreme off-road environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 119163"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconfiguration of PV array for improved performance under different partial shading conditions using Roulette Barrel Shifter approach","authors":"Shivam Kushwaha ,&nbsp;Ranjeet Singh ,&nbsp;Ranjana Yadav ,&nbsp;Vinod Kumar Yadav ,&nbsp;Tanmay Yadav ,&nbsp;Shivam Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119151","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119151","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article proposes an innovative reconfiguration technique called Roulette Barrel Shifter (RBS) for Total Cross Tied (TCT) connected PV arrays. Inspired by a spinning roulette wheel and the barrel shifter from digital signal processing, it shifts or rotates input data bits by a number of bits. Unlike other methods, RBS does not require advanced maximum power point tracking devices, sensors, or complex switching mechanisms, making it more cost-effective. Simulation studies on 9 × 9 and 10 × 10 PV arrays under Partial Shading (PS) conditions, as well as experimental validation on a 5 × 5 array, demonstrate that RBS increases power by up to 15.45 % compared to TCT. The algorithm is also tested for scalability and adaptability on a large solar plant (4 MW, 2175 V, 25 × 750 PV array). For the first time, the article introduces a unique wiring loss (WL) performance metric using the k-means algorithm. Based on this metric, RBS is shown to reduce WL by up to 6.98 % compared to other recently published methods. Comparative analysis reveals that RBS reduces mismatch loss (ML) by up to 61.41 % compared to TCT, establishing its superiority over existing dynamic reconfiguration approaches in both performance and efficiency across various scales of solar arrays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 119151"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the CO2 + C2Cl4 mixture in high temperature heat pumps: Experimental thermal stability, liquid densities and cycle simulations","authors":"Ettore Morosini ,&nbsp;Michele Doninelli ,&nbsp;Gioele Di Marcoberardino ,&nbsp;Paolo Iora ,&nbsp;Mauro Riva ,&nbsp;Paolo Stringari ,&nbsp;Giampaolo Manzolini","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transcritical heat pumps working with CO₂-based mixtures with a low-volatility dopant are found to achieve good performances in thermally integrated heat pumps, especially when sensible heat sources and heat sinks are considered. This paper introduces in literature tetrachloroethylene, C₂Cl₄, as CO₂-dopant for the mixture to be adopted as working fluid in high temperature heat pumps. To calibrate the thermodynamic model used in the cycle simulations, an experimental characterization on the mixture is proposed: liquid densities of the mixtures are measured, in a wide range of concentration, optimizing the binary interaction parameter of the Peng Robinson equation of state. Moreover, the thermal stability of pure C₂Cl₄ is experimentally evaluated, identifying the maximum allowable compressor outlet temperature between 200 °C and 250 °C, with a decomposition rate below 1 %/year if the fluid is kept at temperatures around 200 °C. Then, the potentialities of this very high temperature heat pump are assessed in spray dryer applications: a coefficient of performance around 3.38 is obtained for a conventional spray dryer plant, corresponding to 73 % of second law efficiency, considering an air flow heated from ambient temperature to 200 °C as the sink, while cooling the sensible heat source, available at 76 °C, below 30 °C. As term of comparison, the same system adopting propane, instead of the CO₂ + C₂Cl₄ mixture, would achieve a coefficient of performance and second law efficiency of 2.94 and 64 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 119145"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of the energy capture performance of oscillating water column (OWC) devices using multi-chamber multi-turbine (MCMT) technology","authors":"Peiwen Cong ,&nbsp;Dezhi Ning ,&nbsp;Bin Teng","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119141","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119141","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The advancement of marine renewable energy technology has led to increased demands on current marine energy devices, particularly in relation to the energy capture capacity of wave energy converters (WECs). Among WECs, oscillating water column (OWC) devices are considered highly promising. This study examines the potential for enhancing the wave energy capture of OWC devices through the utilization of multi-chamber multi-turbine (MCMT) technology. Unlike traditional single-chamber OWCs, MCMT OWCs consist of multiple chamber modules that can operate in coordination during different wave phases to optimize the wave energy utilization. The interplay of water column movements within various chamber modules is closely interconnected. By considering these coupling effects, a reciprocal relationship between the air pressure and air-flow movement in different chamber modules is established, and a numerical model is developed to assess the functional performance of three-dimensional MCMT OWCs of arbitrary geometric shapes using a higher-order boundary element method (HOBEM). The study focuses on representative MCMT OWC designs with annular or rectangular cross-sections. Two specific scenarios are investigated: an annular MCMT OWC integrated into the monopile foundation of an offshore wind turbine, and a rectangular MCMT OWC integrated into a barge-type breakwater. Detailed numerical analyses are conducted, revealing that dividing the chamber into multiple modules can convert sloshing-mode free-surface movement into separate piston-mode movements, thereby enhancing the wave energy capture. By utilizing suitable turbine parameters and chamber dimensions, the peak hydrodynamic efficiency of MCMT OWCs has the potential to exceed unity, surpassing that of single-chamber OWCs by a factor of three. Additionally, employing a low rotational speed for the air turbine in MCMT OWCs can result in a doubled effective frequency bandwidth compared to single-chamber OWCs. This bandwidth can be extended even further with an increase in the rotational speed. This study also suggests that designing chamber modules with identical cross-sectional shapes may not always be the most advantageous approach for maximizing the wave energy capture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 119141"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonia composite combustion with alcohol/ether: A systematic review from engine applications to combustion enhancement and emission mechanisms","authors":"Yang Hua,&nbsp;Yiming Zhang,&nbsp;Desong Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia, as a zero-carbon fuel and efficient hydrogen carrier, has great potential for decarbonization in engineering applications, transportation and power generation, emerging as a powerful candidate for alternative energy in the context of global carbon neutrality. However, the problems of difficult ignition, slow combustion and poor stability of ammonia limit its application as the pure fuel in energy conversion machinery. Combining ammonia with active alcohol/ether fuels is a feasible solution aimed at improving ammonia combustion characteristics while reducing carbon emissions. This work systematically reviewed the research progress of ammonia composite combustion with various alcohols/ethers, including ammonia with methanol, ethanol, butanol, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dimethoxymethane, and polyoxymethylene. This review covers macro-level engine applications, performance and emission characteristics, fundamental combustion characteristics (ignition, flame propagation and species distribution), and micro-level reaction kinetics (combustion enhancement and emission mechanisms). Based on these findings, future directions for further exploration are proposed. Ammonia-alcohol/ether combination fuels can be successfully applied in SI and CI engines through mixed-fuel, dual-fuel, and jet-controlled compound ignition modes. They have shown potential to outperform gasoline/diesel, but their effectiveness is limited by factors such as alcohol/ether type, energy ratio, engine operating conditions, ignition timing, and injection strategy. Ammonia-alcohol/ether typically reduce C-based emissions but increase N-based emissions. Both NO_x emissions, resulting from the competition between fuel-NO_x and thermal-NO_x, and soot emissions, influenced by the competition between increased carbon content and improved combustion, show nonlinear trends with alcohol/ether ratio. At the fundamental combustion level, the addition of alcohol/ether significantly shortens the ignition delay of ammonia, accelerates its burning velocity, and enhances its combustion stability. However, the promotion efficiency shows a nonlinear relationship with the alcohol/ether blending ratio and a considerable dependence on molecular structure, temperature, and pressure. At the kinetics level, the discussion focuses on the key reaction pathways of alcohol/ether enhanced ammonia ignition, the interactions between C-N components leading to promotion, synergy and inhibition mechanisms, and the coupled mechanisms for the formation/inhibition of NOx and soot emissions. The research results of this work contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the key technologies of ammonia-alcohol/ether engines and reaction mechanisms of ammonia composite combustion, providing important theoretical references for achieving the integration of ammonia and alcohol/ether fuels and near zero emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 119160"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and multiobjective optimization of a solar-powered reverse osmosis desalination system with hydrogen energy storage","authors":"Alejandra Risco-Bravo ,&nbsp;Christopher Varela ,&nbsp;Guillermo Soriano ,&nbsp;Gonzalo A. Almeida Pazmiño","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Remote communities often face challenges in accessing clean water, crucial for improving their quality of life and health. To address this issue, this work focuses on optimizing the design of a hybrid renewable energy system, integrating photovoltaic (PV) and hydrogen storage to power a reverse osmosis desalination (ROD) system. A novel multiobjective optimization model, implemented as a mixed-integer linear program, is proposed to minimize exergy losses and annual cycle costs, ensuring optimal system performance. The optimized decision variables include the sizing and power allocation of the hybrid energy system, and the operation of the ROD system based on water demand. Operational characteristics such as energy balance, system capacity, and daily water demand are incorporated into the model as constraints. The flexibility of the model allows for site-specific parameters, tailoring solutions to meet the needs of remote communities. The optimization model is tested in this work for two case studies, revealing significant cost-effectiveness disparities. In the first community, the system achieves a levelized cost of water (LCW) and exergy efficiency of 2.119 USD/m³ and 11.48 % for an 18 m³ daily water demand, compared to 3.757 USD/m³ and 8.79 % for a 3 m³ daily demand in the second community. This highlights the economic viability and higher efficiency of such a system for large-scale applications, achieving up to a 16.11 % lower LCW than other studies. Additionally, it demonstrates the flexibility of the proposed optimization model and provides a comprehensive evaluation of hybrid energy systems for remote communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"322 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the market diffusion of hydrogen-based steel and basic chemical production in Europe – A site-specific approach","authors":"Marius Neuwirth ,&nbsp;Tobias Fleiter ,&nbsp;René Hofmann","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate-neutral hydrogen is a promising option to replace fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in energy-intensive industries. At the same time, spatial and timely dynamics of hydrogen market diffusion are uncertain. This study simulates the market diffusion of hydrogen-based production routes for the entire European plant stock of primary steel, high-value chemicals, methanol, and ammonia production sites. The model includes a total of 158 plants at 96 sites and explicitly considers hydrogen infrastructure, plant ages, production capacities and reinvestment cycles. Sixteen scenario sensitivities were defined to analyse various future hydrogen and carbon dioxide price pathways. The results show that one investment opportunity remains until 2050 for all plants, while 36% of plants require reinvestment before 2030. The cost-competitiveness of hydrogen-based production varies across products: Methanol and high-value chemicals can only be competitive with hydrogen prices below 60 €/MWh. For steel, a high carbon dioxide price and natural gas-fired direct reduction can mitigate fossil lock-ins using natural gas as bridging option towards full use of hydrogen. The study highlights the risk of reinvesting in fossil technologies without additional policies. The maximum technical hydrogen demand potential is 1000 TWh, but considering techno-economic limitations in the sensitivities, only 64 to 507 TWh can be reached. The planned future hydrogen network matches most reinvestment needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"322 ","pages":"Article 119117"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-spectrum solar water decomposition for hydrogen production via a concentrating photovoltaic-thermal power generator-solid oxide electrolysis cell system","authors":"Heng Pan ,&nbsp;Shaoqi Wang ,&nbsp;Yuhao Zhao ,&nbsp;Youjun Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel solar-powered concentrating photovoltaic-thermal power generator-solid oxide electrolysis cell system designed to enhance hydrogen production efficiency by optimizing both electrical and thermal energy utilization. The system incorporates a thermal power generator to convert excess high-temperature thermal energy into electrical energy, addressing energy losses associated with high-temperature water electrolysis. Thermodynamic analysis shows that the integration of the thermal power generator improves energy and exergy efficiencies to 0.60 and 0.52, while lowering the optimal operating temperature to 1173 K. The system’s efficiency is sensitive to the proportion of electrical energy supplied by the thermal power generator, with an optimal range identified between 0.1 and 0.2. Higher temperatures improve hydrogen production and efficiency, but increased voltage negatively impacts thermodynamic efficiency. These findings demonstrate that the proposed system offers substantial improvements over conventional solar hydrogen production methods, making it a promising candidate for sustainable hydrogen production. Further research will focus on system integration, material costs, and scalability for commercial use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"322 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}