Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Optimal operation of multi-plant steam district heating systems for enhanced efficiency and sustainability","authors":"Saranya Anbarasu ,&nbsp;Kathryn Hinkelman ,&nbsp;Wangda Zuo ,&nbsp;Victor Mendez Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite their crucial role in supplying heat and power to universities, industries, and healthcare facilities, many steam-based district heating systems rely on outdated control methods. Among these, multi-central plant districts are particularly challenging due to the complexities of coordinating multiple plants, optimizing load distributions, and managing system downtime. In response, new operational strategies are developed to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of steam districts while utilizing existing resources. These strategies include reducing plant operational pressure without compromising the reliable supply to buildings and optimizing load allocation across multiple plants. The load allocation considers boiler part-load efficiency, runtime, network losses, and building pressure set points, and is compared with traditional multi-boiler controls. To support this exploration, new dynamic Modelica models are developed. In addition, methods to reduce modeling complexities are incorporated, enhancing their suitability for practical applications. A holistic district-wide analysis using a real university case study demonstrates a 4.7% fuel savings by lowering boiler operational pressure from 900 kPa to 600 kPa, along with a 13.3% reduction in condensation losses across the distribution network. Furthermore, the load allocation approach results in a 13.1% reduction in fuel consumption during peak winter periods and 15.3% during shoulder periods, with corresponding decreases in carbon emissions and fuel costs. This approach can also save maintenance costs by reducing the boiler runtime by 49.6%. This research underscores the benefits of retrofitting aging steam district heating systems, offering immediate operational improvements by enhancing efficiency, meeting regulatory compliance, and extending infrastructure lifespans while delaying costly overhauls.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119298"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flow-driven directional freeze-casting of graphene aerogels on tubular components for enhanced thermal energy management","authors":"Subhani Shaik,&nbsp;Vandana Kumari Jha,&nbsp;Ganghyeon Bae,&nbsp;Duckjong Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the rapidly advancing field of energy storage technologies, achieving efficiency and sustainability has become paramount, with adsorption playing a crucial role. This adsorption process benefits significantly from aerogel-based structures due to their inherent porosity and customizable architectures, which facilitate exceptional heat- and mass-transfer capabilities. However, despite extensive research on optimizing aerogel microstructures for enhanced adsorption, integrating these materials into practical energy storage systems remains challenging. To overcome this, we present a flow-driven directional freeze-casting technique that integrates aerogels with radially oriented pore networks onto tubular components, forming well-aligned, fin-like structures. This innovative method increases the practical applicability of aerogels in real-world energy storage systems. By adjusting process conditions, we achieve a further improved alignment similar to longitudinal finned structures, significantly enhancing mass transfer. This improved alignment results in ∼ 35 % reductions in both adsorption and desorption times compared to the lowest alignment sample. Based on the measured adsorption characteristics, the performance estimation for thermal energy storage systems integrating the tailored aerogel structure showed a 61 % increase in power density compared to the highest recently reported value for sorption-based thermal battery. When applied to adsorption heat pump systems, the estimated specific cooling power improved by 68–98 % compared to other reported adsorbent composites. These results highlight the potential of our novel aerogel integration technique to enhance thermal management solutions and significantly advance adsorption-based energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119389"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-level optimization design and intelligent control framework for fuel cell-based combined heat and power systems","authors":"Jiabao Cheng ,&nbsp;Fubin Yang ,&nbsp;Hongguang Zhang ,&nbsp;Nanqiao Wang ,&nbsp;Yinlian Yan ,&nbsp;Yonghong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119397","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119397","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fuel cell systems have attracted significant attention in the field of residential energy due to their high efficiency and environmentally friendly characteristics. However, the inherent coupling of its thermoelectric output limits the flexibility of the system to meet diverse residential energy needs. This study proposes a combined heat and power system based on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell integrated with an organic Rankine cycle and heat pump, and builds a multi-level optimization design and intelligent control framework. Through this framework, current density and split ratio were identified as two key operational parameters affecting heat and power output. To enhance the precision and adaptability of system control, a neural network evaluation metric based on sensitivity weighting was introduced to optimize the hyperparameters of the Back Propagation neural network controller. This approach significantly improved the accuracy of the control model and system performance. Based on the optimized neural network controller, an intelligent control strategy oriented towards heat demand was realized, effectively meeting users’ dynamic needs. Results show that under typical demand conditions, the system achieved significant performance improvement: maximum thermal efficiency of 47.48 %, maximum electrical efficiency of 36.73 %, maximum hydrogen consumption rate of 1.3 g/s, and minimum levelized cost of energy of 0.4183 $/kW·h⁻¹. This research provides valuable theoretical guidance for the optimization design and operations management of fuel cell-based combined heat and power systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119397"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waste eggshell derived CaO/metal-organic framework @LDH for microwave-assisted biodiesel synthesis: Thermodynamics, mechanistic insights and life-cycle cost analysis","authors":"Saptarshi Roy,&nbsp;Md. Ahmaruzzaman","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Designing an economical and environmentally friendly catalyst for production of biodiesel is crucial yet a challenging aspect for advancing renewable energy applications. To accomplish this, the present research elucidates the fabrication of a highly efficient novel heterogeneous catalyst by utilizing CaO derived from waste chicken eggshells and a metal–organic framework (MOF)@layered double hydroxide (LDH) (CLD-HK) for the sustainable microwave-assisted transesterification of soybean oil (SO), achieving a biodiesel yield of 99.78 ± 0.6 % within just 60 min. The remarkable catalytic performance is primarily ascribed to the strong basicity of CaO and LDH, along with the unsaturated sites contributed by the MOF, which create accessible active sites for effective substrate adsorption and effective coordination with triglycerides. This synergy results in excellent catalytic performance of the CLD-HK catalyst. Kinetic studies revealed an activation energy <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub><mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> of 29.50 kJ/mol, significantly lower than previous reported values, demonstrating high energy efficiency. Various parametric studies revealed that the reaction adhered to pseudo-first-order model with a rate constant of 0.07495 min⁻¹. A plausible reaction mechanism for the transesterification of SO was proposed based on the various characterization results. Furthermore, ¹HNMR, ¹³C NMR, FT-IR and GC–MS analyses validated the conversion of SO to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), with the produced biodiesel meeting the ASTM standards. The life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) estimated the unit production cost at merely $0.42/kg, highlighting the commercial viability of this biowaste-based catalyst. This approach not only valorizes waste materials but also offers a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to petroleum-based diesel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119380"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing temperature and pressure in PEM electrolyzers: A model-based approach to enhanced efficiency in integrated energy systems","authors":"Luka Bornemann,&nbsp;Jelto Lange,&nbsp;Martin Kaltschmitt","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen stands as a promising energy carrier within the ongoing energy supply transformation, yet its production via electrolyzers remains prohibitively costly. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an advanced equation-oriented process model for a PEM (Polymer-Electrolyte-Membrane) electrolysis system, including the electrolyzer and downstream hydrogen compression, aimed at optimizing the interaction of its operating parameters (i.e., current density, temperature, pressure). Initially, the model is utilized to analyze the isolated performance of the electrolysis system through operational flowsheet optimizations, followed by its integration into a broader energy system for operational planning optimization.</div><div>The study reveals several key findings: optimizing operational parameters, rather than using fixed values at the maximum, improves peak system efficiency by approximately 5<!--> <!-->%pt. and shifts this peak to lower current densities, thus expanding the range of high-efficiency operation. Each current density has an optimal pair of temperature and pressure, with maximum temperatures only advantageous at loads above 40%, while maximum operating pressure is suboptimal across the entire load range. The analysis indicates that incorporating operating parameter optimization within the operational planning of the electrolysis system reduces energy consumption by 4% and operating costs by 7% in the evaluated energy system.</div><div>Additionally, the study distinguishes between optimizing the electrolyzer’s operating parameters for maximizing its own efficiency and for system efficiency (i.e., including hydrogen compression). It demonstrates that maximum system efficiency is achievable only when the electrolyzer considers hydrogen compression in its operation mode, accepting some efficiency losses individually but yielding greater efficiency gains in the context of hydrogen compression.</div><div>In summary, the findings of this paper suggest that continuously operating a PEM electrolyzer at maximum temperature and pressure may not be the most efficient approach. Instead, dynamic adjustments based on current density improve operational efficiency, thereby reducing electricity consumption and operating costs. Evaluating the electrolyzer within the broader energy system context – and accepting minor efficiency losses at the electrolyzer level – can yield significant overall benefits and savings. These results underscore the importance of comprehensive, context-aware strategies in advancing cost-effective green hydrogen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119338"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142793321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and experimental testing of a novel skip-cycle mechanism for Wankel engine","authors":"O.A. Kutlar ,&nbsp;M. Üngör ,&nbsp;Ö. Cihan","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study a new skip-cycle mechanism which will be applied to the Wankel engine have been designed, analyzed and tested. With skip-cycle method application, after the four periods of power generation are completed, no more work is produced in the following cycle. To achieve this, the fuel and ignition are cut off during the cycle when power is not generated. Additionally, in this cycle the intake port is also closed. The aim of this application is to change the effective stroke volume of the engine according to load conditions thus reducing the pumping loss and increasing efficiency. Alternative mechanisms have been designed, analyzed and one of them with minimal modification is tested on the single rotor Mazda 13B test engine. In the designed system of skip-cycle, it has been intended to stop the intake operation with the aid of a rotary valve placed in the intake port thus providing cycle control. A correlation between the moving parts on the engine has been developed with the inclusion of the valve into the mechanism. Valve window angle, valve orientation and valve window geometry parameters were evaluated. The skip-cycle mechanism was installed in the test engine and measured data of the skip-cycle and normal cycle were compared. The result show that the Wankel engine with skip-cycle mechanism runs at low load conditions with higher pressure during combustion period and lower vacuum pressure at intake period compared at equal power generation at normal cycle conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119410"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142874783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogenic hydrogen production from oil hydrocarbons at geological carbon storage conditions","authors":"Javier Vilcáez,&nbsp;Emranul Chowdhury","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We found that supercritical CO₂ and the availability of protein-rich matter in depleted oil reservoirs can result in the biogenic production of H₂ from oil hydrocarbons by indigenous microbial communities. Our experimental results support the hypothesis that a decrease in pH to acidic levels due to the dissolution of supercritical CO₂ into the formation water and availability of protein-rich matter favors the activity of H₂-producing microbial communities over the activity of H₂-using microbial communities. To determine where, when, and how much H₂ could be produced in a depleted oil reservoir injected with CO₂ and produced water (PW) supplied with protein-rich matter, we simulated the biogenic production of H₂ for the Morrow B sandstone reservoir. Simulations were conducted using CO2Bio, a program developed to simulate the multiphase bio-geochemical reactive transport of CO₂-CH₄-H₂-H₂S gases in geological carbon storage (GCS) sites. The microbiological capabilities of CO2Bio are validated against batch reaction experimental results. Our field-scale simulation results indicate that 154 – 1673 kg of H₂ could be produced after 100 days of CO₂ and PW co-injection into a single well of radial flow, and that sandstone reservoirs are more suitable than carbonate reservoirs to produce H₂ from dissolved hydrocarbons. Based on the obtained experimental and simulation results, we propose a new H₂ production method that couples GCS and PW disposal in depleted oil reservoirs to attenuate environmental and energy issues related to global warming derived from atmospheric pollution with CO₂, risk of freshwater resources contamination with PW, and depletion of energy resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119438"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142888225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic intensification of palladium-based membrane reactors for hydrogen production: A review","authors":"Wei-Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Xin-Yuan Tang ,&nbsp;Xu Ma ,&nbsp;Xiangkun Elvis Cao ,&nbsp;Ya-Ling He","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen is a clean, zero-carbon energy carrier that is critical in the transition to a renewable energy system. Hydrogen production membrane reactors are based on membrane technology for process intensification, allowing simultaneous reaction enhancement and hydrogen purification. However, concentration polarization creates mismatch between reaction and separation processes, limiting the performance. To further develop and increase the hydrogen production efficiency in membrane reactors, this review first provides advances in membrane reactor research from several perspectives, including membrane materials, performance metrics, and evaluation tools. Subsequently, the effects of operating conditions and structural design on the performance enhancement of membrane reactors are organized and analyzed. The review focuses on summarizing the mechanisms for improving membrane reactor design performance, proposing four methods: shortening distance, increasing routes, smoothing paths, and multi-product removal. Additionally, it is suggested to draw on membrane surface pattern designs to guide the disruption of concentration boundary layers. The review finds that enhancement ways primarily revolve around mitigating concentration polarization. Various ways have the potential to achieve low-cost and higher performance by complementing each other’s strengths, such as minimizing the use of precious metals and employing low-cost multi-product separation. Moreover, there is a lack of corresponding evaluation standards for membrane reactors, which hinders the subsequent commercialization development. Finally, this review combines existing challenges and research progress to provide perspectives for the future development of membrane reactors. The major goal is to introduce new research methods to further promote the application of membrane reactors in greater depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119424"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142888285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enabling large-scale enhanced hydrogen production in deep underground coal gasification in the context of a hydrogen economy","authors":"Zixiang Wei ,&nbsp;Liangliang Jiang ,&nbsp;Aliakbar Hassanpouryouzband ,&nbsp;Shanshan Chen ,&nbsp;Yanpeng Chen ,&nbsp;Yiwen Ju ,&nbsp;Lele Feng ,&nbsp;Kouqi Liu ,&nbsp;Jiansheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhangxin Chen ,&nbsp;S.M. Farouq Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119449","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119449","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an emerging clean energy technology with significant potential for enhanced hydrogen production, especially when coupled with water injection. Previous lab-scale studies have explored this potential, but the mechanisms driving water-assisted hydrogen enhancement in large-scale, deep UCG settings remain unclear. This study addresses this gap using numerical simulations of a large-scale deep coal model designed for hydrogen-oriented UCG. We investigated single-point and multipoint water injection strategies to optimize hydrogen production. Additionally, we developed a retractable water injection technique to ensure sustained hydrogen output and effective cavity control. Our results indicate that the water–gas shift reaction is crucial for increasing hydrogen production. Multipoint injection has been proven to be more effective than single-point injection, increasing hydrogen production by 11% with an equal amount of steam. The introduction of retractable injection allows for continuous and efficient hydrogen generation, with daily hydrogen production rates of approximately five times that of a conventional injection scheme, and an increase in cumulative hydrogen production of approximately 105% over the same time period. Importantly, the multipoint injection method also helped limit vertical cavity growth, mitigating the risk of aquifer contamination. These findings support the potential of UCG as a low-carbon energy source in the transition to a hydrogen economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119449"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive experimental analysis of performance parameters and inductive process to determinate dynamic voltage characteristics for proton exchange membrane fuel cell","authors":"Lei Huang ,&nbsp;Xuexia Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Jiang ,&nbsp;Shuangxi Tang ,&nbsp;Hongbo Liao ,&nbsp;Ruike Huang ,&nbsp;Sidi Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Determining the dynamic characteristics is crucial for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) system in hydrogen vehicle application. However, existing research lacks a comprehensive analysis of internal polarization processes and performance parameters, with an overemphasis on external voltage output signals. To address this gap, firstly, a practical polarization curve model integrated with dynamics of platinum oxidation and gas diffusion is established to obtain performance parameters. This model, in contrast to the traditional Butler-Volmer equation, can reproduce the doubling of Tafel slope. Then, this study introduces, for the first time, the ultra-low frequency inductive impedance of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to reveal the internal mechanism of dynamic response. After analyzing the relationship between dynamic voltage and impedance characteristics, an extended distribution of relaxation times (DRT) method is introduced, alongside an improved distributed transmission line model (TLM), enabling the quantitative analysis of inductive processes. Finally, the study evaluates the impact of operating conditions and degradation on dynamic characteristics from the perspectives of voltage signals, polarization decomposition, performance parameters, inductive process resistance, and current distribution heterogeneity, revealing the underlying mechanisms. The results indicate that dynamic responses primarily depend on the transient resistances associated with platinum oxidation and oxygen diffusion, which affect the transition in activation and concentration overpotentials. Additionally, diffusion resistance is related to oxide coverage. The internal humidity is a key factor as higher water activity facilitates intermediate reactions involving platinum. This study provides valuable insight into PEMFCs dynamic performance and guidance for system control optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119426"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142888224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}