Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Green hydrogen production and storage via excess energy derived from a hybrid power system under different climatic conditions: Cameroon case study","authors":"Yemeli Wenceslas Koholé ,&nbsp;Blaise Romuald Ngopgang ,&nbsp;Fodoup Cyrille Vincelas Fohagui ,&nbsp;Clint Ameri Wankouo Ngouleu ,&nbsp;Ghislain Tchuen","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing energy demands and environmental concerns underscore the need for sustainable power solutions, especially in regions with diverse climatic and energy requirements like Cameroon. This study evaluates a self-sufficient hybrid energy system designed to meet three distinct electricity demands: rural residential load, multimedia institutional load, and medical facility load across various climatic conditions in Cameroon, including locations such as Bafoussam, Mbouda, Ngaoundéré, Garoua, Maroua, and Logone-Birni. The system, which integrates wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, an electrolyser, a hydrogen tank, and a fuel cell, is engineered to produce and store excess hydrogen in a secondary tank once the primary hydrogen storage tank is full and the energy needs are met. To determine the optimal system configuration, three evolutionary optimization algorithms namely the teaching–learning-based optimization, colliding bodies optimization, and water evaporation optimization algorithms were employed. The effectiveness of these algorithms was evaluated based on their ability to minimize the system’s net present cost. The optimization process compared various hybrid energy system setups, including photovoltaic/fuel cell, Wind/fuel cell, and photovoltaic/Wind/fuel cell, with regard to net present cost, levelized cost of energy, reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, and performance metrics such as the mass, volume, and levelized cost of hydrogen stored in the secondary hydrogen storage tank. Key findings reveal that the teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm outperforms the others, with the photovoltaic/Wind/fuel cell setup achieving the most favorable net present cost values of $188,024.35, $237,986.44, and $141,409.71 for rural residential, multimedia institutional, and medical facility loads, respectively, particularly in Maroua. This configuration also offers the lowest levelized cost of energy, ranging from $1.74/kWh, $0.94/kWh, and $1.60/kWh in Maroua to $1.93/kWh, $1.06/kWh, and $1.80/kWh in Mbouda for the respective profiles. Hydrogen production was most cost-effective in the photovoltaic/fuel cell configuration, with Mbouda demonstrating the highest annual hydrogen yields for all profiles, at levelized cost of hydrogen values of $10.13/kg, $8.91/kg, and $24.61/kg for the rural residential, multimedia institutional, and medical facility loads profiles, respectively. Notably, the Wind/fuel cell configuration consistently reduced carbon dioxide emissions compared to traditional fuel oil and natural gas power plants, achieving reductions of up to 12.17 tons per year for the rural residential in Bafoussam. These insights underscore the potential of hybrid renewable energy systems to support sustainable energy strategies in Cameroon, providing a valuable framework for policymakers and stakeholders in the energy sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119418"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142888364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance analysis of a turbofan engine integrated with flame-assisted fuel cells for combined propulsion and power generation with more electric aircrafts","authors":"Xinyan Xiu ,&nbsp;Songsong Ma ,&nbsp;Fafu Guo ,&nbsp;He Liu ,&nbsp;Chenghao Li ,&nbsp;Chengjie Li ,&nbsp;Cong Wang ,&nbsp;Jiang Qin ,&nbsp;Hongyan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the growing demand for electricity and the low efficiency of conventional onboard power generation systems of aircrafts, fuel cells have received widespread attention. In this paper, an integrated propulsion and power generation system combining the turbofan engine and the flame-assisted fuel cell (FFC) system is proposed. It’s noted that the FFC used in this system is a new type of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In this study, the thermodynamic models of the turbofan engine and the FFC system are established. Based on modeling, the performance of the FFC-Turbofan system is compared with that of a conventional turbofan engine. Additionally, the parametric study is conducted, including the effects of various design parameters of the turbofan engine, flight conditions, and operating parameters of the FFC system. The results indicate that as the electric power fraction (EPF) increases from 15% to 35%, compared to the turbofan engine, the FFC-Turbofan system shows a 14.06% reduction in specific fuel consumption (SFC) and an over 16% increase in thermal efficiency and overall efficiency. Furthermore, the performance advantages of the FFC-Turbofan system are more significant. Also, under conditions of higher compressor pressure ratio and lower turbine inlet temperature, as well as higher fan pressure ratio and higher bypass ratio, the FFC-Turbofan system achieves a lower SFC and higher overall efficiency. Furthermore, the increase of fuel utilisation and equivalence ratio can reduce the SFC and increase the overall efficiency. Finally, based on the analysis of flight condition parameters, the FFC-Turbofan system is preferable for aircrafts at high altitude and low speed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119335"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective optimization and posteriori multi-criteria decision making on an integrative solid oxide fuel cell cooling, heating and power system with semi-empirical model-driven co-simulation","authors":"Bin Gao ,&nbsp;Yuekuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An integrative solid oxide fuel cell combined cooling, heating and power system in green buildings with hydrogen energy of byproduct water enables carbon neutrality transformation. However, underlying mechanisms on capacity sizing of combined cooling, heating and power system devices and its impacts on system techno-economy have not been figured out especially considering dynamic degradation and efficiency of associated devices. In this study, a multi-software optimization platform is established by MATLAB-TRNSYS co-simulation for sizing parametrical analysis, with well balance of modelling complexity and computational efficiency. A self-sufficient combined cooling, heating and power system is modelled integrating with a semi-empirical surrogate model of solid oxide fuel cell to interact with other balance of plant types efficiently. Total energy efficiency and annual total cost are optimized through parametrical analysis on device size of each component (battery, electrolyzer and solid oxide fuel cell) and analysis of variance for contribution ratio quantification. Results indicate that, the size increase in electrolyzer and solid oxide fuel cell will improve system total energy efficiency by 13.635 % and 2.194 %, but promote annual total cost by 4.042 × 10⁴ $ and 2.389 × 10³ $, respectively. Besides, sensitivity analysis indicates that the electrolyzer size prioritizes other design parameters in techno-economic performance. Optimal sizes of battery, electrolyzer and solid oxide fuel cell are in cell number range of 333 – 403, 17 – 20, and 26 – 30, respectively, with corresponding optimal total energy efficiency and annual total cost at 70.861 % – 72.147 % and 6.723 × 10⁴ $ – 7.325 × 10⁴ $, respectively. The research results can provide guidance on hydrogen-based cooling, heating and power system design and operation with techno-economic feasibility for low-carbon district energy transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119371"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance investigation and energy-saving potential of a heat pump-driven liquid desiccant dehumidification system in different climatic conditions","authors":"Yikai Wang ,&nbsp;Wenzhang Li ,&nbsp;Qiang Ji ,&nbsp;Bai Yang ,&nbsp;Suzhou Dai ,&nbsp;Yonggao Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119330","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119330","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the buildings with higher moisture loads such as natatoriums, it is essential to regulate the air temperature and humidity accurately during the year-round. However, the conventional dehumidification air conditioning system is still commonly utilized, which requires considerable energy consumption. In this paper, the heat pump-driven liquid desiccant dehumidification system integrated with fresh air supply is developed. Nevertheless, considering the multi climate conditions through the year, the operating modes adapted to various conditions are seldom specified, let alone the energy-saving effects compared to traditional dehumidification systems. According to the temperature and moisture diagram, the partitions and corresponding operating modes are firstly presented. Then, the energy consumptions are compared extensively to identify the applicability of each operating mode. The modified temperature-moisture partitions are ultimately presented. Results show that with the introduced auxiliary condenser, the energy efficiency is improved by 7.5% to 63.4% in the summer conditions. Compared with the traditional dehumidification system, the maximum energy-saving rate could reach up to 92%. The optimized system could regulate the relevant components to meet the temperature and humidity requirements of high-humidity buildings throughout the year.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119330"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142788808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual research on spray and low temperature combustion of biodiesel/ethanol/water micro-emulsified fuels","authors":"Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Ji ,&nbsp;Ziye Zhang ,&nbsp;Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Han Wu ,&nbsp;Limin Geng ,&nbsp;Donghui Qi ,&nbsp;Qiuhong Tong ,&nbsp;Zhanming Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To solve the negative environmental problems derived from the transport sector, this study is devoted to realizing a thorough substitution of biomass fuels for petroleum diesel. The spray, ignition, combustion, and emission of pure biodiesel, biodiesel/ethanol blend, and two kinds of biodiesel/ethanol/water triple micro-emulsified fuels were studied through optical visual methods on a constant volume combustion chamber. First of all, the micro-emulsified fuels obviously improve the spray quality. The micro-explosion effect of internal water improves the spray and atomization and the gas–liquid phase spray projected areas of microemulsion fuel at the maximum water blending ratio are the largest in the mid and late stages of spray. Secondly, with the increase of the water blending ratio, the combustion process of the fuel is improved. The flame lift-off length increases, the ignition delay period is prolonged, and the air entrainment effect is enhanced. Meanwhile, the combustion flame temperature decreases with the increase of water content, realizing low-temperature combustion. Lastly, the micro-emulsified fuels markedly decrease soot emissions. Both the total luminous intensities and normalized total KLs of micro-emulsified fuel with high water content are the lowest, achieving the best soot reduction effect. The triple micro-emulsified fuels have significant potential as a full biomass alternative fuel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119347"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal configuration of integrated energy system considering heat enhancement and combined operation of low head seawater pumped storage and reverse osmosis","authors":"Zhixin Yuan,&nbsp;Li Han,&nbsp;Xiaojing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The remote coastal areas face difficulties due to energy shortages and insufficient freshwater resources. To reduce the energy consumption of reverse osmosis desalination in coastal areas, this paper proposes an optimal configuration method of integrated energy system considering heat enhancement and combined operation of low-head seawater pumped storage and reverse osmosis. Firstly, the heat analysis of power to gas and the construction of the reverse osmosis temperature model considering heat enhancement are carried out, utilizing its reaction heat to preheat the reverse osmosis feed. Secondly, the reverse osmosis feed is supplied from the upper reservoir of the low-head seawater pumped storage, allowing the operating pressure of the reverse osmosis to be met by both the hydrostatic pressure of the upper reservoir and the high-pressure pump. Furthermore, the working efficiency of the reversible turbine is modeled by considering the operational characteristics of the seawater pumped storage. Then, a bi-level mixed-integer optimal configuration model with annual total cost and wind abandonment rate as evaluation indexes is established and solved. The results indicate that compared to the conventional system, the proposed system achieves a reduction of 4.30 % in annual total cost and 2.46 % in wind abandonment rate, resulting in more pronounced economic advantages and higher renewable energy utilization. Furthermore, the energy consumption of reverse osmosis is decreased by 26.62 %, and the energy utilization ratio of the seawater pumped storage is increased by 9.81 %, demonstrating superior performance in system energy efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119376"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidance for combining radiative cooling and evaporative cooling: A heat and mass transfer analysis","authors":"Huajie Tang ,&nbsp;Chenyue Guo ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhao ,&nbsp;Fan Fan ,&nbsp;Ruifeng Lu ,&nbsp;Dongliang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radiative cooling technology has been demonstrated its effectiveness in various sectors. Rational combine of radiative cooling and evaporative cooling can greatly enhance its passive cooling performance. However, the present combinations generally lack appropriate thermodynamic design guidance, and the performance limitations for different cases are unclear. In this work, we analyzed the heat and mass transfer characteristics for different combination cases, and suggested their optimal application scenarios correspondingly. The current combinations can be divided to three types, namely, the monolayer structure, the infrared-emissive bilayer structure, and the infrared-transparent bilayer structure. Specifically, the monolayer hydrogel structure with low evaporation resistance can always produce larger cooling power, and the two bilayer structures can achieve lower cooling temperatures during the day and part of the night due to their lesser solar absorption and parasitic heat gain. Meanwhile, we proposed an optimized above-ambient cooling structure and a sub-ambient cooling structure, which can generate an extra cooling temperature reduction of 2 °C and 3 °C, respectively. Moreover, the multifaceted effect of hygroscopic salt on hydrogel evaporation was quantitatively analyzed. This work provides the design guidelines for combining radiative cooling with evaporative cooling from a thermodynamic perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119385"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Syngas/hydrogen production from self-supporting corncob sacrificial anode-assisted water electrolysis: Aspen Plus simulation and experimental study","authors":"Xing Zhou ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Xin Ma ,&nbsp;Yingzhe Wang ,&nbsp;Jianming Fan ,&nbsp;Meiling Hou ,&nbsp;Na Li ,&nbsp;Zichuan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon-assisted water electrolysis (CAEW), leveraging the carbon oxidation reaction (COR) in place of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), substantially reduces the energy demand for H₂ production. However, CO₂ is the primary anode product in conventional CAEW, limiting its practical value. Additionally, mass transfer constraints significantly impact the efficiency of COR in substituting for OER in traditional CAEW systems. This study proposes an advanced CAEW process for syngas production, utilizing Aspen Plus simulations to generate H₂ at the cathode and CO at the anode. A self-supporting corncob biomass char sacrificial anode was synthesized via hydrothermal-molding-pyrolysis. Simulation outcomes demonstrate that energy consumption for syngas production decreases as the H₂/CO ratio increases within the 1 to 5 range, reaching minimum values of 1.14 kWh/m³-H₂ and 1.45 kWh/m³-syngas theoretically at an H₂/CO ratio of 3. Electrochemical testing reveals that the corncob biomass char anode operates at a potential approximately 1/3 lower than that of a Pt anode while maintaining cathodic H₂ production efficiency. The corncob sacrificial anode produces reduced gas and O₂, confirming the replacement of OER by COR. Additionally, the anode gas contains around 10 % CO, validating CAEW’s feasibility for syngas production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119227"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theory and application of sustainable energy-efficient solar greenhouse in China","authors":"Ming He ,&nbsp;Xiuchao Wan ,&nbsp;Hanlin Liu ,&nbsp;Tianyang Xia ,&nbsp;Zhanran Gong ,&nbsp;Yiming Li ,&nbsp;Xingan Liu ,&nbsp;Tianlai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China has been a global leader in energy-efficient solar greenhouse technology thanks to its incredibly low energy input since its inception. This energy-efficient facility provides an important pathway for the sustainable development of agriculture. A comprehensive explanation of the design principles, development process, and production practice effects of energy-efficient solar greenhouses in China by integrating more than 40 years of research on greenhouse structure and environmental regulation was elaborated in this paper. To enhance the insulation and heat storage capabilities of first-generation energy-efficient solar greenhouse, our team proposed the idea of insulation ratio and optimized this parameter. In this greenhouse, the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors reached 25 °C, and production of vegetables for overwintering could be accomplished south of 40.5 °N. Then, a reasonable light transmittance during the minimum lighting period on the winter solstice of solar greenhouse was proposed, and the greenhouse’s thermal insulation and storage capacity were further enhanced. Consequently, a second-generation energy-efficient solar greenhouse was developed, capable of producing crops in an outdoor temperature as low as –23 °C annually. Ultimately, the third-generation energy-efficient solar greenhouse was proposed, which greatly increased the solar energy interception capacity of solar greenhouse, along with the theory and application techniques of reasonable solar energy interception. The indoor and outdoor temperature difference of this greenhouse reaches 35 °C. It has achieved the annual production of warm fruits and vegetables without heating in the 43 °N region. China’s solar greenhouse industry has grown significantly in size during the course of the aforementioned research, generating significant economic and social value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119394"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic analysis of oxygen transport resistance in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells","authors":"Hyunsoo Chun ,&nbsp;Youngseop Lee ,&nbsp;Jiwoong Kim ,&nbsp;Jung Hyo Chang ,&nbsp;Jaebong Sim ,&nbsp;Jin Young Kim ,&nbsp;Kyoungdoug Min","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oxygen transport resistance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells operated under various conditions (e.g., temperature and relative humidity) was separated into molecular diffusion, Knudsen diffusion, and ionomer film (IF) resistances using the catalyst agglomerate model, dissection of oxygen transport resistance, and distribution of relaxation time analysis. Simultaneously, an analysis of resistance, including charge transfer, proton transfer, and high-frequency resistances, was performed. The Knudsen diffusion resistance of the catalyst layer was calculated by assessing the effects of relative humidity on porosity and pore size. Oxygen transport resistance was analyzed to establish a correlation between temperature, relative humidity, and IF resistance. Water negligibly impacted performance at low oxygen levels at all examined current densities. The fractional contributions of molecular diffusion, Knudsen diffusion, and IF resistances obtained using oxygen transport analysis could be effectively applied to mass transport resistance in the distribution of relaxation time analysis. The IF resistance in the catalyst layer was up to eight times higher than the Knudsen diffusion resistance and 150 times higher than the proton transfer resistance across all current densities, thus most strongly contributing to the catalyst layer resistance. In the gas diffusion layer, the molecular diffusion resistance was up to four times higher than the Knudsen diffusion resistance. Thus, we examined the relationship between the mass transport resistances of individual elements and IF behavior under different operating conditions, revealing that the design of the IF in the catalyst should be considered alongside the relationship between the gas diffusion layer and membrane for optimal performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 119270"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143147447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}