Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Techno-economic and life cycle cost analysis for hybrid short-sea passenger vessels based on optimization of different energy storage configurations and management","authors":"Evaggelia Nivolianiti,&nbsp;Yannis L. Karnavas,&nbsp;George Chatziaslanoglou","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The decarbonization of short-sea shipping requires a multifaceted approach, with advanced battery technologies and renewable energy sources (RES) offering a viable pathway toward zero-emission maritime transport. Although battery-powered energy storage systems are gaining traction in various industries, their integration into short-sea shipping remains challenging due to operational constraints such as frequent short port stops and the need for efficient shore-side charging infrastructure. This study aims to identify the most suitable battery technology for hybrid vessels, balancing environmental and economic considerations. By analyzing seven distinct electrification configurations integrating photovoltaic energy and various battery technologies, including lead–acid, lithium-ion, and nickel-iron batteries, this research evaluates performance under different depths of discharge (DOD) and dispatch strategies. A life cycle cost analysis is conducted for a passenger vessel in Greece, comparing optimization techniques such as genetic algorithm (GA), differential evolution (DE), grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA), dragonfly algorithm (DA), grey wolf optimizer (GWO) and moth-flame optimizer (MFO) to determine the most efficient and cost-effective battery system. The results indicate that lead–acid batteries operating at 80% DOD yield significant advantages in both economic and environmental terms. While nickel-iron batteries offer some cost-related benefits, they are associated with higher greenhouse gas emissions and larger system size. Among the optimization techniques, the GOA consistently demonstrates robust and efficient performance across all evaluated cases. These findings offer valuable insights for selecting battery systems to enhance the environmental and economic performance of hybrid vessels operating on coastal routes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120148"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental analysis of energy flow and carbon dioxide emissions in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles under different operation modes","authors":"Zongyan Lv ,&nbsp;Jiliang Guo ,&nbsp;Hongjun Mao ,&nbsp;Yong Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are emerging as a viable alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, demonstrating significant potential for reducing energy consumption and curbing pollutant emissions within the transportation sector. This study used a chassis dynamometer in a laboratory to investigate the energy flow, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emission characteristics of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles under both charge-depleting and charge-sustaining modes. The research findings indicate that in charge-depleting mode, the high-voltage battery voltage ranges from 320 to 370 V, with current varying between −116.9 and 147.4 A. During the braking process, energy recovery occurs as the electric motor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy to recharge the high-voltage battery. Furthermore, in charge-sustaining mode, the engine charges the high-voltage battery during operation; however, the charging current from the generator is relatively low, reaching approximately −58 A. An analysis of energy consumption revealed that the energy consumption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in charge-depleting mode is over 68.3 % lower than that in charge-sustaining mode. Conversely, when electricity consumption is converted to standard coal consumption, the carbon dioxide emission factor in charge-depleting mode (145.40 g/km) is more than 9.5 % higher than in charge-sustaining mode. Therefore, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles exhibit clear advantages in improving energy efficiency and reducing dependence on oil, representing a significant approach to promoting decarbonization in the transportation sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120223"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-economic comparison of power-to-X batteries: A multidimensional assessment using the P-graph method","authors":"Haosheng Lin ,&nbsp;Wei Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for renewable energy underscores the necessity of developing scalable, cost-effective, and sustainable energy storage systems, which are encountering challenges related to profitability and efficiency. The emerging power-to-X (P2X) batteries can distributively and cost-effectively store surplus renewable energy to satisfy certain demands. However, the time-dependent demands and numerous technological selections (e.g., storage medium, equipment, etc.) greatly hinder the identification of optimal P2X batteries. Therefore, we present a low-complex graph-theory-based framework for identifying the most efficient and cost-effective configuration. The case study highlights the thermal-energy-storage-based power-to-heat batteries using fire bricks with absorption heat pumps deliver a levelized cost of storage below $0.01/kWh and a 114 % increase in storage arbitrage value compared to their electrochemical storage counterpart. We also offer strategic insights into selecting energy storage configurations in different scenarios and reveal the relationship between efficiency and profitability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120207"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Providing frequency support to offshore energy hubs using hydrogen and wind reserves","authors":"Hector del Pozo Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Fernando D. Bianchi ,&nbsp;Nicolaos A. Cutululis ,&nbsp;Jose Luis Dominguez-Garcia","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120139","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120139","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a case study of an offshore energy hub integrating two wind farms, potential HVDC connections to multiple countries, and hydrogen production facilities. The analysis focuses on the capacity to provide frequency support using reserves from wind and electrolyzer plants located in different parts of the network. The study also analyzes the trade-off in terms of economic profit between renewable energy sales and the cost of maintaining a power reserve for the provision of frequency support. An attractive feature of using electrolyzers and wind farms for frequency support is that their power contributions are opposite; the former adsorbs power and the latter injects power and vice versa. This is used to improve the overall economic profit. Nevertheless, time responses of each kind of plant are different and this might affect the primary frequency support. Simulation results indicate that a proper management of wind and hydrogen reserves may allow an effective compromise, ensuring a satisfactory primary frequency control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120139"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voltage degradation prognostics for commercial proton exchange membrane fuel cell system based on Transformer and its variants","authors":"Baobao Hu ,&nbsp;Zhiguo Qu ,&nbsp;Yukun Song ,&nbsp;Keyong Wang ,&nbsp;Zhongjun Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Transformer and its variants show significant potential for predicting proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance degradation, enabling accurate capture of degradation patterns to inform control strategies and extend lifespan. However, despite advancements, their applicability to commercial high-power fuel cells remains unclear, as existing researches focus primarily on small-scale laboratory stacks. Addressing this gap, this study investigates a 60 kW commercial fuel cell system under two 1000-hour aging test modes with different hydrogen supply conditions (ambient vs. low temperature). A characteristic current-based data extraction method was employed for the raw data associated with each mode. Three representative characteristic currents were selected based on the current distribution of dynamic load cycles for data extraction. Following the preprocessing, aging datasets for three characteristic currents were obtained. Single cell voltage was selected as the aging feature parameter to construct Transformer and four variants (Informer, Half-Transformer, Half-Informer, and Autoformer) for degradation prediction. Comparative analysis revealed Autoformer’s superior aging voltage prediction accuracy. Its robustness was further validated under multi-step prediction, training set missing, and multivariate input scenarios, maintaining high accuracy across diverse conditions. The deviation of absolute prediction errors at the 80 % and 90 % cumulative distribution levels remained below 10 mV. These results demonstrate Autoformer’s strong potential for integration into fuel cell control systems, offering promising applications in health management to enhance practical value.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120224"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning two-step algorithm for prediction of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer cell performance under variable power inputs","authors":"Nikola Franić,&nbsp;Andrej Zvonimir Tomić,&nbsp;Frano Barbir,&nbsp;Ivan Pivac","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fluctuating nature of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, introduces dynamic input conditions that are difficult to replicate and analyze using conventional laboratory approaches. This work presents a machine learning-based approach for predicting proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) performance under dynamic power inputs, aiming to reduce experimental complexity, and accelerate control system development and PEMWE deployment. A novel two-step machine learning algorithm was developed using a feedforward neural network for PEMWE current estimation and a long short-term memory architecture for hydrogen production forecasting. Experimental data, gathered from eight distinct power profiles under variable temperature regimes, was used to train and validate the models. The algorithm demonstrated strong predictive capabilities and generalization across unseen operational voltage profiles, achieving a mean absolute error of 0.0183 for current prediction and 0.1833 for hydrogen production. Additional validation on quasi-random and constant-power profiles confirmed the robustness of the proposed approach, even under noisy conditions. This study highlights the potential of machine learning to serve as a digital surrogate for complex PEMWE experiments, enabling accurate performance predictions and paving the way for advanced control strategies and real-time system optimization of green hydrogen production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120229"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermo-economic analysis and optimization of a novel cascade ORC-transcritical CO2 cycle to recover energy from PEM fuel cells","authors":"Qing Wang ,&nbsp;Liang Cai ,&nbsp;Amin Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Akbar Maleki","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces a novel cascade flash organic Rankine cycle − transcritical CO₂ cycle for recovering waste energy from a PEM fuel cell, aiming to improve its efficiency. The recovered energy serves two purposes: partially fueling the liquid hydrogen gasification process to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell and converting the remaining energy into electricity. A combination of thermodynamic and economic evaluations is conducted to assess the proposed system’s feasibility, complemented by a sensitivity analysis to explore the influence of key parameters. Subsequently, based on these insights, a genetic algorithm is employed to optimize system performance. The findings indicate that the proposed configuration performs better than other waste heat recovery systems in the literature. It is shown that, compared to a standalone PEM fuel cell, the proposed system has the potential to increase net output power by up to 60% and efficiency by up to 33 %. However, due to the conflicting nature of these two objective functions, achieving both maximum power and maximum efficiency simultaneously is not possible. This necessitates performing a multi-objective optimization to determine the best trade-off between these competing objectives. Applying NSGA-II combined with a minimum distance method identified balanced operating conditions that offer a practical compromise between objective functions. These trade-off solutions deviate from the extreme settings favored in single-objective optimization and instead point to moderate current densities and temperatures that enhance overall system viability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120217"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategic conversion of algal and lignocellulosic biomass wastes as mixed feedstock for enhanced and environment-friendly production of bioethanol","authors":"Romit Mitra ,&nbsp;Indranil Bhattacharya ,&nbsp;Rajarshi Bhar ,&nbsp;Brajesh Kumar Dubey ,&nbsp;Amit Ghosh ,&nbsp;Ramkrishna Sen","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgal biorefineries produce biodiesel and other value-added products, often leaving defatted biomass as waste. This study focused on efficient conversion of defatted biomass of <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em> into fermentable sugars for bioethanol production. The biomass was first subjected to chemical pretreatment followed by cellulase-catalyzed saccharification of the pretreated biomass to release 4.74 ± 0.46 g L⁻¹ fermentable sugars, predominantly containing glucose and xylose. <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> was used to produce crude cellulase which exhibited a maximum specific activity of 12.11 ± 0.15 U mg⁻¹. The resulting sugars were fermented by <em>Kluyveromyces marxianus</em> to yield 2.10 ± 0.25 g L⁻¹ bioethanol. To enhance the concentration of fermentable sugars, rice husk, a lignocellulosic waste, was co-utilized after pretreatment. A mixed hydrolysate of microalgal and rice husk biomasses yielded 39.82 ± 3.48 g L⁻¹ fermentable sugars, predominantly containing glucose and xylose, from which 17.50 ± 0.44 g L⁻¹ bioethanol was produced after fermentation in a 3.7 L controlled fermenter. The mixed hydrolysate resulted in an 8-fold increase in bioethanol concentration when compared to microalgal hydrolysate alone. The environmental impacts of the processes were assessed through life cycle analysis, based on parameters such as, human carcinogenic toxicity, fossil resource scarcity, global warming potential, ozone formation impacts, fine particulate matter formation, freshwater eutrophication potential, and terrestrial acidification potential. The analysis revealed that bioethanol derived from the mixed hydrolysate was 14 times more environmentally friendly than that from microalgal hydrolysate alone. This study showcased an efficient conversion of a strategic mix of second and third-generation feedstocks to enhance the yield of fermentable sugars using a bacterial cellulase, thereby promoting resource recovery from organic wastes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"342 ","pages":"Article 120157"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144653502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of a solid desiccant system with the staged adsorption/desorption process","authors":"Ruiyang Tao ,&nbsp;Zhengrong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The staged solid-desiccant dehumidification system (SSDD), recently proposed to approach the thermodynamic efficiency limits of cyclic adsorption and desorption, has received little experimental scrutiny. We built and tested a pilot-scale SSDD comprising two fixed beds arranged in series (coated with SAPO-34 and EMM-8) and benchmarked it against a conventional silica gel system over various conditions. The dehumidification and regeneration processes were investigated separately. The SSDD delivered markedly superior dehumidification performance and exploited regenerative heat in a cascade fashion. Over the dehumidification runs, the SSDD achieved a maximum cumulative moisture removal advantage of 18.5 g. By contrast, silica gel displayed only a short-lived edge — confined to the first minute of every test, and its cumulative moisture removal never exceeded the SSDD by more than 2.04 g before being steadily overtaken. A distinctive ”M-shaped” instantaneous moisture removal profile in the SAPO-34 bed verified the predicted rapid adsorption phase driven by cooperative uptake. Regeneration tests confirmed a critical regeneration temperature of 90 <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 110 °C, above which cascade utilization of regeneration heat enabled rapid desorption in both beds. These findings validated the two key advantage mechanisms of staged adsorption/desorption – (i) a sustained mass-transfer driving force and (ii) cascade energy utilization – and highlighted the SSDD’s potential as a high-efficiency solution for solid-desiccant dehumidification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120147"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal configuration of shared energy storage for multi-microgrid systems: Integrating battery decommissioning value and renewable energy economic consumption","authors":"Yaoyao He,&nbsp;Yifan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the evolution of energy structures and the rise of the sharing economy, shared energy storage is poised to become a standard for managing energy demand and enhancing flexibility amidst wind and solar variability. This paper introduces a two-layer optimization method for shared energy storage configuration in multi-microgrids, focusing on economic efficiency in combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems. It accounts for the residual value of retired batteries to facilitate future battery recycling and improve energy utilization. The upper layer addresses capacity allocation, while the lower layer optimizes system operations. Using the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions, the lower layer’s constraints are integrated into the upper layer, with the Big-M method applied for linearization. The model’s effectiveness is demonstrated through four scenarios, showing that shared energy storage increases renewable energy consumption from 73.05% to 99.93%, reduces annual operating costs, and achieves cost recovery in 4.44 years. However, battery degradation is higher than anticipated, necessitating an 17.6% increase in capacity allocation when battery life is considered. Service providers should procure low-degradation, high-performance batteries and plan battery retirement around the twelfth year to maximize residual value, fostering a beneficial scenario for both users and providers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"343 ","pages":"Article 120156"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144654474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}