Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"The spatiotemporal evolution process study on performance degradation of solid oxide fuel cell induced by carbon deposition","authors":"Shihao Song ,&nbsp;Zheng Dang ,&nbsp;Guang Xi","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cell durability issue induced by carbon deposition is a developmental obstacle for commercial SOFCs. A dynamic carbon-deposition model of SOFC with detailed structures is developed in this work to explore the spatiotemporal evolution process of cell degradation. Both porosity and reaction activity dominate the cell degradation and their spatiotemporal evolution discrepancies can weaken the cell high current density regions. There are pronounced degradation differences along the flow direction, which will be magnified over time. During the operation, the porosity is reduced by about 30%; the reaction activity is reduced by more than 20% and their spatial differences reach up to 9.60% and 8.07%, respectively. For cell structures, counter-flow configuration performs better in terms of thermal stress and cell durability; the effect of increasing anode thickness on mitigating carbon deposition gradually diminishes; appropriately increasing the through-hole spacing and fluid distribution chamber size can significantly improve the spatial inhomogeneity of cell degradation. Regarding operating conditions, the degradation rate at steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) = 0.79 is 4.27% higher than that at S/C = 2.88; the carbon deposition degree varies oppositely under various operating potentials due to the competition among different reactions. A high fuel utilization factor can help alleviate cell degradation induced by carbon deposition. The current density of the larger S/C may exceed that under other S/C conditions. Reducing the operating temperature can extend this “exceeding behavior” by about 760 h.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 121098"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tandem catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) for e-SAF development","authors":"Vikas Verma,&nbsp;Sheng-Yu Chen,&nbsp;Wei-Cheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121140","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121140","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into jet-range hydrocarbons represents a promising route for producing low-carbon sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Developing catalysts that enable high selectivity toward paraffinic, aviation-grade hydrocarbons, however, remains a major challenge. In this study, a series of iron-based catalysts promoted with transition metals (Co, Cu, Zn and Ni) were synthesized using one-pot solution combustion method and evaluated for CO₂ hydrogenation. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized using PXRD, N₂ adsorption–desorption analysis, H₂-TPR, H₂/CO/CO₂-TPD, SEM, TGA and TEM. Among the prepared materials, the cobalt-promoted catalyst demonstrated the highest selectivity toward SAF-range hydrocarbons (56.62%) with a C₅₊ selectivity of 69.88% at 300 °C, 10 bar, 2400 mL g_cat⁻¹h⁻¹ gas hourly space velocity, and H₂/CO₂ = 3. At 350 °C, cobalt incorporation produced the highest paraffin fraction (57.28%) and a 5.43% cyclic hydrocarbon fraction, while significantly reducing aromatics (11.22%), resulting in an improved jet-range (C₈-C₁₆) hydrocarbon distribution. Mechanistic investigations combining in situ infrared spectroscopy and PXRD analysis indicate a tandem reaction pathway, in which CO₂ is first converted to CO on iron oxide sites, followed by chain growth on dispersed iron carbide domains. Cobalt promotion stabilizes oxide-metal interfacial sites, enhancing hydrogen activation and hydrogenation efficiency, thereby shifting product selectivity toward paraffinic hydrocarbons. These findings demonstrate that cobalt-promoted Fe-based catalysts offer an effective and energy-relevant strategy for CO₂ conversion to SAF-range hydrocarbons, providing valuable insights for the design of efficient CO₂-to-fuel catalytic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 121140"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chitosan-derived porous activated carbon aerogels: Fabrication and catalytic application in biodiesel production","authors":"Jiang Liu ,&nbsp;Hongyan Wang ,&nbsp;Tielin Wang ,&nbsp;Weiliang Feng ,&nbsp;Xiaoling Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study developed a hierarchically porous carbon aerogel catalyst from chitosan for the conversion of soybean oil to biodiesel. The catalyst was fabricated via a synergistic strategy combining polyaniline (PANI) nanofiber templating and ZnCl₂ selective etching. The dual-functional design simultaneously resolves the conflict between mesopore development and active-site preservation in biomass-derived carbons. Research has shown that PANI introduction promotes the formation of a nanofibrous structure in chitosan. Meanwhile, ZnCl₂ enables selective etching of mesoporous structures during high-temperature calcination, which significantly enhances catalytic performance. The highest biodiesel yield (95.6%) was obtained under specific conditions (2 vol% ammonium persulfate dosage, 35% ZnCl₂ content, 1:3 M ratio of ammonium persulfate to aniline, hydrothermal reaction temperature of 160 ℃, calcination temperature of 600 ℃, methanol-oil molar ratio of 9:1, catalyst content of 1.5 wt%, reaction temperature of 65 ℃ and reaction time of 6 h). It exhibited good adaptability to waste cooking oil (88.08% yield with 10% FFA) and retained over 60% activity after 5 cycles. Ultimately, the simple synthetic method described in this study provides a technique for producing unique active mesoporous carbon from biomass carbon aerogels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 121078"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cascade-pumped micro-hydro storage systems: A new design framework for efficient energy generation and storage in challenging topographies","authors":"Oraib Dawaghreh,&nbsp;Sharaf K. Magableh,&nbsp;Caisheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydropower opportunities in many lake-rich regions remain largely unexploited. This is because long horizontal distances and modest elevation differences prohibit the feasibility of traditional pumped storage systems. The need for terrain-adaptive long-duration storage motivates the exploration of multi-stage, cascade-based designs capable of bridging these spatial constraints. This study investigates whether introducing intermediate reservoirs can transform geographically constrained lake systems into practical pumped hydro storage sites. An integrated modeling framework, including hydropower, solar, and wind simulation, geospatial analysis, and multi-objective evolutionary optimization, is applied using real meteorological and electrical load data from Mountain Lake, Michigan to determine optimal reservoir locations, storage capacities, and renewable generation sizing. Three cases were evaluated to assess the impact of different cascade configurations. Among them, the configuration with one intermediate reservoir achieves approximately 99.97 percent reliability with a levelized cost of energy between 0.133 and 0.165 USD per kilowatt-hour, while the two-reservoir arrangement demonstrates even lower cost and higher reliability. These findings demonstrate that a cascade configuration can significantly improve hydraulic performance and economic feasibility in low-slope terrains. The study concludes that multi-stage micro-pumped hydro architectures offer a geographically adaptable pathway for long-duration energy storage and can be deployed in regions where conventional two-reservoir systems are not viable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 121105"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ai-driven optimization and engine evaluation of Palmyra biodiesel synthesized via cobalt chromite catalysis","authors":"Krishnamoorthy Ramalingam","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121100","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121100","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for green energy solutions, supplemented by advancements in artificial intelligence, drives innovation in sustainable fuel technologies. The present study focuses on synthesizing biodiesel using palmyra seed extract via solvent extraction and transesterification, improved by a novel cobalt chromite (CoCr₂O₄) nanoparticle catalyst. It showed better thermal stability and eco-friendly while being more efficient than its conventional counterpart. To optimize three main process parameters-namely, catalyst concentration (CC), methanol-to-feedstock ratio (MOR), and reaction time (RT)-three predictive algorithms, namely XGBoost, GBM, and CatBoost, have been employed in this work. XGBoost emerged as the best among them, helping to guide the optimal yield prediction and process refinement. The prepared biodiesel was then tested in a compact mono-cylinder compression ignition setup with three different fueling combinations: pure petroleum diesel (D100), pure palmyra biodiesel (P100), and a 20% biodiesel blend (P20). Among these, P20 showed nearly diesel-like performance with a brake thermal efficiency reduction of only 2.21%, while yielding a considerable reduction in CO emissions by 27.05%, HC by 29.23%, and smoke opacity by 13.08%. NOx emissions increased moderately. This approach, integrating nano catalysis, AI-driven optimization, and practical engine testing, constitutes a promising pathway for clean energy advancement and sustainable transportation solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 121100"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation on pre-chamber geometry for passenger Car engine","authors":"Štěpán Kyjovský,&nbsp;Ivan Bortel,&nbsp;Vojtěch Klír,&nbsp;Oldřich Vítek,&nbsp;Mikuláš Adámek","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the ongoing efforts to reduce CO2 and pollutant emissions from combustion engines, pre-chamber ignition plays an important role in enabling novel internal combustion engine concepts. Pre-chamber ignition has the potential to decrease both energy consumption and emission production through higher compression ratios, lean burn, and alternative net zero fuels combustion. The paper provides experimental evaluation of different pre-chamber geometries for an automotive SI engine, specifically aiming at actuating only a single variable in the presented comparisons. 14 different pre-chambers with different orifice diameters, orifice opening angles, total flow areas, and materials were tested under different operating conditions, equivalence ratios, and EGR fractions. Experimental data are extended with 0D/1D CFD analysis. Results show the relative differences between the designs vary significantly with differing loads, speed and crucially dilution. Faster main chamber combustion results in higher fuel consumption due to increased pre-chamber associated losses. Optimal A/V varied between 3 and 8 m⁻¹ based on operating conditions and designs offering the best compromise fall significantly outside the criteria commonly referenced in the literature. The results also show that stable low load operation was achievable for some of the designs. The paper extends current pre-chamber design recommendations for differing operating conditions on a modern downsized engine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 121136"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146075292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photovoltaic louvers integrating radiative cooling and phase change materials: A comprehensive analysis of power generation and thermal management","authors":"Yubo Wang ,&nbsp;Jiwei Guo ,&nbsp;Yanfang Liu ,&nbsp;Yiqiang Jiang ,&nbsp;Cheng Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems face performance challenges due to temperature-induced power generation degradation. A photovoltaic (PV) louver incorporating phase change material (PCM) and radiative cooling (RC) technology has been proposed to suppress daytime temperature rise in PV modules and accelerate nighttime regeneration of the PCM. Experimental results indicate that PCM reduced the PV module temperature rise by 2.18–2.28 °C, reaching the maximum reduction of 2.28 °C at a louver tilt angle of 0°. With RC integrated, the louver cooling time was further shortened by 14.33–34.67% compared with natural cooling, and the greatest reduction (34.67%) was also obtained at a louver tilt angle of 0°. Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that the effects of louver tilt angle and PCM on power generation are comparable, contributing 54.77% and 45.23%, respectively. In contrast, for louver cooling, RC dominates the cooling performance, accounting for 76.54% of the cooling effect, substantially exceeding the influence of tilt angle adjustment. Overall, coupling daytime PCM thermal buffering with nighttime radiative cooling enables an effective day–night thermal management cycle for PV-PCM-RC louver system, reducing temperature rise and associated power degradation while accelerating PCM regeneration for BIPV applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 121133"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design optimization and development of an explainable multi-objective optimization framework: A-CAES system integrated with advanced thermal energy storage","authors":"Jie Cui ,&nbsp;Xueming Yang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Yang ,&nbsp;Weichen Liang ,&nbsp;Jianfei Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Adiabatic compressed air energy storage (A-CAES) system integrated with advanced packed bed latent thermal energy storage (PBLTES) subsystem is of great interest for next generation energy storage technology. However, the integration of A-CAES system with PBLTES subsystems currently faces heat accumulation problems and lacks a comprehensive optimization framework. To overcome the above challenges, the present study presents an indirect design approach for the thermal oil-based cascade PBLTES system integrated with A-CAES system. Based on this approach, we conduct a parametric study on the interaction between the PBLTES system and A-CAES system in terms of operating parameters and structural design. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization framework is constructed using an explainable hybrid machine learning (ML) model. At last, a systematical comparison with other A-CAES with different configurations PBLTES system is made to evaluate its final economic benefits. Results indicate that no linear relationship exists between most parameters and the round-trip/exergy round-trip efficiency (RTE/ERTE). The SHAP analysis further reveals that the capsule size is the most influential factor while considering the thermodynamic indicator for RTE. Based on the TOPSIS, the optimal results of RTE, the annual CO₂ emission reduction (ACER) and total annual costs (TAC) of the new system are 71.62%, 8336 t and 1.13 m$/year. The final profit of the optimal system is 22.24% and 12.69% higher than that of the thermal oil configurations and direct design of PBLTES in A-CAES, respectively. This paper provides reference for different designs and optimizations of A-CAES systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 121095"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic integration of oxy-combustion and proton exchange membrane electrolysis for efficient green ammonia and clean energy co-production","authors":"Binash Imteyaz ,&nbsp;Mohd Bilal Naim Shaikh ,&nbsp;Kashif Irshad ,&nbsp;Mohamed A. Habib","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing global decarbonization and industrial energy demands, this study proposes a novel hybrid integrated system for co-producing green ammonia and clean power with inherent carbon capture. The system synergistically combines an oxy-combustion cycle, a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer, a cryogenic air separation unit, and an ammonia synthesis reactor. The novelty of this work lies in the direct process integration of oxy-combustion, proton exchange membrane electrolysis, cryogenic air separation, and ammonia synthesis, enabling internal oxygen–nitrogen resource coupling and achieving thermodynamic synergies not previously quantified in the literature. A comprehensive thermodynamic, techno-economic, and environmental analysis was performed. Performance evaluation of the electrolyzer highlighted the trade-off between efficiency and production rates, influenced by current density and membrane thickness. For the oxy-combustion unit, optimal flue gas recirculation is critical for temperature control and maximizing power output, while the equivalence ratio greatly impacted cycle efficiency and net power generation. Crucially, the integrated design demonstrated significant efficiency gains: the ammonia production subsystem thermal efficiency increased from 41.3% to 45.1%, and the clean energy subsystem improved from 57.6% to 61.8% compared to standalone operations. Overall, the integrated system achieved an energy efficiency of 51.3% and an exergy efficiency of 53.5%. Annually, the system is projected to yield 192.9 MWh of clean energy and 50.8 t of green ammonia. Although the integrated configuration is evaluated at a pilot scale, normalization shows that the system corresponds to approximately 1,693 t of ammonia per year per megawatt of installed oxy-combustion capacity, demonstrating scalability of the proposed approach. Techno-economic assessment estimated the levelized cost of ammonia at $723.3/t and the levelized cost of electricity at $123.6/MWh, costs competitive within emerging green technologies. This research validates the thermodynamic superiority and techno-economic promise of holistic integration, offering a template for next-generation systems that align industrial processes with net-zero emission targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 121089"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146048077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic assessment of electrification pathways for heating and hot water in Korean Multi-Family residential buildings","authors":"Daneun Kim ,&nbsp;Juneyeol Jung ,&nbsp;Jaeheuk Choi ,&nbsp;Hoseong Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrification of heating and domestic hot-water systems in Korean multi-family residential buildings is not well understood, as most studies overlook their distinct hydronic features—low-temperature radiant-floor heating, synchronized DHW demand, and large vertical distribution losses. This study develops an integrated TRNSYS-based dynamic framework that captures these constraints and evaluates stepwise electrification pathways rather than only end-state systems. After screening key design variables to establish realistic boundary conditions, four transition scenarios are assessed: a boiler baseline, a hybrid retrofit with central ASHP DHW, a mixed system with individual ASHP heating and central DHW, and a fully individual ASHP configuration. Results show that the fully individual system delivers the highest seasonal efficiency, reducing primary energy use and CO₂ emissions by up to 43% and 41% relative to the baseline. Intermediate stages also offer practical benefits, with hybrid and mixed configurations improving feasibility and reducing gas use under existing hydronic constraints. Overall, the study provides a practical and context-specific assessment framework for electrifying high-density apartment buildings, emphasizing that effective decarbonization requires staged, system-specific transition strategies tailored to Korean building conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"352 ","pages":"Article 121107"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146036347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}