Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid Machine learning models for PV output prediction: Harnessing Random Forest and LSTM-RNN for sustainable energy management in aquaponic system","authors":"Tresna Dewi,&nbsp;Elsa Nurul Mardiyati,&nbsp;Pola Risma,&nbsp;Yurni Oktarina","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately forecasting photovoltaic (PV) System output is vital for optimizing energy management in sustainable aquaponic systems, where fluctuating solar irradiance poses significant challenges. This study presents a hybrid Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network (LSTM-RNN) and Random Forest (RF) model to address these challenges effectively. By integrating LSTM-RNN’s capability to model temporal dependencies with RF’s strength in feature selection and non-linear data handling, the model demonstrates superior predictive accuracy across parameters such as voltage, current, power, and irradiance. Advanced preprocessing steps, including normalization and sequence transformation, are employed to align datasets with temporal patterns, enhancing the model’s learning efficiency. Evaluation metrics, such as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error, validate the model’s precision, with RMSE values of 0.0768 for voltage, 0.037 for current, and 0.0363 for irradiance, outperforming standalone LSTM (RMSE &gt; 5 %) and RF models. The RF component prioritizes critical predictors like solar irradiance and temperature, contributing 45 % and 22 % to accuracy, respectively. The hybrid model supports efficient energy storage during peak sunlight and consistent power distribution during low irradiance, ensuring reliable operation of aquaponic systems for water circulation and lighting. Its scalability and adaptability make it a promising tool for improving energy efficiency and reducing operational costs. Future research will explore its application in larger PV installations and integration with weather forecasts, enhancing performance under diverse environmental conditions. This study underscores the transformative potential of hybrid models in advancing renewable energy forecasting and promoting agricultural sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119663"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143526613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of jet fuel-range bio-hydrocarbons over nickel-based catalysts through hydrothermolysis without external H2: Effect of nanoporous supports","authors":"Suparkorn Sedtabute ,&nbsp;Tharapong Vitidsant ,&nbsp;Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bio-aviation fuel, commonly referred to as bio-jet fuel, represents a critical advancement over recent decades, aligning with sustainable energy goals and efforts to mitigate climate change. Catalytic hydrothermolysis is a promising method for producing bio-jet fuel hydrocarbons from biomass without external H₂. This work examined hydrothermolysis of palm oil to produce jet fuel-range bio-hydrocarbons using nickel (Ni)-based catalysts supported on different nanoporous materials, including a proton-form ultra-stable Y (HUSY) zeolite and Santa Barbara Amorphous-15-based mesostructured siliceous (SBA-15) and aluminosilicate (Al-SBA-15) materials. The key properties of these supports were high specific surface area, high thermal stability, shape-selective properties, and tunable acidic properties, which provided the catalysts with bifunctionality for hydrogenation, deoxygenation, and acid-catalyzed reactions. Dealumination of HUSY through mild acid treatment was evaluated for its impact on structural and acidic properties of resulting support material (HUSY-AW). Under optimal conditions (400 °C, 10 wt% catalyst loading, 3-h reaction, and 1:1 oil/water volume ratio), Ni/HUSY-AW achieved the highest yield of alkanes, up to 61.54 %, and an aromatic content of up to 35.17 %. The results obtained suggest that HUSY zeolite, with enhanced mesoporosity and increased active site availability from the acid treatment in Ni/HUSY-AW, improved reactant access and facilitated catalytic reactions. This study contributes to achieving sustainable development goals (SDG) by advancing renewable energy technologies (SDG 7), mitigating climate change impacts through reduced greenhouse gas emissions (SDG 13), and promoting efficient utilization of resources (SDG 12).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 119679"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation-based study on a dual-circuit design for achieving continuous power generation in Ge-sensitized thermal cells under isothermal conditions","authors":"Keting Chen ,&nbsp;Mie Tohnishi ,&nbsp;Akihiro Matsutani ,&nbsp;Sachiko Matsushita","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The semiconductor-sensitized thermal cell (STC) is a groundbreaking thermoelectric technology capable of converting low-temperature heat (&lt;200 °C) directly into electricity. It is based on a redox reaction initiated by thermally excited carriers in a semiconductor. One of its most appealing features is that once the STC reaches discharge termination, power generation can be restored by turning off the switch and leaving it in the heat source. However, during this recovery period, no power is generated, which significantly affects the efficiency of the STC system. To address this issue, this study proposes a dual-circuit STC model utilizing interdigitated array (IDA) electrodes, designed to eliminate recovery time and enable continuous power generation by alternating between two circuits within a single STC. Simulation and experimental methods were employed to assess the performance of this model. Two-dimensional (2D) simulations of the battery structure confirm that circuit switching triggers the redox reaction in the alternate circuit with sufficient reactant ions, enabling continuous discharge. Experimental results validate the continuous power generation observed in the fabricated cells. The dual-circuit system achieves an open circuit voltage Voc of approximately 270 mV (for both circuits) and a short circuit current Isc of around 0.30 μA (Jsc of 5 μA/cm²), demonstrating significant potential for application in IoT devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 119678"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy, exergy, and economic analyses of a novel liquid air and pumped thermal combined energy storage system","authors":"Junxian Li ,&nbsp;Zhikang Wang ,&nbsp;Yihong Li ,&nbsp;Guqiang Wei ,&nbsp;Wei Ji ,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Fan ,&nbsp;Zhaozhao Gao ,&nbsp;Liubiao Chen ,&nbsp;Junjie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquid air energy storage (LAES) and pumped thermal energy storage (PTES) are geographically unconstrained and environmentally friendly, holding great potential for large-scale energy storage. The key similarity between LAES and PTES is that both systems require cold storage units, which typically use a flammable and explosive liquid-phase alkane medium or an inefficient solid-phase rock medium, posing challenges in terms of safety, environmental protection, and energy efficiency. This study presents a novel energy storage system that integrates LAES and PTES (PT-LAES), effectively eliminating the need for individual cold storage units. During the energy storage phase, the cold energy generated by PTES gas expansion is used for LAES air liquefaction, while during the energy release phase, the cold energy from LAES liquid air is utilized for PTES low-temperature compression. This paper investigates key parameters, including the effects of LAES and PTES unit charging and discharging pressures on system performance. Energy, exergy, and economic analyses of PT-LAES are also conducted. Results indicate that the proposed PT-LAES achieves an RTE of 56.57 % and the energy storage density of 167.53 <span><math><mrow><mi>kWh</mi><mo>/</mo><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mn>3</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>. Compared to stand-alone systems, PT-LAES demonstrates better economics with a payback period of 7 years, an NPV of 187.2 million USD over 30 years, and an LCOE of 0.122 <span><math><mrow><mi>USD</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>k</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>h</mi></mrow></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119675"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy, exergy, economic, and environmental assessment and performance optimization of dual-stage discharge Carnot battery systems for floating liquefied natural gas","authors":"Zhe Wang ,&nbsp;Han Liu ,&nbsp;Changhao Jiang ,&nbsp;Sijun Liu ,&nbsp;Yulong Ji ,&nbsp;Fenghui Han","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floating liquefied natural gas platforms offer a flexible solution for offshore natural gas production, storage, and transfer, but their energy-intensive operations require reliable power supply. This study investigates the use of Carnot batteries to enhance power reliability and energy efficiency on floating liquefied natural gas platforms by effectively utilizing the inherent cold energy of liquefied natural gas. A dual-stage discharge strategy is proposed, where the cold energy of liquefied natural gas is first stored and later reheated using low-temperature oceanic waste heat for a second discharge phase. A thermodynamic model of the floating liquefied natural gas-Carnot battery system is developed, and a comprehensive energy, exergy, economic, and environmental analysis is conducted to assess the impact of key parameters on system performance. Multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms is employed to optimize system efficiency and operational requirements. The dual-stage discharge system increased round-trip efficiency from 82.4% to 86.2%, while discharge power was enhanced from 1008.8 kW over 4 h in the first stage to an additional 94.4 kW over 17.6 h in the second. The results demonstrate significant improvements in both exergy and round-trip efficiency through strategic adjustments. The proposed system offers substantial potential for enhancing energy utilization on floating liquefied natural gas platforms and provides a scalable solution with promising applications for offshore natural gas operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119676"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CMLLM: A novel cross-modal large language model for wind power forecasting","authors":"Guopeng Zhu ,&nbsp;Weiqing Jia ,&nbsp;Zhitai Xing ,&nbsp;Ling Xiang ,&nbsp;Aijun Hu ,&nbsp;Rujiang Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate short-term wind power forecasting is crucial for ensuring grid stability and optimizing the operation of wind farm-energy storage systems. However, the inherent randomness and high variability of wind energy present significant challenges to wind power forecasting. To leverage the powerful reasoning capabilities and high-level knowledge of large language models for accurately extracting features from non-stationary wind power data, a cross-modal large language model (CMLLM) is proposed for wind power forecasting. This model employs data cross-modal and pre-trained large language models, enabling efficient compatibility with various large language models and adaptability to data with different characteristics. In CMLLM, data is comprehensively processed through the adoption of a cross-modal transfer learning method. Data is converted into text modality, thereby eliminating the need for re-training or fine-tuning large language models, while effectively mitigating the decline in forecasting accuracy due to modal mismatches. A prior knowledge prompt prefix module is designed in the forecasting process to enhance feature extraction and activate the reasoning capabilities of the large language model for wind power forecasting tasks. Extensive experiments are carried out on datasets from three wind farms in China to evaluate the performance of CMLLM. The results validate the model's effectiveness, accuracy, and robustness across diverse datasets and a range of large language models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119673"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of energy conservation measures in Canadian office buildings","authors":"Sara Gilani,&nbsp;Kamel Haddad,&nbsp;Chris Kirney,&nbsp;Phylroy Lopez,&nbsp;Ali Syed,&nbsp;Meli Stylianou","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Buildings account for 30% of the total energy use in Canada. It is well understood that improving energy performance of buildings is an effective way to reduce their energy use and carbon emissions. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance of various energy conservation measures (ECMs), from cost, energy, and peak demand perspectives for three office archetypes in six Canadian climate zones. For this purpose, this study developed a simulation-based methodology for generating and simulating a wide range of ECMs automatically. The impacts of ECMs compared to the baselines as per the requirements of the National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (NECB) were then evaluated. The results indicate that switching to electrical equipment is a cost-effective way to improve energy performance. Across office archetypes and climate zones, 71% of the solution sets at tier 4 use electrical equipment, whereas only 24% of the solution sets at tier 1 use electrical equipment. The results also show that reducing internal loads yields more energy and cost savings in larger offices and milder climates. For instance, the load-related ECMs lead to a maximum energy saving of 13% in the small office archetype while this is 18% in the large office archetype. However, HVAC system performance has a larger impact in smaller offices and colder climates. For instance, the small office archetype has a maximum energy saving of 29% using HVAC-related ECMs while this is 25% in the large office archetype. These findings provide important insights for designing new office buildings in heating-dominated climates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119661"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of a new semi-empirical model of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell for online prognostics applications","authors":"L.M. Perez ,&nbsp;Samir Jemei ,&nbsp;Loïc Boulon ,&nbsp;Alexandre Ravey ,&nbsp;Mohsen Kandidayeni ,&nbsp;Javier Solano","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prognostic of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is a current topic of research. Consequently, the complexity of its degradation mechanisms has led to the development of semi-empirical models to improve predictive analysis. The accurate estimation of parameters for these models is a challenging task due to their multivariate, nonlinear, and complex characteristics. This work proposes a new semi-empirical model of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell and compares it with a widely used model in the literature. Unlike other similar studies, this comparison not only focuses on minimizing the sum of squared errors in relation to the experimental data but also evaluates the variation in the solution set and the computational effort involved. For both models, the unknown parameters are estimated using the recent Pelican Optimization Algorithm. Four datasets are used to evaluate the development of the proposed model and the selected benchmark model. The first three datasets are open-access and well-recognized in academic literature, whereas the fourth dataset was obtained from a developed experimental test bench. The results show that the proposed model achieves high accuracy, with a mean absolute percentage error lower than 0.89% and the sum of squared errors below 0.9272 for all the studied scenarios. This model reduces parameter variation and decreases the relative standard deviation by over 12.7% compared to the utilized benchmark model for the first three datasets. Hence, the proposed model not only improves the precision of the estimated parameters without a notable increase in error but also reduces the computational load by at least 21.7% across all case studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"331 ","pages":"Article 119655"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of single stage flash desalination system under different air intermittences and intake valve opening conditions","authors":"Sarvjeet Singh ,&nbsp;Rachit Garg ,&nbsp;Prodyut R. Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Hardik B. Kothadia","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drinking water is produced inside the evaporator of thermal desalination plants through the critical processes of water vaporization and condensation. Any leakage in this unit can lead to substantial losses in thermal energy, reduced distillation efficiency, and potential contamination of the distillate product. Therefore, this study aims to introduce and investigate the thermal performance of single-stage flash desalination systems under different air intermittence and intake rates. An experimental system is fabricated, and experiments are performed with different operating conditions to simulate similar leakage conditions. The initial pressure inside the vacuum tank is set at 8.4 kPa, the water height is 60 mm, and the initial temperatures are 80 °C and 70 °C. The investigation explores the influence of different cycle lengths of air intake (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>) and air removal periods (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>t</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>), ranging from 6 s to 160 s for different intermittent periods. The study also explores different intake valve opening levels, including 0%, 25%, 50% and 100%, to understand how these different opening levels affect heat and mass transfer characteristics. The experiments examined and analysed the effect of different valve opening levels, air intake and removal periods, and initial liquid temperatures on measuring parameters such as temperature, pressure, water mass, and non-equilibrium factor (NEF). The results indicate that decreasing the air intake period and increasing the air removal period significantly improves the temperature and pressure drop. When the air removal period increases from 4 s to 6 s, the pool temperature drop increases from 18.6 °<span><math><mi>C</mi></math></span> to 23.2 °<span><math><mi>C</mi></math></span>. With the increase of initial temperature by 10 °<span><math><mi>C</mi></math></span>,the temperature drop and evaporated mass are increased by 22.4% and 21.7%. The outcomes provided a comprehensive understanding of the effects of leakage on the flashing evaporation process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119658"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal sizing of fuel cell hybrid electric Heavy-Duty tractor with minimum of unit mileage cost","authors":"Xiaoyu Wang,&nbsp;Shouwen Yao,&nbsp;Pengyu Li,&nbsp;Yuyang Chen,&nbsp;Qinghua Hao,&nbsp;Siqi Huang,&nbsp;Yinghua Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes an optimal hybrid energy sources sizing methodology for fuel cell hybrid heavy-duty tractors (FCHHT) comprising fuel cell system (FCS) with battery (B) and supercapacitor (SC) as hybrid energy storage system (HESS). For this purpose, an objective function of unit mileage (10⁴ km) cost (UMC) is put forward to evaluate the system’s initial cost, degradation cost, and hydrogen consumption cost. Furthermore, an average power and state of charge (APS) based Energy Management System (EMS) is proposed, where power-split strategy of FCS and HESS is given, and the output power of FCS is smoothed by the average power of drive cycle power demand, the power of maximum efficiency point and maximum power of FCS, and SOC of HESS. Finally, to solve the hybrid energy source optimization problem, the cancer cell competition and metastasis algorithm (C3MA) is proposed, where an efficient population position updating strategy is used to simulate the competition and metastasis of cancer cells, and the search space can be explored more effectively. C3MA is evaluated using six benchmark functions, demonstrating its robustness and rapid convergence in high-dimensional problems. The size optimization of a 49-ton tractor was conducted. The optimum can always be achieved using APS EMS in conjunction with C3MA, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO). In comparison to discrete wavelet transform (DWT) EMS, APS demonstrated a 16 % reduction in UMC and a 77 % increase in lifespan. Compared to FCS + B configuration, FCS + B + SC reduces UMC by an average of 19 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"330 ","pages":"Article 119674"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}