Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Clustering direct air capture and low-temperature waste heat sources to optimise the United Kingdom’s future energy system","authors":"Alex Middleton ,&nbsp;Kelly Cooper ,&nbsp;Stephen M. Smith ,&nbsp;Budimir Rosic","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage extracts carbon dioxide from atmospheric air and enables long-term sequestration. As an innovative Carbon Dioxide Removal method, Direct Air Capture is essential to achieving net-zero per the 2015 Paris Agreement. However, it is highly energy-intensive compared to alternative carbon removal methods, posing challenges for global decarbonisation and energy demand. Limited energy system integration analysis exists for Direct Air Capture, which is crucial to ensure efficient resource allocation in an already-constrained system. This energy intensive technology requires power, heat, and carbon dioxide storage, and the availabilities of such resources in the transforming energy system are limited. In this study, we analyse energy availability for Direct Air Capture in a low-carbon future energy system. We hypothesise that by clustering Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage installations with low-temperature waste heat from industrial and nuclear power sources, system losses are reduced, minimising energy demand and operational expenses versus a fully electrified solution. This research bridges the gap between development and implementation of waste heat Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage by calculating available low-temperature waste heat and applying spatial resource analysis of waste-heat clusters and transport to geological carbon storage sites, based on a United Kingdom case study. The study finds sufficient energy resources to meet Direct Air Capture requirements, even in an energy system less reliant on thermal plants. This approach facilitates a 7–13% cost reduction versus the reference case, with positive cost advantages maintained even under a 60% increase in waste heat input costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120588"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-Time coordination of electrical and thermal energy in power-to-hydrogen by electrolysis plant","authors":"Zhiyao Zhong ,&nbsp;Jiakun Fang ,&nbsp;Kewei Hu ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Danji Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Ai ,&nbsp;Jinyu Wen ,&nbsp;Shijie Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes a real-time coordination strategy for an industrial power-to-hydrogen by electrolysis (PtHE) plant under fluctuating renewable energy sources (RES). In this plant, an optimal coupling between electrical and thermal energy can improve the performance of the water electrolysis reaction. To maximize hydrogen production under power fluctuations, an optimization model considering the electrical-thermal coupling is first established, where the piecewise linear approximation is applied to transform nonlinear relationships in the PtHE plant into constraints in the form of mixed integer linear programming (MILP). Then, a real-time operation strategy of the PtHE plant is proposed to coordinate electrical and thermal energy for efficient conversion, where model predictive control (MPC) is adapted to determine the allocation of fluctuating power in real-time by solving the MILP optimization problem. Besides, a power hardware-in-loop (PHIL) platform is built to implement the proposed strategy, which includes an industrial alkaline PtHE plant and a real-time simulator. Through the experiment, the control execution of this platform is validated, and the parameters of the alkaline PtHE model are obtained. This strategy is applied to the PtHE plant in the PHIL platform and compared with the myopic policy to demonstrate the advantage: the total hydrogen production increases by 9% with no power curtailment of RES by the temperature management in advance using MPC. Further, a simulation on a high-capacity PtHE plant, up to MW scale, shows a 5% improvement in the total hydrogen production under the proposed strategy, compared with a commercial solution using programmable logic control (PLC). Results confirm that exploiting the electrical-thermal flexibility significantly enhances the energy conversion under varying conditions brought by RES, offering a practical route to promote green hydrogen production in industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120580"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A photovoltaic-powered rapid-cycling sorption system for sustainable off-grid atmospheric water harvesting","authors":"Fen Jiang ,&nbsp;Qiongfen Yu ,&nbsp;Ming Li ,&nbsp;Zhijin Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Shu ,&nbsp;Shengnan Sun ,&nbsp;Danya Zhan ,&nbsp;Zhongfan Mo ,&nbsp;Zhihao Song ,&nbsp;Runfang Ma ,&nbsp;Meidi Ding ,&nbsp;Hui Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) technology exhibits great potential for strong environmental adaptability and flexible deployment. However, current systems commonly rely on grid electricity or intermittent solar thermal sources, which makes continuous and stable operation difficult and limits application reliability and scalability. Herein, an innovative photovoltaic (PV) powered rapid-cycling SAWH system was proposed for sustainable off-grid water harvesting. Activated carbon fiber felt (ACFF) acted as both an adsorbent and a resistor. In-situ electric swing adsorption (ESA) technology was employed to enable the adsorbed ACFF to undergo rapid Joule heating and desorption. The SAWH system achieved four daily cycles with a single sorption bed by optimizing the adsorption–desorption strategy. Experimental results showed that under 15 °C and 70 % relative humidity, the fan-assisted water cooling condensation mode was utilized to achieve a daily water production (DWP) of 0.96 kg_water/kg_ACFF/day with a low specific energy consumption (SEC) of 2.59 kW·h/kg_water. Even in the arid climate of Kunming during January, an equal-time adsorption mode (4.5 h × 4) was adopted to maintain a DWP of 0.50 kg_water/kg_ACFF/day with a SEC of 4.86 kW·h/kg_water. A six-day outdoor water collection test demonstrated that the PV panels consistently supplied sufficient energy to meet the SAWH system’s demand, with an energy conversion efficiency above 15 %. This stable power supply enabled continuous freshwater production under varying weather conditions, including sunny, cloudy, overcast, and nighttime days. The results validated the feasibility and practicality of this study as a green and sustainable solution for clean water harvesting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120576"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145218023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-driven resource, cost and resilience assessment of ocean thermal energy conversion systems","authors":"Aminath Saadha ,&nbsp;Keiichi N. Ishihara ,&nbsp;Takaya Ogawa ,&nbsp;Hideyuki Okumura","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ocean thermal energy conversion is a renewable energy technology that utilizes the temperature gradient in the ocean to generate electricity. Climate change affects these plants in two opposing and counter intuitive ways: rising sea temperatures enhance the thermal gradient and increase resource potential, while intensifying extreme weather events undermine plant reliability and intensifying design requirements. Most existing studies assess resource potential using historical climatology and emphasize high-emission futures, overlooking how evolving climate reshapes long-term feasibility, costs, and resilience. This study addresses these gaps employing Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 scenarios to evaluate (i) global and small island specific resource potential, (ii) the translation of these resources into levelized cost of electricity for 10 MW offshore and onshore plants under three cost trajectories, and (iii) the structural reinforcements required to withstand stronger hurricanes. A lifetime present cost framework and a benefit cost ratio are applied, incorporating hurricane probabilities and salvage factors. Results indicate that resource viability grows under high emissions, reaching 1.3 × 10⁶ TW globally, while under the green pathway potential remains stable at 0.85 × 10⁶ TW. Levelized costs range from 0.09 to 0.14 USD/kWh in high emissions and 0.10–0.15 USD/kWh in the green pathway. Structural hardening increases costs by 9–36 % for offshore and 5–16 % for onshore designs. Benefit–cost tests suggest resilience upgrades are justified only to Category 2 levels in high-hazard sites, with limited economic value in low-risk regions. Ultimately, exceedance probability and baseline capital costs dominate life-cycle economics, constraining further reinforcement gains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120599"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Material–scenario coupled techno-economics comparison of carbon capture adsorbents: Feasibility and suitability across various contexts","authors":"Zeyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Hao Yu ,&nbsp;Guangyao Li ,&nbsp;Dongxu Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rising urgency of climate change highlights the need for cost- and energy-efficient carbon capture technologies that can be deployed across diverse environments. However, comparative evaluations of representative adsorbents under different application scenarios remain limited, leaving a gap in understanding the suitability of materials beyond isolated performance metrics. In this study, a three-dimensional transient numerical model of fixed-bed adsorption was developed to evaluate three representative sorbents—metal–organic framework (MOF-Mg-74), activated carbon, and a solid amine. A simplified energy and techno-economic framework was further applied to quantify productivity, energy demand, and capture cost of operation in China across indoor air purification, outdoor direct air capture (DAC), and industrial flue-gas conditions. The durations of the evaluation cycle are 1 year (short-term), 3 years(mid-term) and 10 years (long-term). Results reveal clear scenario-dependent advantages. The performance envelopes are as follows: metal–organic framework shows energy consumption of 95.6–408.4 kJ/mol, capture costs of 214–3081 $/ton, and productivity of 0.66–138.7 ton/m²; solid amine exhibits 136.7–289.0 kJ/mol, 168–484 $/ton, and 6.91–162.80 ton/m²; activated carbon achieves 70.8–377.8 kJ/mol, 93–321 $/ton, and 5.18–121.30 ton/m². It also indicates that metal–organic framework is most suitable for high-occupancy indoor air cleaning, solid amine for high-throughput outdoor direct air capture, and activated carbon for cost-sensitive outdoor and industrial capture. To accelerate commercialization, it is recommended that reducing metal–organic framework’s synthesis cost, enhancing activated carbon’s adsorption capacity, improving solid amine’s cyclic stability and desorption heat, and integrating low-grade or renewable thermal energy to further curtail operating expenses and bolster sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 120589"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145195755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life-cycle performance analysis of a building integrated energy system considering equipment performance degradation","authors":"Jiangjiang Wang,&nbsp;Shaoming Ye,&nbsp;Boling Wu,&nbsp;Boxiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study develops a life-cycle analysis framework for building-integrated energy systems that accounts for equipment degradation and dynamic energy demand growth over time. A community-scale integrated energy system in Beijing is modeled, consisting of photovoltaic panels, electric, thermal and hydrogen storage systems, as well as multi-energy conversion devices. Component degradation is represented using a coupled calendar-cycling aging model for storage systems and a piecewise degradation model for energy converters. The rain-flow counting method quantifies cycling-induced degradation, enabling realistic performance simulation over a 20-year horizon. Results indicate that photovoltaic generation meets demand for the first 15 years, but after year 15, degradation coupled with load growth causes supply–demand mismatches. Over 20 years, storage capacities decline by approximately 30 %, total system cost increases by 18.02 %, carbon emissions rise by 24.3 %, and independent operation time decreases by 15.9 %. Sensitivity analyses show PV degradation has a significant impact on economic and environmental performance, while population growth notably affects carbon emissions. The combined effects of equipment performance degradation and load growth substantially affect IES sustainability and economic viability. These insights provide valuable guidance for long-term system planning and optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120593"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent optimization of a PV/T–ORC coupled microgrid: towards reliable, high tenacity and cost-efficient energy systems","authors":"Tao Liu ,&nbsp;Chongzhe Zou ,&nbsp;Hui Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Yang ,&nbsp;Heitian Chi ,&nbsp;Hongli Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Yulong Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microgrid systems integrating heterogeneous energy flows face underexplored challenges in real-time electro-thermal synergy under intermittent renewable input—a gap this study addresses via a dynamically coupled multi-domain optimization framework. To bridge the theoretical gap in coordinated energy dispatch across thermal-electric domains, this paper formulates a DBO-based hybrid microgrid model where the optimizer’s phase-based behavioral logic is intrinsically coupled with dynamic thermodynamic constraints. First, the PV/T system leverages its combined heat and power capabilities to meet thermal loads. Then, thermoelectric conversion is realized by integrating an ORC with an air-source heat pump, while energy storage systems—batteries and thermal tanks—recover and utilize waste heat, ensuring electro-thermal balance. The framework internalizes dual-objective trade-offs—economic and reliability—within a multi-domain equilibrium model, enabling emergent decision behavior through thermodynamic-aware swarm evolution. The DBO algorithm, inspired by the rolling behavior of dung beetles and equipped with dynamic boundary adjustments, optimizes system capacity and operational strategies with objectives of reducing grid dependence and enhancing economic efficiency. The results show that the proposed microgrid framework achieves a total cost reduction of 7.01% and a grid dependence of 38.7% through DBO optimization. Empirical simulations on an industrial microgrid reveal emergent electro-thermal coordination behaviors and validate the generalizability of the model across high-dimensional operational states. This study demonstrates a new theoretical paradigm for intelligent optimization in complex energy-coupled microgrid systems, it provides an important reference for the future microgrid in the coordinated energy supply of electricity and heat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120575"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process integration and exergy-based assessment of high-temperature solid oxide electrolysis configurations","authors":"Robert Müller,&nbsp;George Tsatsaronis","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid oxide electrolysis (SOEL) is considered an efficient option for largely emission-free hydrogen production and, thus, for supporting the decarbonization of the process industry. The thermodynamic advantages of high-temperature operation can be utilized particularly when heat integration from subsequent processes is realized. As the produced hydrogen is usually required at a higher pressure level, the operating pressure of the electrolysis is a relevant design parameter.</div><div>The study compares pressurized and near-atmospheric designs of 126<!--> <!-->MW SOEL systems with and without the integration of process heat from a downstream ammonia synthesis and the inefficiencies that occur in the processes. Furthermore, process improvements by sweep-air utilization are investigated. Pinch analysis is applied to determine the potential of internal heat recovery and the minimum external heating and cooling demand. It is shown that pressurized SOEL operation does not necessarily decrease the overall power consumption for compression due to the high power requirement of the sweep-air compressor. The exergetic efficiencies of the standalone SOEL processes achieve similar values of <span><math><mrow><mi>ɛ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>81</mn><mspace></mspace><mstyle><mi>%</mi></mstyle></mrow></math></span>. Results further show that integrating the heat of reaction from ammonia synthesis can replace almost the entire electrically supplied thermal energy, thereby improving the overall exergetic efficiency by up to 3.5 percentage points. However, the exergetic efficiency strongly depends on the applied air ratio. The highest exergetic efficiency of 86<!--> <!-->% can be achieved by employing sweep-air utilization with an expander. The results demonstrate that integrating downstream process heat and applying sweep-air utilization can significantly enhance overall efficiency and thus reduce external energy requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"346 ","pages":"Article 120106"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145216735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards low-carbon mobility through 0D phenomenological modelling of oxy-fuel combustion in internal combustion engines","authors":"Massimiliano De Felice ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Raggi ,&nbsp;Jaime Martin ,&nbsp;Vincenzo De Bellis","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oxy-fuel combustion in internal combustion engines is gaining attention as a promising technology for carbon capture and achieving near-zero nitrogen oxides emissions, addressing global warming concerns. Recent experimental and simulation studies evaluated this unconventional combustion mode in internal combustion engines under various dilution strategies, but current models are not yet appropriately customized to describe in-cylinder processes with highly enriched oxygen atmospheres. This study aims to validate a Zero-Dimensional engine model, consisting of a predictive combustion model, a dedicated laminar flame speed correlation, and emission sub-models, embedded in a One-Dimensional simulation code, and to assess its capability to describe the behaviour of a gasoline-fuelled single-cylinder engine under premixed oxy-fuel combustion conditions. The experimental campaign tested the engine at medium load (from 8.3 bar to 10.1 bar of Indicated Mean Effective Pressure) and a rotational speed of 3000 rpm, varying the oxygen/fuel proportions (relative oxygen/fuel ratio from 1.0 to 1.2), exhaust gas recirculation ratios (from 66 to 75 %), and intake temperatures (70 °C and to 80 °C), and the data are used for the model calibration and validation, defining a single set of tuning constants. The combustion model replicated in-cylinder pressures and burn rates, resulting in an average error of 1.3 crank angle degrees for the combustion phasing, while the emission model replicated exhaust pollutant concentrations, with average errors with respect to experiments of 23.6 % and 13.6 % for carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon, respectively. The predictive capability of the model discloses the potential applicability in the context of engine and system calibration and optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120561"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-encapsulated phase change materials for advanced thermal regulation in ultrasonic reactors: A novel approach","authors":"Aissa Dehane ,&nbsp;Slimane Merouani","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultrasonic reactors are widely employed across various technological domains, including food processing, medicine, cleaning, chemistry, and biology. However, ultrasonic wave propagation in liquids is invariably accompanied by energy dissipation in the form of heat, which is absorbed by the surrounding medium, resulting in a continuous temperature increase—often by several tens of degrees within minutes. Conventional sonochemical reactors typically rely on water-based cooling systems to manage this thermal rise. This study proposes a novel approach for in-situ thermal regulation by dispersing encapsulated phase change material (PCM) microparticles in the irradiated water. PCM spheres (RT31) of varying diameters (1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm) were investigated for their ability to absorb and manage heat generated during sonication, as well as their influence on acoustic pressure and velocity distributions.</div><div>The results indicate that 1 mm PCM spheres rapidly dissipate heat once saturation is reached, while 2 mm and 3 mm spheres enable a more gradual and sustained heat absorption, thereby enhancing thermal storage. Systems containing 2 mm and 3 mm PCM spheres achieved faster water temperature homogenization within the first 20 min, compared to both 1 mm spheres and systems without PCM. Beyond this period, temperature equalization occurred across all configurations. In terms of acoustic behavior, the 3 mm PCM spheres caused a noticeable but spatially confined reduction in both maximum and minimum acoustic pressures, whereas smaller spheres induced less pronounced changes. Despite these reductions, the presence of PCM spheres—especially those of 3 mm—led to a more uniform acoustic pressure distribution and enhanced nucleation of acoustic bubbles. Furthermore, the water velocity field benefited from the inclusion of PCM, with 3 mm spheres contributing to a more favorable distribution, albeit with a slight and localized reduction in peak velocities.</div><div>Overall, the incorporation of PCM spheres in sonoreactors proves beneficial for managing thermal loads, optimizing acoustic energy distribution, and improving cavitation dynamics, thereby enhancing overall reactor performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 120512"},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145217595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}