Energy Conversion and Management最新文献

{"title":"Fuel from air: A techno-economic assessment of e-fuels for low-carbon aviation in China","authors":"Shubham Tiwari ,&nbsp;Piera Patrizio ,&nbsp;Sylvain Leduc ,&nbsp;Anna Stratton ,&nbsp;Florian Kraxner","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aviation remains one of the most challenging sectors to achieve low carbon emissions due to its heavy reliance on fossil fuels and the lack of cost-competitive alternatives. This study evaluates the potential of Direct Air Capture (DAC)-based e-fuels to meet China’s aviation fuel demand by 2050. The research assesses e-fuel production costs and resource requirements under diverse scenarios, incorporating spatio-temporal variations in electricity, water, transportation, and policies. Results show that DAC capital costs and the energy market are the primary determinants. Liquid absorbent DAC (L-DAC), with lower capital costs but higher resource demands, is suitable for resource-abundant regions, while solid absorbent DAC (S-DAC), benefiting from higher learning rates and lower resource requirements, is optimal for water-scarce, high-demand regions like Beijing and Shanghai. By 2050, China could produce 102 Mt of e-fuels, meeting 84% of its demand, requiring 3457 TWh of renewable electricity and 597 billion liters of water, 78% of which would come from desalination. E-fuel costs range from $3176/ton (S-DAC) to $3208/ton (L-DAC), remaining 2.5–4 times higher than fossil jet fuels. Achieving cost parity requires low electricity prices (∼$5/GJ), high DAC learning rates ($80–50/ton), and strong policy incentives. This could reduce e-fuel costs to $900–1000/ton. The study also evaluates an alternative pathway involving Direct Air Capture with Carbon Storage paired with fossil fuel utilization. While this route offers cost and energy efficiency, it may raise long-term sustainability concerns. These findings underscore the potential of e-fuels for net-zero aviation targets, highlighting the urgency of supportive policies to scale their deployment effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"333 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy management strategy with model prediction for fuel cell hybrid trucks considering vehicle mass and road slope","authors":"Mengcheng Ma,&nbsp;Jianjun Hu,&nbsp;Renhua Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119791","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119791","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trucks frequently encounter significant fluctuations in transport loads and operate on roads with complex gradients. Traditional energy management strategies, which focus solely on vehicle speed, often fail to optimize energy utilization, resulting in high comprehensive operating costs, particularly for fuel cell hybrid trucks. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a model predictive control strategy that integrates mass and slope effects (MS-MPC) based on a comprehensive analysis of how speed, mass, and slope affect comprehensive operating costs. Firstly, mass variation factors and transient speed are employed as key indicators to develop a forgetting-factor recursive least squares (FFRLS) method, combined with extended Kalman filtering, to achieve effective decoupling and estimation of mass and slope. To enhance estimation accuracy, an adaptive mechanism is introduced to dynamically update the forgetting factor in FFRLS and reallocate the covariance matrix. Subsequently, using the estimated results and vehicle speed information, a pattern recognition method is employed to adapt operating conditions in the radial basis function neural network prediction model. Finally, dynamic programming is applied to optimize energy distribution based on the predicted information. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly improves mass and slope estimation accuracy, reduces speed and slope prediction errors, and effectively lowers the comprehensive operating costs of the vehicle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 119791"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing RNG plant efficiency: Impact of integrating a dryer and pyrolysis unit on IRR% with biochar utilization as an additive and fertilizer","authors":"Omid Norouzi ,&nbsp;Maryam Ebrahimzadeh Sarvestani ,&nbsp;Sasha Rollings-Scattergood ,&nbsp;Kevin Lutes ,&nbsp;Francesco Di Maria ,&nbsp;Animesh Dutta","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the impact of integrating pyrolysis and drying units into traditional renewable natural gas (RNG) facilities fed by food waste, and evaluates the potential benefits of using biochar, derived from pyrolysis, as an additive to anaerobic digesters. The study aims to determine whether the capital costs associated with pyrolysis and drying units can be offset by increased methane yields due to biochar enhancement. Initial batch testing (BMP trials) showed a decrease in methane yield with biochar addition, attributed to unacclimatized bacteria. To further investigate, semi-continuous trials were conducted, revealing that biochar-enhanced digesters (BC10) exhibited an initial decrease in methane production, followed by significant improvements over time. After three hydraulic retention time (HRT) cycles, the average methane yield in BC10 digesters reached 260.68 Nm³/tonne VS, slightly higher than the control system (AD) at 258.48 Nm³/tonne VS. Additionally, biochar addition improved volatile solids reduction (45 % in BC10) and yielded digestate with higher levels of beneficial by-products and fewer toxic compounds. Economic analysis indicated that while the advanced facility showed a modest 3.49 % increase in methane yield, it faced higher operational costs, resulting in a lower internal rate of return (IRR) of 13.71 %, compared to 17.67 % for traditional facilities. The simple payback period for the traditional RNG facility was approximately 5.44 years, whereas the advanced facility required 6.73 years to recover its initial capital investment. The findings suggest that to surpass the IRR of traditional RNG facilities, the methane yield enhancement from biochar addition should be at least 30 %. The paper emphasizes the need for careful consideration of local market conditions and technological advancements in evaluating the financial viability of RNG projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 119769"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical and numerical study on high-pressure liquid ammonia spray atomization and ignition characteristics under different injector nozzle diameters","authors":"Rui Yang,&nbsp;Heng Liu,&nbsp;Shouzhen Zhang,&nbsp;Jianan Li,&nbsp;Qinglong Tang,&nbsp;Mingfa Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia spray diffusion combustion exhibits high efficiency and low pollutant emissions, making it a promising approach for achieving efficient and clean combustion in ammonia engines. It is crucial to investigate the spray development and atomization characteristics of high-pressure liquid ammonia for further understanding of the ammonia spray diffusion combustion mode. Despite research reports on ammonia spray, the influence of nozzle diameter on ammonia spray atomization and ignition characteristics remains unclear. Most existing studies focus on the flash boiling phenomenon or macro-scale spray development process, with limited attention to the diffusion and mixing characteristics of gaseous ammonia. In this paper, the development process and diffusion mixing features of ammonia spray were visualized and studied using optical and numerical methods. The experimental and numerical results of ammonia spray with different nozzle diameters were compared and analyzed under varing ambient conditions, especially the spray diffusion and fuel-air mixing features under engine-like conditions. The research results indicate that nozzle diameter significantly influences the ammonia spray development process, the atomization rate of liquid droplets, and the gaseous ammonia diffusion characteristics. As the nozzle diameter increases, the spray penetration is faster, the spray angle and spray area enlarge, and the ammonia spray atomization is compromised. Furthermore, the ammonia-air mixing features under engine-like conditions were studied with different nozzle diameters and the formation characteristics of the flammable mixture were revealed. Ammonia spray tends to form a large amount of dilute mixture under engine-like conditions due to the high mixing rate of ammonia. Only the middle part of the fully developed ammonia spray has good ignition conditions. Compared to the nozzle diameter of 0.2 mm, adopting the injector with a larger nozzle diameter of 0.24 mm significantly increases the flammability proportion of ammonia spray, which is more conducive to ignition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 119781"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data preprocessing and machine learning method based on ameliorated mathematical models for inferring the power generation of photovoltaic system","authors":"Woo Gyun Shin,&nbsp;Jin Seok Lee,&nbsp;Young Chul Ju,&nbsp;Hey Mi Hwang,&nbsp;Suk Whan Ko","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Countries worldwide are actively pursuing energy transition efforts to mitigate climate change and promote long-term sustainability. This transition involves shifting to carbon-free power sources, with solar energy playing a crucial role. As the installation of photovoltaic (PV) systems increases, the proportion of electricity these systems contribute to the power grid also rises. However, since weather conditions influence PV power generation, accurately inferring power output is essential for ensuring grid stability and assessing power generation efficiency. This paper presents a data preprocessing method for machine-learning regression models, utilizing a mathematical model to infer PV system power generation based on irradiance and module temperature data. The distinctiveness of the proposed method lies in its normalization process, where measured voltage and current values are divided by the corresponding values computed using the mathematical model. The proposed approach resulted in a highly accurate regression model, achieving coefficients of determination (R²) values of 0.9477, 0.9967, and 0.9969 for DC voltage, DC current, and AC power, respectively, along with normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) values within 3%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 119793"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance enhancement of Ducted Wind Turbines under yawed flow using optimized tubercled ducts: An investigative study","authors":"Surya Sridhar","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119764","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119764","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yawed inflow conditions in urban areas and their impact on Ducted Wind Turbine (DWT) performance has been given very little attention. The current study introduces a novel airfoil-based duct design featuring leading-edge tubercles. Five design factors were selected for optimization: duct stagger angle, tubercle amplitude, tubercle wavenumber, rotor–duct tip gap, and duct fineness ratio. A Taguchi-CFD-Regression model was employed, assessing experiments from an L25 orthogonal array using hybrid RANS-LES models to determine optimal designs and derive empirical relations. Comparative analysis of bare turbines and tubercled DWTs revealed rotor thrust and power augmentation factors of 1.47 and 2.15 under nominal flow conditions. As the inflow yaw angle increased, the tubercled DWTs displayed significant improvements, with a maximum power augmentation factor of 3.28 at a yaw angle of 25°. Tubercles effectively redirected airflow, reducing flow separation and asymmetric loading on the rotor and duct. With effective flow redirection towards the rotor plane and suppression of flow separation within the duct walls, only a negligible 3.2% variation in the blade loading 2.9% in the duct surface pressure was observed between the leeward and windward sides. Flow analysis also demonstrated enhanced rotor–duct tip vortex dissipation and diminished vortex shedding coherency, a prime indicator for tonal noise reduction. Thus, DWTs with tubercles can outperform standard DWTs and bare turbines under yawed flows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 119764"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143820259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-economic optimization of regenerative indirect evaporative cooling systems with/without middle air flow return paths","authors":"Sepehr Sanaye,&nbsp;Shahriar Ramezani,&nbsp;Javad Gholami","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaporative cooling is an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly method for cooling indoor spaces by utilizing the process of water evaporation to create cooling effect. When the supply air in a dry channel is cooled by airflow passing over water film within the adjacent channel (wet channel), the system is named Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC). This study models and optimizes regenerative type IEC systems with two or three channel compact heat exchangers. Two cases of without middle airflow return paths (IEC-R) and with middle airflow return paths (IEC-R-MAP) are investigated. The results of this investigation are used for selecting appropriate IEC systems with two or three channels and with/without middle airflow return paths for various case studies (including various operational and environmental conditions). Furthermore, two series and parallel configurations of these compact heat exchangers are investigated. The modeling results of IEC systems with four configurations (IEC-R / IEC-R-MAP with two/three channels) are obtained and validated. Multi-objective techno-economic optimization was performed with the coefficient of performance and total annual cost (comprising investment and operational costs) as objective functions. Optimization results under all analyzed case studies for two climatic conditions of Yazd (hot and dry) and Tehran (moderate and dry), indicated that three-channel systems at the fixed specified cooling capacity and supply air volumetric flow rate into the room space, had advantages over two-channel systems. For a case study with a supply air volumetric flow rate of 3000 CFM, IEC-R with three channels had 94% / 86% higher coefficients of performance and 225% / 94% lower total annual costs in Tehran/Yazd compared to IEC-R with two channels. The presence of middle airflow returns paths in IEC-R-MAP with two/three channels reduced the coefficient of performance in comparison with that for IEC-R with two/three channels by 65% / 5% in Yazd and 12.5% / 4% in Tehran, respectively. This increased the size and total annual cost of these systems by 25% / 0.5% for Yazd and 7% / 2% for Tehran, respectively. Furthermore, the study examined the use of series/parallel configuration in the IEC-R system with three channels. To achieve the lowest energy consumption and total annual costs, a series configuration is not recommended.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 119770"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oscillating water column wave energy converter with flexible structured sheet material for enhanced power output","authors":"Yang Huang ,&nbsp;Guillermo Idarraga ,&nbsp;Farhad Abad ,&nbsp;Qing Xiao ,&nbsp;Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Saishuai Dai ,&nbsp;Saeid Lotfian ,&nbsp;Feargal Brennan","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible wave energy converters (FlexWECs) are increasingly recognized for their potential to improve efficiency, reliability, and survivability in extreme ocean conditions. This study explores two strategies to enhance FlexWEC performance: customizing material properties and optimizing structural configuration. A structural sheet material with a specific pattern was developed to increase device power output under lower external loading, while membrane pre-stretching was investigated to tune the system’s natural frequency and improve dynamic response. The material’s mechanical behaviour was characterized through uniaxial tests, and a hyper-elastic YEOH model was applied to describe its nonlinear response. High-fidelity fluid–structure interaction simulations were performed to compare the performance of a flexible oscillating water column wave energy converter (WEC) using the newly developed structural sheet material against conventional natural rubber, with a focus on fluid dynamics, membrane deformation, stress distribution, and power output. The results indicate that, compared to natural rubber, the structural sheet material increases membrane deformation by 143%, reduces maximum stress by 14% at resonance, and boosts power output by 245%. Additionally, pre-stretching significantly increases the WEC system’s natural frequency, promotes a more uniform stress distribution, which reduces fatigue risk, and increases power output by 54%. These findings highlight the potential of these strategies to enhance FlexWEC efficiency and reliability, offering valuable insights for adapting such systems to complex and variable marine environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 119794"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility assessment of power-to-methanol through solar thermochemical hydrogen production plant: A case study","authors":"Shahin Akbari ,&nbsp;Ali Hakkaki-Fard ,&nbsp;Mohammad Behshad Shafii","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119787","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119787","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Power-to-X technologies are pivotal in the future energy landscape, converting renewable electricity into valuable chemicals and fuels. This study proposes a novel solar-based methanol production system to decarbonize an existing power plant through a case study. The system integrates a copper-chlorine (Cu-Cl) thermochemical water-splitting cycle as a promising technology for sustainable hydrogen production with an oxy-fuel combined cycle power plant to determine if it can create e-methanol at a lower cost than alternative methanol production technologies. The power-to-methanol (PtM) system is modeled to establish its technical framework. Subsequently, hourly dynamic simulations are performed, and the effect of real-world solar conditions on the annual system performance is investigated, considering meteorological data. It is demonstrated that the system can produce hydrogen and methanol at competitive production costs while featuring lower operating expenses (OPEX) due to lower electricity consumption than conventional electrolysis methods. Moreover, the surplus electricity produced from the integrated gas turbine and steam Rankine cycles can be sold to the grid and increase the economic performance of the proposed PtM system. The considered system operates optimally at the design direct normal irradiance (DNI) of 881 W/m². Under these conditions, the cost of hydrogen and e-methanol is about $5.5/kg and $1,531/tonne. The CO₂ emissions analysis also reveals that the proposed system utilizes 32 % of the annually captured CO₂ (1.3 kgCO₂/kgMeOH). With analysts projecting the carbon price to increase to around $186/tCO₂ by 2035, the levelized cost of methanol (LCOM) would decrease to $1,291/tonne, enhancing the cost-competitiveness of e-methanol production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 119787"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-scale numerical framework of PEM water electrolyzer with pore-scale transport properties of PTL","authors":"Jianlin Fu,&nbsp;Zhiguo Qu,&nbsp;Jianfei Zhang,&nbsp;Hui Wang,&nbsp;Guobin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mismatched microstructure design between the porous transport layer (PTL) and performance requirements in proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) directly induces local overheating and high overpotential, posing critical challenges to safe and efficient operation. However, there is a lack of methods that integrate the pore-scale electrical, thermal, and mass transport characteristics of the PTL with the macroscopic electrolyzer performance. In this study, a cross-scale numerical framework based on ANSYS Fluent and CFD code is proposed coupled with PTL transport characteristics, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of both microscopic and macroscopic performance for electrolyzers incorporating different PTL structures. Based on the framework, the effects of different PTL structural parameters on electrolyzer performance are analyzed from the perspectives of transport coefficients, contact resistance, and two-phase evolution. Results show that increasing fiber diameter from 20 μm to 60 μm improves mass transfer but significantly reduces thermal conductivity and electronic conductivity in the through-plane, with anisotropy ratios rising from 2 to 5. Additionally, oxygen transport in the PTL is jointly determined by local bubble nucleation sites and pore characteristics of the PTL, requiring 16.9 ms for Oxygen breakthrough through the last fiber layer. Furthermore, a PTL selection spectrum of different fiber diameters and porosities is reported by integrating the microscopic PTL transport characteristics with the macroscopic multi-physical performance of electrolyzers. The spectrum includes 5 control regions and a lower cell voltage of 2.12 V at 2 A/cm² can be achieved in the neutral region. This study is expected to provide helpful guidelines for the targeted design of PTL structures and the performance optimization for future large-scale electrolyzers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11664,"journal":{"name":"Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 119771"},"PeriodicalIF":9.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}