IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140350

Yanli Feng, Enbo Zhang, Bofeng Bai

{"title":"The aero-thermodynamic design of supercritical CO2 radial turbine based on the particle swarm optimization and vortex competitive mechanism","authors":"Yanli Feng, Enbo Zhang, Bofeng Bai","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140350","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO<sub>2</sub>) radial inflow turbine (RIT) is a critical component in advanced power cycles. However, its design is challenged by the complexity of thermophysical properties of S-CO<sub>2</sub> and the interdependent nature of key empirical parameters. This study establishes a robust one-dimensional aero-thermodynamic design methodology for S-CO<sub>2</sub> RITs, integrating an optimized loss model correlation with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The PSO algorithm was then employed to automate the synergistic optimization of five critical dimensionless parameters: reaction degree, flow coefficient, velocity ratio, incidence angle, and radius ratio. The application of this framework to a 350 kW case study demonstrated a significant performance enhancement, achieving a 1.67% increase in total-static efficiency and a 2.03% gain in output power compared to a baseline design. Flow field analysis revealed that the optimized design, characterized by a higher reaction degree and increased blade height, effectively suppresses tip leakage flow and mitigates the adverse coupling between tip leakage vortices (TLVs) and secondary flows by leveraging controlled vortex interactions. This mechanism fundamentally reduces passage and clearance losses, thereby validating the proposed multi-parameter optimization approach as a powerful tool for the high-performance design of S-CO<sub>2</sub> RITs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140350"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A lotus-optimized Radial basis function framework for explainable and energy-efficient battery health prediction in electric vehicles 电动汽车可解释和节能电池健康预测的莲花优化径向基函数框架

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140419

Hemanthasai Madugula , Aishvaria Gorityala , Sujit Singh , Venkata Reddy Muppani , Sudha Radhika

{"title":"A lotus-optimized Radial basis function framework for explainable and energy-efficient battery health prediction in electric vehicles","authors":"Hemanthasai Madugula , Aishvaria Gorityala , Sujit Singh , Venkata Reddy Muppani , Sudha Radhika","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are central to modern electric mobility, yet accurate health prediction remains challenging due to nonlinear degradation, thermal variability, and noisy operational data. This study presents a novel hybrid framework—the Lotus-based Radial Basis Function (LbRBF) model—which integrates the bio-inspired Lotus Optimization Algorithm (LOA) with Radial Basis Function Neural Networks (RBFNNs) for intelligent, adaptive, and computationally efficient battery health prediction. Trained on real-world NASA and Oxford EV battery datasets, LbRBF achieved an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.988, RMSE of 9.90%, and MAE of 0.49%, outperforming state-of-the-art models such as LSTM, CNN, and SVM by up to 12.5% in prediction accuracy. The model demonstrates high computational efficiency, achieving 730 inferences/s with only 3.6 × 10<sup>5</sup> FLOPs, indicating suitability for low-latency applications<strong>.</strong> Although experimental validation was conducted on an Intel i7 CPU and NVIDIA RTX 3060 GPU, the low computational complexity suggests promising adaptability to resource-constrained embedded BMS platforms, pending dedicated hardware-level validation. Additionally, SHAP-based explainability provides insights into dominant degradation factors, including temperature and overcharge rate, improving model transparency. By combining high predictive accuracy, energy-efficient operation, and interpretability, the proposed LbRBF framework offers a scalable solution for next-generation electric vehicles and smart energy storage systems, enabling proactive battery management, optimized charging strategies, and extended battery lifespan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140419"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Two-stage coordinated transportation-energy scheduling with fair profit allocation in multi-port integrated energy systems 多港口综合能源系统中两阶段协调运输-利润公平分配的能源调度

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140058

Yantao Sun, Yujia Guo, Ruoting Xu, Youwei Jia

{"title":"Two-stage coordinated transportation-energy scheduling with fair profit allocation in multi-port integrated energy systems","authors":"Yantao Sun, Yujia Guo, Ruoting Xu, Youwei Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of transportation and energy systems is a defining feature of next-generation port integrated energy system (PIES). However, the cooperative operation and equitable profit allocation across multi-port integrated energy system (MPIES) remain underexplored. To address this gap, this paper proposes a novel two-stage coordinated scheduling framework for MPIES alliance. In the first stage, a shared berth allocation model is developed to minimize total berthing costs by redistributing ships from congested to underutilized ports. In the second stage, an integrated energy scheduling model is developed, enabling peer-to-peer electricity trading among MPIES. Furthermore, the model utilizes shipboard flexible resources, including onboard load demand response (ODR) and ship-to-grid (S2G). To ensure fair profit allocation, a composite bargaining index (CBI) is developed to quantify each PIES's marginal contributions to transportation coordination and energy sharing. Based on this, an asymmetric Nash bargaining model is applied. Case studies demonstrate that the proposed method reduces ship waiting times by 26.3 %, increases berth utilization by 4.2 %, and achieves a fairer profit distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140058"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Systemic risk spillovers between fossil and clean energy under climate risks: New evidence from a multi-moment connectedness network 气候风险下化石能源和清洁能源之间的系统性风险溢出：来自多时刻连通性网络的新证据

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.139800

Yan Cao , Zongyou Zhang , Yilei Chen , Sheng Cheng

{"title":"Systemic risk spillovers between fossil and clean energy under climate risks: New evidence from a multi-moment connectedness network","authors":"Yan Cao , Zongyou Zhang , Yilei Chen , Sheng Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.139800","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.139800","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate-related physical and transition risks have become key forces shaping cross-market linkages and systemic vulnerabilities during the global shift from fossil to clean energy. This study examines how the two types of climate risk, both independently and jointly, drive multi-moment spillovers between fossil and clean energy markets and amplify systemic risk. Using returns, volatility, skewness, and kurtosis extracted from the GJRSK model, a higher-order moment connectedness network is constructed within a TVP-VAR framework, and spillovers are decomposed into within- and cross-moment as well as within- and cross-category dimensions. Nonlinear causality tests, together with wavelet and partial wavelet coherence analyses, are further employed to assess the time-frequency effects of physical and transition risks, while allowing for their interaction. The results show that systemic risk diffusion is primarily driven by cross-moment spillovers, with kurtosis and volatility playing a key role. Clean energy markets exhibit stronger internal connectedness than fossil energy markets, while cross-category spillovers primarily flow from fossil to clean energy. Physical and transition risks interact significantly, and transition risk persistently strengthens cross-moment and cross-category connectedness at longer horizons. In contrast, the independent effect of physical risk becomes weak once transition risk is controlled for. These findings disentangle the cross-moment and cross-category mechanisms through which PRI-TRI interactions reshape energy-market spillovers and amplify systemic fragility during the transition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 139800"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic modeling of interregional carbon emission transfers and mitigation responsibilities 区域间碳排放转移和减缓责任的动态建模

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140361

Mengyu Zhai , Shuai Su , Yifan Gu , Lirong Liu , Yufeng Wu

{"title":"Dynamic modeling of interregional carbon emission transfers and mitigation responsibilities","authors":"Mengyu Zhai , Shuai Su , Yifan Gu , Lirong Liu , Yufeng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evaluating the carbon emissions embodied in electricity transmission often proves inaccurate and incomplete, necessitating a refined approach. Based on the inseparable linkages between energy usage and carbon emissions, a network approach is developed in this study to calculate the emissions across regional electricity transmission and determine relevant emission mitigation responsibilities. The emission factors are revised to track the real sources of emissions. In detail, the consumption-based, income-based, consumption-driven production-based and income-driven production-based CO<sub>2</sub> flows among provinces are first identified. The pairwise contribution rates are calculated to compare the responsibilities of the regions triggered by different accounting standards. A three-level responsibility assessment framework is presented to illustrate the attribution of emission reduction responsibilities. In accordance with the emission reduction targets, several intervention measures from three perspectives in each region are conducted to achieve coordinated development within the system. China Southern Power Grid is selected as a case study to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the model. The results show that Guangdong has transferred the largest amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions to Guizhou and Yunnan at the final demand level. Guizhou has the lowest responsibility for emission reductions and it is not sensitive to the interventions from the production side, but is highly sensitive to the interventions from consumption and income sides. Emission reduction measures at the production level in other regions could effectively increase Guangdong's emission reduction responsibilities, but they cannot simultaneously improve Guizhou's emission reduction responsibilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140361"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using fuzzy cognitive maps to couple energy and social system models in planning urban low-carbon energy transition 城市低碳能源转型规划中能源与社会系统模型的模糊认知映射耦合

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140347

Zhenyu Shi , Zhi Wei Ngion , Weiqi Li , Maximilian Arras , Xingyuan Yang , Linwei Ma , Zheng Li

{"title":"Using fuzzy cognitive maps to couple energy and social system models in planning urban low-carbon energy transition","authors":"Zhenyu Shi , Zhi Wei Ngion , Weiqi Li , Maximilian Arras , Xingyuan Yang , Linwei Ma , Zheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In urban low-carbon energy transition planning, coupling physics-based energy models and relationships-based social models has become a frontier. However, limited amounts of previous studies face challenges, as the results being plagued by stakeholders’ dependence and difficulties in achieving soft connections. This paper introduces Energy systems-Sustainability-Governance-Operation (ESGO) Conceptual Framework to describe energy-society relationships and uses Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM) to establish a quantitative relationship between energy and social models for simulation, providing a new approach. Firstly, a conceptual framework is developed to describe the Coordination Cycle in multi-level governments and the Innovation Cycle between enterprises and research institutes. Then a five-step general method is proposed: 1) proposing a conceptual framework, 2) system modelling, 3) planning goals coordination, 4) action plans coordination, 5) selection of action plans and policy implications. A case study on the Shanxi Transformation and Comprehensive Reform Demonstration Zone (STCRD Zone) demonstrates the feasibility of the method. The results indicate that this method can interpret how to balance economic and low-carbon goals, and energy saving and electrification schemes from a new perspective. In this case, low-carbon development can contribute to long-term economic growth, otherwise the latter will be dragged down by higher costs of delayed emission reduction. Energy saving scenario (E1) saves an average of 71.0% in convergence steps compared to electrification scenario (E2) and increases the completion ratio of economic goals by 5.6%. Only energy saving coupled low-carbon coordination scenario (E1-S3) can simultaneously achieve economic and carbon emission goals, providing policy implications from the dynamic iteration delay.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140347"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Floating offshore wind sector development in the mediterranean: Economic, employment and social analysis 地中海浮式海上风电行业发展：经济、就业和社会分析

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140389

Domiziana Vespasiano , Lorenzo Villani , Antonio Sgaramella , Lorenzo Mario Pastore , Davide Astiaso Garcia , Livio de Santoli

{"title":"Floating offshore wind sector development in the mediterranean: Economic, employment and social analysis","authors":"Domiziana Vespasiano , Lorenzo Villani , Antonio Sgaramella , Lorenzo Mario Pastore , Davide Astiaso Garcia , Livio de Santoli","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Floating offshore wind (FOW) is emerging as a pivotal option for countries characterized by deep-water basins, where fixed-bottom technologies are not viable. Yet, the Mediterranean context still lacks integrated assessments for FOW. The objective of the present study is twofold: firstly, to quantify short- and medium-term costs, full-time equivalent (FTE) employees, and social acceptability of developing FOW in the Italian and Mediterranean context; and secondly, to assess the impact of national targets. The analysis adopts an integrated and replicable framework that combines techno-economic modelling, assessment of direct, indirect and induced employment, and public-acceptance evaluation, validated through a deep literature review and continuous consultation with stakeholders. Short-term capital expenditure is estimated in a range of 4.85-5.91 M€/MW, declining in the medium-term up to 4.13 M€/MW as learning, supply-chain maturation and port-hub industrialization materialise. Correspondingly, the levelized cost of energy ranges from 150 to 280 €/MWh in the short term and from 125 to 200 euro per MWh in the medium term. The FOW manufacturing, installation and construction phases have the potential to generate 14.4 kFTE/GW, whereas operations sustain approximately 1 kFTE/GW per year. Supply-chain localization is crucial, with a domestic-production pathway retaining 77% of potential employment, compared with 39% in import-reliant scenarios. This study demonstrates that FOW power industry has the potential to generate billions in investment, high added value and tens of thousands of employees. Yet, this potential can only be realised through the implementation of an integrated vision that combines policy, training, energy planning and infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140389"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study on the hydrodynamic characteristics of a six-nozzle ultra-large capacity Pelton turbine during the switching of the operating nozzles 六喷嘴超大容量水轮机工作喷嘴切换时的水动力特性研究

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140328

Xiao-Dong Wang , Xuan Wang , Shao-Dang Hu, Wen-Quan Wang, Yan Yan

{"title":"Study on the hydrodynamic characteristics of a six-nozzle ultra-large capacity Pelton turbine during the switching of the operating nozzles","authors":"Xiao-Dong Wang , Xuan Wang , Shao-Dang Hu, Wen-Quan Wang, Yan Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The evolving demands of modern power systems impose stricter requirements on the load-following capabilities of hydropower units. Pelton turbines, in response to load adjustments, typically switch the operating nozzles to maintain high hydraulic efficiency. However, the hydrodynamic characteristics during this transitional process remain poorly understood. To address this gap, this study employs a coupled one-dimensional method of characteristics (MOC) and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method to investigate the transient process during switching of the operating nozzles of Pelton turbine. Specifically, this study investigates the influence of nozzle opening control schemes on flow field, pressure distribution, and external characteristics. The results reveal that, at small nozzle openings, pressure fluctuations in the water supply system become more intense, with a maximum peak-to-peak <em>C</em><sub><em>p</em></sub> of 0.065. These fluctuations further induce fluctuations in the torque and radial force of runner, their maximum values are 3.8 and 2.7 times those under steady operating conditions, respectively. Moreover, the dominant frequency of pressure fluctuations on the bucket is 6<em>f</em><sub>n</sub> under six-nozzle and four-nozzle operating, whereas with four nozzles, the characteristic frequencies is also including 2<em>f</em><sub>n</sub>, and 4<em>f</em><sub>n</sub>. Notably, when nozzles are actuated simultaneously in on/off operations, the resulting pressure fluctuations are significantly mitigated, and both the flow rate and torque exhibit a more linear response, which is a recommended nozzle switching mode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140328"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A hard-constrained physics-informed neural network for localized digital twin modeling 面向局部数字孪生模型的硬约束物理信息神经网络

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140379

Yanjie Kang , Jun Yang , Yuan Zhou , Yuan Yuan , Sulin Qin , Yong Li , Yupeng Yang

{"title":"A hard-constrained physics-informed neural network for localized digital twin modeling","authors":"Yanjie Kang , Jun Yang , Yuan Zhou , Yuan Yuan , Sulin Qin , Yong Li , Yupeng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Constructing high-fidelity, real-time 3D digital twins for critical local regions is essential for the safe operation of advanced nuclear energy systems. However, conventional CFD-based full-order models are computationally expensive and struggle to meet real-time simulation demands, while mainstream data-driven reduced-order models suffer from weak interpretability and poor extrapolation capabilities. Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) offer a promising approach for integrating physical principles with data, yet the prevalent soft-constraint paradigm faces limitations such as inadequate strict enforcement of physical laws, difficulties in balancing loss weights, and challenges in handling missing boundary information in local modeling. To address these issues, this study proposes a novel hard-constrained PINN method. The core of this approach lies in reconstructing the pressure Poisson equation into an explicit algebraic relationship between velocity and pressure mode coefficients via proper orthogonal decomposition and Galerkin projection, which is embedded into the neural network's forward propagation process, ensuring strict adherence to physical laws. Validation on an unsteady 3D finite square cylinder flow case demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed method over soft-constrained approaches: it reduces the extrapolation mean absolute error by 48.1%, with enhanced robustness; achieves faster, more stable convergence with 20.6% fewer training epochs and reduced sensitivity to physical weights; and saves 30.2% in prediction time while achieving comparable accuracy with a more lightweight network. This study provides a reliable and efficient technical pathway for constructing high-dimensional localized digital twins with limited boundary information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140379"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrated CFD modeling and experimental validation of single-phase immersion cooling for data center thermal management 数据中心热管理单相浸入式冷却集成CFD建模与实验验证

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2026-03-15 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.140315

Bo Zhang , Hongrui Li , Tiexiao Xu , Lu Wang , Liang Chen , Zhen Li

{"title":"Integrated CFD modeling and experimental validation of single-phase immersion cooling for data center thermal management","authors":"Bo Zhang , Hongrui Li , Tiexiao Xu , Lu Wang , Liang Chen , Zhen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.140315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Driven by the escalating power densities of modern servers, single-phase immersion cooling has emerged as a critical thermal management paradigm. However, the absence of a systematic methodology for selecting optimal coolants and components remains a significant challenge. This study addresses this gap by proposing a holistic framework that integrates theoretical analysis, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and experimental validation. First, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of oil-based and fluorocarbon-based coolants were scrutinized through boundary layer theory and the field synergy principle. Concurrently, a novel Heat Dissipation Coefficient (HDC) was formulated to quantitatively evaluate coolant performance. Second, the thermo-hydraulic behavior of a standard 1U server was rigorously evaluated via CFD simulations and validated on a dedicated experimental platform. Building upon this, heat sink geometries were optimized using a hybrid CFD-Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach. Third, a novel tank architecture was engineered to mitigate flow maldistribution. The Realizable <em>k</em>-ε model and the SST <em>k</em>-ω model were respectively employed for server flow simulations and ribbed structure optimization. The results demonstrated that the HDC index provided a high-fidelity assessment of coolant performance, aligning closely with CFD data while significantly reducing computational overhead. Comparative analysis revealed that fluorocarbon coolants exhibited superior thermal performance over silicone oil. The optimized heat sink achieved a Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC) of 2.05, while the redesigned tank structure reduced flow maldistribution by 85%. Finally, a 1000-h compatibility test confirmed the long-term operational reliability of the SS110 coolant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"347 ","pages":"Article 140315"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Energy最新文献