Energy最新文献

{"title":"Operational flexibility assessment of a novel separated pumped hydro energy storage system based on residual-load coordination in multi-nozzle Pelton units","authors":"Haoru Zhao ,&nbsp;Mogan Chu ,&nbsp;Baoshan Zhu ,&nbsp;Ronglong Xu ,&nbsp;Lei Tan ,&nbsp;Yonglin Qin ,&nbsp;Jiaxing Lu ,&nbsp;Lei Chen ,&nbsp;Haiku Zhang ,&nbsp;Jin Pu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141215","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141215","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ultra-high-head separated pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) schemes rely on multi-nozzle Pelton units for flexible regulation, but unsteady jet–bucket interactions can generate residual hydrodynamic loads that restrict the admissible operating range. This study combines theoretical analysis with validated simulations of a 21-bucket Pelton runner to clarify the evolution of jet-induced resultant forces under ultra-low-load single-nozzle operation and multi-nozzle operation with 1–6 active nozzles. Under single-nozzle operation at 5–20% rated output, the time-averaged resultant force increases linearly with discharge, and a predictive model is established to estimate the residual load directly from the flow rate. Under multi-nozzle operation with fixed discharge per nozzle, the mean resultant force is classified into three severity levels: severe imbalance for 1 and 5-nozzle modes, moderate imbalance for 2 and 4-nozzle modes, and near-balanced behaviour for 3 and 6-nozzle modes. In the classical 6-nozzle/21-bucket layout, a characteristic antipodal imbalance induced by a half-bucket phase shift is identified. To generalise this mechanism, a GCD-based phase-matching criterion is proposed, showing that better periodic force matching is achieved when the greatest common divisor of nozzle number and bucket number is at least 3. These findings provide a physically transparent framework for selecting nozzle configurations and operating modes while limiting residual hydrodynamic loads in flexible Pelton-based PHES operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 141215"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Evaluation of Industrial Pollution Impact on Photovoltaic System Performance and Machine Learning Application","authors":"Murat Aydın ,&nbsp;Muhammet Kayfeci","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, the rapid increase in energy requirements has scaled up the demand for photovoltaic (PV) panels in parallel with technological improvements and their cost benefits. In Solar Power Plants (SPP), maintenance and cleaning processes carried out during the operation cycles play critical roles in the long-term performance of photovoltaic (PV) panels, as much as system design and feasibility analyses. Dust and industrial pollutant accumulation on the PV panel surface over time prevent solar radiation from reaching the cells, resulting in significant losses in electrical efficiency. This study presents experimentally the effect of industrial pollution that has occurred over the years on the performance of PV panels of a power plant installed in an industrial region. Two of the fully polluted 250 W polycrystalline solar panels were selected randomly. One of the panels was thoroughly cleaned, whereas the latter remained dirty, with pollution levels of 75%, 60%, 45%, 30%, and 15% sequentially. In the experiments, PV solar panels were oriented at a 25° angle using the same mechanical structure, and the effects of various pollution levels on electrical performance were evaluated comparatively. As a result, the electrical efficiency losses were observed as 45%, 39%, 38%, and 34.8% with respect to the pollution levels of 75%, 60%, 45%, 30%, and 15%, respectively. Additionally, the back temperature varied between 44°C and 48°C for the fully cleaned panel, whereas it ranged from 42°C to 45°C for panels with various pollution levels. In terms of pollutant analysis, it was determined that iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) was the most dominant contaminant, accounting for 37.37%, followed by calcium oxide (CaO) at 29.30%. Furthermore, the Gradient Boosting and Multi-Layer Perceptron models demonstrated superior prediction performance, achieving <em>R</em>^<em>2</em> scores above 90% and the lowest <em>RMSE</em>, <em>MAE</em>, and <em>MSE</em> scores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 141150"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Digital Infrastructure and Firm-Level Energy Consumption: Evidence from China’s Manufacturing Sector","authors":"Zhixiang Yin ,&nbsp;Ruguo Fan ,&nbsp;Yitong Wang ,&nbsp;Liu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and the accelerating low-carbon transition, sustainable digital infrastructure has emerged as a critical physical foundation for improving energy management efficiency. Using panel data from manufacturing firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share markets in China over the period 2012-2024, this study employs a generalized continuous difference-in-differences (DID) model to systematically examine the impact of sustainable digital infrastructure on corporate energy consumption. The results show that sustainable digital infrastructure significantly reduces firms’ energy consumption. Mechanism analysis further reveals that this effect operates through two distinct channels: the promotion of disruptive green innovation and the enhancement of AI innovation. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the energy-saving effect is highly context-dependent. It is more pronounced among firms located in regions benefiting from cross-regional computing power reallocation (eastern regions), and among firms characterized by lower climate risk exposure, lower levels of digital washing, and stronger absorptive capacity. In contrast, the effect is relatively weaker under the opposite conditions. Overall, this study extends the literature on digital infrastructure and corporate energy management by providing micro-level evidence on the energy-saving effects of sustainable digital infrastructure. It also offers policy-relevant insights for emerging economies seeking to advance low-carbon transitions through the development of green digital infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 141277"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shaft seal leakage-affected off-design performance, safety margins and control strategy evaluation of recompression supercritical CO2 direct cooled reactor Brayton cycle","authors":"Bo Lu ,&nbsp;Shijie Zhang ,&nbsp;Erguang Huo ,&nbsp;Yujie Yu ,&nbsp;Rui Huang ,&nbsp;Jianyong Yin ,&nbsp;Shukun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141282","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141282","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂) Brayton cycle is a promising power conversion technology for advanced nuclear reactors due to its high efficiency, compactness, and load-following capability. However, shaft seal leakage under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions markedly degrade cycle performance and pose coupled challenges to thermal safety and operational stability, particularly under off-design conditions. In this study, an off-design model of a recompression sCO₂ direct cooled reactor Brayton cycle is developed to evaluate leakage effects, control strategies, and safety margins. Labyrinth seal leakage is incorporated, and a multi-layer iterative solution scheme is employed to ensure thermodynamic consistency under off-design conditions. The off-design performances of coaxial-shaft and split-shaft configurations are systematically compared in terms of thermal efficiency, net power output, and operating flexibility. Allowable leakage rates are evaluated against key safety constraints, including coolant, cladding, and fuel temperatures, as well as compressor stability limits. Five representative individual control strategies, rotational speed, inventory, turbine inlet pressure, turbine inlet temperature, and turbine bypass control are assessed over a wide load range, and segmented hybrid strategies are proposed by combining the best-performing control methods in each load region to enhance efficiency and operational robustness. In addition, the impact of leakage gas reinjection location is examined by accounting for the associated compression and heating work. The results indicate that the split-shaft configuration exhibits superior off-design adaptability due to decoupled rotational speeds. Turbine inlet pressure control is more effective at low-to-medium loads, while turbine inlet temperature control performs better at high loads. The proposed hybrid strategies enhance operational flexibility and sustain efficiency over wide range of variable-load conditions compared to individual control methods. Additionally, reinjecting leaked CO₂ at low-pressure locations helps minimize performance losses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 141282"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging warm starts and truck-based flexibility for efficient congestion management in Integrated Electricity-Hydrogen Systems","authors":"Haizhou Liu,&nbsp;Ye Ding,&nbsp;Yuanshi Zhang,&nbsp;Qinran Hu,&nbsp;Zaijun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing integration of hydrogen energy systems with electrical power grids introduces considerable operational complexities, particularly in relation to the physical limitations of hydrogen transmission such as pipeline congestion. To address these challenges, this study develops an optimal scheduling framework for an Integrated Electricity-Hydrogen System (IEHS) that, for the first time, incorporates hydrogen truck transportation as a flexible and dispatchable resource for the proactive management of pipeline congestion. The inherently complex and nonconvex scheduling problem is reformulated as a tractable Mixed-Integer Second-Order Cone Programming (MISOCP) model. In addition, a relax-and-repair warm start algorithm is proposed to enhance the computational tractability of this large-scale optimization problem. Results indicate that the truck coordination strategy reduces the peak hydrogen flow in congested pipelines to 30%–50% of constrained levels and facilitates a more cost-effective re-dispatch across the entire system. Furthermore, the proposed relax-and-repair warm start algorithm reduces the total computation time by 18% to 35% in various scenarios, without compromising the optimality of the solution. These findings demonstrate that the proposed model and algorithm offer a robust and efficient approach to achieve efficient congestion management and stronger operational security of the IEHS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 141255"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamic performance of the integrated system composed of a cylindrical heaving WEC array and multi-arch type breakwater","authors":"Yuhan Wang ,&nbsp;Sheng Dong ,&nbsp;Adrian Wing-Keung Law","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Optimizing the structural form and array layout of breakwaters as the foundation of integrated systems is crucial for achieving deeper integration optimization and reducing the Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of wave energy converters (WECs). This study focuses on an integrated system combining a heaving WEC array with a multi-arc perforated breakwater. A three-dimensional analytical model based on linear potential flow theory was developed to resolve the hydrodynamic interactions among the system units and was validated using the wave energy conservation law. The analysis begins by evaluating the wave-concentrating performance and wave reflection of the multi-arc type breakwater, followed by a comparative study and a parametric study concerning array spacing and the unit number. The results indicate a strong positive correlation between the energy capture performance of each integrated system unit and the wave amplitudes within the corresponding wave-concentrating chamber. Compared to a WEC array deployed in front of a vertical breakwater, the proposed integrated system exhibits significantly superior wave energy capture performance at low frequencies, attributed to piston-mode resonance within the chambers, and demonstrates less sensitivity to variations in the wave incident angle. Furthermore, the system reduces the average wave amplitude in the waveward region by more than 15% and simultaneously lowers the horizontal wave forces acting on the WECs. Under perpendicular wave incidence, array effects enhance the energy capture performance, yielding a maximum mean interaction factor of 1.96. It is also shown that selecting a moderate inter-unit array spacing ensures a robust and balanced overall system performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 141247"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulic Instability in Francis Turbines: A Case Study on Wide Operation of 175 MW Prototype","authors":"Lei Tang ,&nbsp;Xiu Wang ,&nbsp;Wen-Quan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Francis turbine has been operated across a wide range of load conditions to regulate renewable energy, hydraulic instability arising from off-design operation remains a central concern. This study employs numerical methods to examine the internal flow characteristics of a Francis turbine under various operating conditions, focusing on three main aspects: i) hydrodynamic characteristics, ii) flow distribution, and iii) pressure pulsations. Results indicate that the horseshoe vortex within stay vane enlarges with increasing load from the rated power (Pr) of 10% to 100% Pr, exerting a stronger stagnation effect on the flow entering the guide vane region. The formation of a columnar vortex structure within the runner is responsible for the drastic drop in efficiency from 0.94 to 0.72 when operation falls below 30% Pr. The primary challenge to stable operation remains pressure oscillation within the runner induced by the stator-rotor interaction at 14 <em>f/f</em>_<em>n</em>. e.g., a maximum pressure amplitude coefficient <em>C</em>_<em>p</em> of 19.50% at 10% Pr, followed by a notable value of 13.91% at 20% Pr. Furthermore, at higher loads (40% ¾ 50% Pr), radial force rises significantly, increasing by 401% at 40% Pr compared with 100% Pr, while pressure pulsation shifts to a low frequency (0.22 <em>f/f</em>_<em>n</em>), caused by draft tube vortex. In accordance with the operating criteria of the prototype Francis turbine, a feasible operating range of 70% ¾ 100% Pr can only be maintained by evaluating the pressure pulsation peak coefficient (<em>C</em>_<em>pe</em>).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 141234"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The vibration mechanism of a parked wind turbine in a sheared inflow field","authors":"Xiaoyun Han ,&nbsp;Xiangjun Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Luo ,&nbsp;Peng Hu ,&nbsp;Yan Han","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study numerically investigates the vibration responses and underlying mechanisms of a parked National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) wind turbine in a sheared inflow field, utilizing the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach coupled with the Shear Stress Transport (SST) <em>k</em>-<em>ω</em> turbulent model, neglecting the effects of turbulent fluctuations in the oncoming wind. The results indicate that at a yaw angle <span><math></math></span> = 45°, periodic vortex shedding occurs near the blade tip, with its frequency increasing approximately linearly with the inflow velocity. A significant 1^st collective flapwise vibration is triggered when the vortex-shedding frequency approaches the blade’s corresponding natural frequency, resulting in a maximum root-mean-square amplitude of 0.45 m and a peak amplitude of 0.81 m. With further increases in wind speed, the dominant vibration mode of the blade transitions sequentially from the 1^st collective flapwise mode to the 1^st flapwise tilt mode. Moreover, the vortex-induced vibration of one blade will excite strong coupled vibrations in the other two blades. These coupled flapwise vibrations further induce notable side-side oscillations in the tower. Finally, the vibration responses of both the blades and tower are highly sensitive to the blade damping ratio but only moderately influenced by the tower damping ratio. These findings confirm that the global dynamic behavior of the wind turbine is primarily governed by blade aerodynamics and structural coupling effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 141145"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexibility through thermal energy storage: cost-effective electrification of European district heating networks","authors":"Alexander Burkhardt ,&nbsp;Miriam Frömel ,&nbsp;Gerda Deac ,&nbsp;Anna Billerbeck","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate-neutral energy systems require flexibility to integrate variable renewable energy while meeting seasonal heat demand. We integrate tank thermal energy storage (TTES) and pit thermal energy storage (PTES) with dynamic self-discharge modelling in the European energy system model Enertile to address gaps in existing studies that rely on static efficiency assumptions. We analyse three main scenarios for 2050: (1) a baseline without thermal energy storage (TES), (2) a scenario with TTES, and (3) a scenario with PTES deployment. Our results show that TES enables deeper district heating electrification: Heat pump generation increases by 46%, hydrogen boilers are replaced, and biomass capacity is reduced by 51%. Contrary to static-efficiency studies that predict seasonal operation, PTES operates in monthly cycles and TTES in biweekly cycles. TES shifts Power-to-Heat electricity consumption to low electricity-cost periods, reduces curtailment, and decreases system costs. Overall, the results highlight TES as a highly valuable infrastructure for cost-efficient sector coupling in a climate-neutral European energy system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 141177"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of thermal comfort, energy consumption, and carbon emissions in climate-adaptive MPCMs used for building envelopes across 11 cities with continental climate","authors":"Zhuonan Yao ,&nbsp;Wantong Lu ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinyu Wang ,&nbsp;Lihua Zhu ,&nbsp;Yan Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141160","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2026.141160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve the synergistic optimization of thermal comfort, energy consumption, and carbon emissions, the microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs)-reinforced fast-growing <em>Eucommia ulmoides</em> (EU) fibers concrete composite walls (MPCMs-EUWs) were designed and evaluated in 11 representative cities across the Dfa/Dwb and Dfb/Dwb climate zones. The year-round thermal comfort and sustainability simulations were performed. The effects of MPCMs with varying phase change temperatures (18 °C, 24 °C, 28 °C, 32 °C, and 37 °C) on the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), total operational energy consumption, and carbon emissions were evaluated. Simulation results showed that, among MPCMs with varying phase change temperatures, PMV was effectively modulated by the optimal composite strategies. For the cities of Chicago, Beijing, Seoul, Almaty, Ottawa, Moscow, Helsinki, Calgary, Vladivostok and Warsaw, the comfortable PMV range of -1.1–0.0 was achieved by MPCMs18-EUWs, and the range of 0.1–+1.9 was achieved by MPCMs32-EUWs/MPCMs37-EUWs. Furthermore, substantial reductions in the minimum monthly operational energy consumption (15.37–27.19 MJ/m²) and carbon emissions (0.37–4.65 kgCO₂/m²) were achieved in these 10 cities. Although this primary strategy was effective for most cities, region-specific tailored composite strategy of MPCMs28-EUWs, MPCMs24-EUWs, and MPCMs37-EUWs was identified for Bucharest. In addition, a novel energy-PMV synergy index is first proposed to quantify the synergistic effect of thermal comfort and total operational energy consumption. In summary, this work provides a strategy for selecting thermal comfort, energy-efficient, and low-carbon building materials in 11 representative cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"356 ","pages":"Article 141160"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147827400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}