IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137534

Xiaoqiong Zuo , Zhimin Wu , Chuan Jin

{"title":"An efficient biogas-assisted Brayton cycle combined with a trigeneration plant with power, heat, water, and methanol outputs: Design and multi-criteria analysis","authors":"Xiaoqiong Zuo , Zhimin Wu , Chuan Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing sustainability challenges in high-temperature power generation, this study proposes a novel thermal design for a biogas-assisted Brayton cycle integrated within a multi-generation framework. The system utilizes preheated fuel and air for combustion and is coupled with a steam methane reforming unit connected to a gas turbine. To enhance energy recovery and overall performance, a supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> cycle and a thermal desalination unit are incorporated in a cascading configuration. Furthermore, a syngas-based methanol production unit is embedded within the SMR subsystem, enabling simultaneous production of electricity, heat, freshwater, and methanol. A comprehensive assessment is performed using thermodynamic, exergoeconomic, and environmental analyses. To determine optimal performance, two bi-objective optimization scenarios, exergy-power and exergy-cost, are conducted using the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. The exergy-power scenario yields superior results, achieving a net power output of 13,018 kW, thermal load of 5855 kW, freshwater production of 2.52 kg/s, and methanol output of 0.491 kg/s. Correspondingly, the system attains thermal and exergy efficiencies of 41.63 % and 33.33 %, a total unit product cost of 8.15 $/GJ, and a payback period of 2.79 years. These results underscore the proposed system's viability as a high-efficiency, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable energy solution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 137534"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impact of corporate climate risk on carbon intensity: Evidence from China 企业气候风险对碳强度的影响：来自中国的证据

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137532

Ying Yan , Tao Lin , Heng Ma

引用次数: 0

Solid packed bed storage-based flexible retrofit solution for power plants: Novel method for multi-heat source contribution analysis and thermal performance regulation 基于固体填料床储能的电厂柔性改造方案：多热源贡献分析和热性能调节的新方法

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137464

Yuelong Cui , Kaijun Jiang , Huimin Wei , Lei Xu , Xiaoze Du

{"title":"Solid packed bed storage-based flexible retrofit solution for power plants: Novel method for multi-heat source contribution analysis and thermal performance regulation","authors":"Yuelong Cui , Kaijun Jiang , Huimin Wei , Lei Xu , Xiaoze Du","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137464","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coupling coal-fired power plants (CFPPs), which have abundant heat sources, with thermal energy storage (TES) is a very promising concept for improving grid reliability. This paper proposes a flexible power source construction route that considers efficiency, flexibility and economy around the multi-heat source integration method, the novel TES system concept and the process control method. Firstly, a novel multi-heat source contribution analysis method is proposed by equivalently combining special cold and hot sources to construct the equivalent cycle. The new method allows visualizing the different heat sources' contributions in the form of vector diagrams. In this way, a simplified construction method for integrated systems with multi-heat sources based on graphical methods can be further proposed. Based on the novel method, a new multi-heat source integrated system is proposed. The results show that the equivalent round-trip efficiency of the novel system based on the two-tank TES (TTES) concept can reach 74.49 %, which is more than 3 % higher than reference system. Analyzing the contribution of different heat sources, the heat extraction effect of two additional heat sources in the novel system can be about 1.3 and 2.3 times better than the reference system, respectively. The innovative integration concept based on the solid packed bed TES (STES) system is evaluated in terms of economy and efficiency. The new regulation method are proposed to ensure the STES integration concept flexibility. The equivalent round-trip efficiency of the novel system based on the STES concept is more than 1.5 % higher than reference system, reaching 57.28 %. Finally, the net present values of different integration concepts are discussed. The net present value of the optimal solution can be about 0.3 %–10 % higher in different scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 137464"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Short-term scheduling strategy of hydro-photovoltaic complementary system under high water level and limited storage conditions of cascade reservoirs in Kashgar 喀什梯级水库高水位限蓄条件下水电光伏互补系统短期调度策略

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137546

Xinying Wang , Zhiqiang Jiang , Yi Liu , Shan Yu , Wenxiong Wu , Qiang Lu , Jia Lu

{"title":"Short-term scheduling strategy of hydro-photovoltaic complementary system under high water level and limited storage conditions of cascade reservoirs in Kashgar","authors":"Xinying Wang , Zhiqiang Jiang , Yi Liu , Shan Yu , Wenxiong Wu , Qiang Lu , Jia Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The large-scale grid integration of photovoltaic (PV) power in Kashgar has brought significant challenges due to its intermittency and volatility. To address this, hydro-PV complementary systems, leveraging the fast regulation and flexible operation of hydropower stations, offer an effective solution. However, hydro-PV complementary dispatching remains underdeveloped in Kashgar, particularly at the end of the flood season, when reservoirs operate at high water levels and inflow is abundant. The integration of PV generation places dual pressure on reservoirs to store water and absorb fluctuating solar energy, often resulting in abandonment of both water and PV power in the absence of effective scheduling. Thus, this paper constructs the hydro-PV complementary scheduling model in Kashgar and extracts the short-term scheduling strategy under high water level operation and limited storage capacity. The main findings are as follows:(1) Compared to traditional cascade reservoir optimization, increases daily power generation by 1.68 %, 1.38 %, and 7.58 % on three typical days while achieving full renewable energy absorption; (2) Within the cascade system, the ARTS reservoir plays a dominant role in short-term regulation, contributing 75 % and 62 % to PV fluctuation smoothing under strong and normal PV output scenarios, respectively; (3) On a seven-day dispatching scale, ensuring full PV integration without water abandonment requires reserving 0.4 m and 2.84 m of dispatchable water level margins at the XBD and ARTS reservoirs, respectively. This study fills a critical research gap regarding hydro-PV complementary scheduling in Kashgar and provides practical decision-making guidance for future multi-energy coordinated operation under high water level and limited regulation capacity conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 137546"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Life cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of jet fuel production and consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯王国喷气燃料生产和消费的生命周期温室气体排放

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137493

Freddy S. Navarro-Pineda , Andres Felipe Guzman

{"title":"Life cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of jet fuel production and consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","authors":"Freddy S. Navarro-Pineda , Andres Felipe Guzman","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper aims to estimate the life cycle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions associated with jet fuel production and consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The system boundaries encompass the Well-To-Wake framework, which is further divided into Well-To-Tank and Tank-To-Wake activities. The Well-To-Tank includes crude oil extraction, transportation, jet fuel production, and distribution, while Tank-To-Wake accounts exclusively for aircraft operation. The results indicate that, under a base case scenario –where almost half of the co-extracted natural gas during oil extraction is utilized for on-site power generation– the mean Well-To-Wake GHG emissions of jet fuel production and consumption in the KSA amounts to 84.74 g CO<sub>2eq</sub>/MJ. This value is 4.79 % lower than the default emission factor for conventional jet fuel (89 g CO<sub>2eq</sub>/MJ), yet 5.79 % higher than the threshold established for Lower-Carbon Aviation Fuel (80.9 g CO<sub>2eq</sub>/MJ). Well-To-Tank activities contribute to 13.8 % of total emissions. By incorporating decarbonization measures in the Well-To-Tank activities, such as better managing co-extracted natural gas during oil extraction or including Carbon Capture Systems, GHG emissions could fall below 80.9 g CO<sub>2eq</sub>/MJ. On the other hand, Tank-To-Wake decarbonization options, such as selecting an appropriate aircraft type or managing the passenger load factor, could also reduce current emissions levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 137493"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Three-layer resilience-aware scheduling framework in a hydrogen-integrated distribution network considering fuel cell electric vehicles 考虑燃料电池汽车的氢集成配电网三层弹性感知调度框架

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137415

Mohammadali Norouzi , Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo , Jamshid Aghaei , Mohammadali Alipour , Reza Ghorbani

{"title":"Three-layer resilience-aware scheduling framework in a hydrogen-integrated distribution network considering fuel cell electric vehicles","authors":"Mohammadali Norouzi , Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo , Jamshid Aghaei , Mohammadali Alipour , Reza Ghorbani","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper introduces a three-layer data-driven resilient strategy designed to optimize the coordinated scheduling of hydrogen-integrated distribution networks. The strategy incorporates a proactive scheduling framework for hydrogen-integrated distribution networks by identifying the regions most impacted by hurricanes, which are among the most frequent natural events. In the first layer, a bi-level feature selection model is developed to identify the region most affected by the hurricane. The model uses statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient, neighborhood component analysis, and the Relief algorithm. Building upon identification of the impacted regions, the planning of the hydrogen-integrated distribution networks is conducted using a two-stage scenario-based stochastic programming with robust concepts. This framework optimizes the siting and sizing of fuel cell electric vehicle charging stations in the second layer of the proposed strategy. The third layer simultaneously minimizes risk and variance by scheduling various resilience resources. The problem is subject to linearized constraints involving regret, the AC optimal power flow equation, and the operational limits of RRs. In the proposed problem, the resilience of the hydrogen-integrated distribution networks for contingency-based scheduling is ensured by the utilization of the proposed proactive readiness index. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling framework, real public datasets are employed in two 33-bus and 69-bus test hydrogen-integrated distribution networks. The numerical results demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed optimization model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 137415"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DBANN: Dual-Branch Attention Neural Networks with hierarchical spatiotemporal-perception for multi-node offshore wind power forecasting 基于分层时空感知的双分支注意力神经网络多节点海上风电预测

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137521

Dan Hu , Fengquan He , Wei Fan , Wenlin Feng

{"title":"DBANN: Dual-Branch Attention Neural Networks with hierarchical spatiotemporal-perception for multi-node offshore wind power forecasting","authors":"Dan Hu , Fengquan He , Wei Fan , Wenlin Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise forecasting of offshore wind power is the basic guarantee for ensuring power grid operation stability and optimizing energy management. Nevertheless, existing approaches struggle to balance multi-scale temporal characteristics, unstructured spatial dependencies, and intertwined spatiotemporal interactions. This study proposed the novel Dual-Branch Attention Neural Networks (DBANN) framework, including a Spatial Branch for capturing spatial correlations, a Temporal Branch for extracting hierarchical features, and a Spatiotemporal Fusion Module to integrate them. Experiments on real-world offshore wind farm data provided evidence for the proposed DBANN model's enhanced performance relative to SOTA models, achieving a 48.67 % reduction in RMSE, 40.30 % in MAE, and 52.85 % in MAPE. Ablation studies validate the contributions of multi-resolution convolutional kernels, dual-graph structures, and feature fusion mechanisms. Moreover, the parallel architecture outperforms cross-configurations, underscoring the significance of independent yet complementary extraction of the spatiotemporal feature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 137521"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analyzing the impact of an increased bioethanol share in the fuel blend for the Brazilian lightweight fleet transportation sector 分析燃料混合物中生物乙醇份额增加对巴西轻型车队运输部门的影响

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137515

V.R.B. Bonini, L.F.P. Lemos, A.R. Starke, A.K. da Silva

{"title":"Analyzing the impact of an increased bioethanol share in the fuel blend for the Brazilian lightweight fleet transportation sector","authors":"V.R.B. Bonini, L.F.P. Lemos, A.R. Starke, A.K. da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137515","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Brazil has a successful record of using sugarcane bioethanol as fuel for the lightweight fleet transportation sector through the so-called <em>flex-fuel</em> internal combustion engines (ICE), which equip over 80 % of Brazil's current fleet. Therefore, and motivated by environmental concerns, i.e., the reduced emissions associated with the use of bioethanol in comparison with gasoline in ICE, this study aims to answer the following question: is it possible to fully power Brazil's lightweight fleet with bioethanol instead of gasoline? To answer this research question, detailed homemade technical and environmental models were developed aiming to determine the actual bioethanol demand and the respective emissions under two main premises: (i) constant energy content and (ii) fixed distance driven. In the former, the volume of bioethanol needed is determined through the low heating value of the blend, while the latter used the fuel economy. The developed models account for the fleet size, bioethanol production per area, gasoline/bioethanol blend fraction and the conversion of sugar into bioethanol. The results indicate that, if the entire lightweight fleet is powered by bioethanol, its demand would increase by over 400 %, and emissions would drop by roughly 70 %. The conversion of sugar can increase bioethanol production by 86.7 %. By increasing the average productivity to about 100 ton<sub>sugarcane</sub>/ha, as already reported, an E100-powered fleet would require doubling the current sugarcane farmed area, which represents an increase from 12.5 % to 37.9 % of Brazil's farmable area. Considering sugar conversion, the area increase is only 10.8 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 137515"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Recent advances in refrigerant circuitry optimization of fin-and-tube heat exchangers for air source heat pump systems 空气源热泵系统翅片管换热器制冷剂回路优化研究进展

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137443

Longxiang Hu , Tong Xiong , Yuqing Yang , Guoqiang Liu , Gang Yan

{"title":"Recent advances in refrigerant circuitry optimization of fin-and-tube heat exchangers for air source heat pump systems","authors":"Longxiang Hu , Tong Xiong , Yuqing Yang , Guoqiang Liu , Gang Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the growing demand for energy efficiency and the promotion of environmental policies, air source heat pumps (ASHPs) have garnered significant attention as energy-saving devices in building energy conservation. Fin-and-tube heat exchangers (FTHXs) are the key components of ASHPs, serving as the interface for heat exchange between the system and external heat sources or sinks. Their performance directly impacts the energy efficiency of ASHP systems. Optimizing the refrigerant circuitry of FTHX has emerged as a critical research focus for enhancing ASHP performance. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive review of the key technological advancements and challenges in circuitry optimization. In the first section, circuitry optimization methods are summarized and analyzed. Firstly, the effect of the non-uniform air velocity distribution on heat pump system performance is examined, and circuitry optimization methods addressing this issue are outlined. Then, circuitry optimization strategies for small-diameter heat exchangers are discussed. Additionally, the variable-circuitry heat exchanger technique aimed at enhancing the overall performance of the ASHP system is introduced. In the second section, four common types of heat exchanger simulation models are summarized, and the crucial role of intelligent algorithms in automating circuitry optimization is emphasized. Algorithm optimization can rapidly generate circuitry configurations that balance thermodynamic performance with manufacturability. In the third section, evaluation methods for circuitry design are discussed, considering thermodynamics, economics and multi-objective optimization. Finally, based on the current research status of circuitry optimization techniques and evaluation indicators, future development trends and improvement measures are proposed. This review aims to provide a guideline for the circuitry optimization of FTHX, thereby advancing the development of high-efficiency ASHP systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137443"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multidimensional signal evolution during nail-penetration-induced thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries with different states of charge: An optical investigation 不同电荷状态下锂离子电池钉子穿透热失控过程中的多维信号演化：光学研究

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137320

Jiabo Zhang , Shuai Li , Qianzhen Guo , Cangsu Xu , Zhen Huang , Dong Han

{"title":"Multidimensional signal evolution during nail-penetration-induced thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries with different states of charge: An optical investigation","authors":"Jiabo Zhang , Shuai Li , Qianzhen Guo , Cangsu Xu , Zhen Huang , Dong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal runaway (TR) remains a critical safety challenge for lithium-ion batteries, necessitating diagnostic techniques to unravel its dynamic evolution for early detection and mitigation. Compared to well-studied thermal and electrical abuse scenarios, this work establishes a novel framework to investigate the evolution of multidimensional signals of 18650-type <figure><img></figure> cells with varied states of charge (SOCs) during nail-penetration-induced TR. Experiments are conducted in a constant volume combustion chamber equipped with a motor-driven nail penetration system and a Schlieren optical setup. Multidimensional signals, including voltage, recoil force, pressure, temperature, optical imaging, and venting gas components, are measured. By optical diagnostics, key gas venting and combustion parameters, such as venting velocity, venting angle, and flame propagation speed, are quantified. The results reveal that, across all tested SOCs, the recoil force serves as the most reliable indicator for early TR warning at mechanical abuse conditions. Shock waves are experimentally visualized near safety valves, attributed to high gas venting velocities in cells with SOCs from 50% to 120%. Jet fire phenomena are observed in cells with SOCs above 70%, featuring flame propagation speeds an order of magnitude higher than those at 50% SOC condition. Moreover, higher SOC levels lead to increased gas generation, with an elevated proportion of flammable components such as H<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>, lowering its flammability limit and intensifying combustion hazard. Finally, a radar chart-based risk evaluation method is proposed to quantitatively assess TR hazards. These findings collectively provide new insights into TR dynamics, early warning, and risk assessment under mechanical abuse conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 137320"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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