EnergyPub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138390
Jayashish Kumar Pandey , George Varghese , Santhosh K , Akanksha Kumari
{"title":"Studying the behavior of ethanol-diethyl ether-based flex fuels in a direct injection SI engine","authors":"Jayashish Kumar Pandey , George Varghese , Santhosh K , Akanksha Kumari","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the modern era, biofuel-based flex-fuels are preferred over conventional fuels in the transportation sector due to their vast socio-economic impact. The present study also confers similar flex fuels based on ethanol and diethyl ether (DEE) experimentally in a direct injection SI engine. The DEE strength was varied from 0 % to 20 %, under wide-open throttle conditions at 1500 rpm–2000 rpm. The outcomes indicate that the DEE lowers delay, improves volatility, and increases flame speed, which increases peak cylinder pressure by 3.18 % at 7–8°CA advanced position. However, low heat content shows 16.23 % higher brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) than gasoline at 37 % lower cost. A higher heat release rate also improves the BSFC of ethanol. While the DEE share increased above 12.5 %, combustion faced irregularities that increased cyclic variations by 23.17 %, and larger variations in HRR were noticed the net carbon emissions (CO<sub>2</sub> and CO) were reduced by16.45 % by the flex fuel than gasoline; simultaneously, the lower T<sub>max</sub> due to low mean gas temperature resulted in lower NO<sub>x</sub> emissions than gasoline for a larger range of DEE share. The NO<sub>x</sub> improvements were reduced at higher speeds, while the adversaries of high DEE dominated; overall, E85D15 exhibited the best outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 138390"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138440
Shunan Ni , Zeyi Yang , Ke Gao , Yujiao Liu , Zemiao Yang , Xiaofeng Huang , Shengnan Li
{"title":"Study on the flame propagation characteristics of coal-rock mixed dust explosion in semi-coal-rock roadway","authors":"Shunan Ni , Zeyi Yang , Ke Gao , Yujiao Liu , Zemiao Yang , Xiaofeng Huang , Shengnan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep coal mines with interbedded strata frequently form semi-coal-rock roadways, where 20–80 % of the section is rock, resulting in the generation of coal-rock mixed dust owing to complex geological features. In this study, the flame propagation characteristics of coal-rock mixed dust are investigated under different ignition energies, ignition delay times, rock dust contents, and particle sizes. The results show that flame height and propagation velocity exhibit a nonlinear \"accelerated growth-growth slowdown-stabilization\" trend with increasing ignition energy, peaking at 42 J, while flame velocity follows a unimodal \"low delay growth-peak stabilization-high delay attenuation\" pattern with ignition delay time, peaking at 20 ms. Moreover, the presence of rock powder diminishes flame brightness and disrupts its continuity, transforming the typical mushroom-cloud-shaped flame into an intermittent pattern characterized by fine streaks, point-like spots, and thread-like structures, while also exerting bidirectional regulatory effects. In addition, the flame propagation velocity increases as particle size decreases. A dynamic mechanism for flame propagation was discovered. Specifically, the dust explosion was suppressed by rock powder through a combination of physical isolation, pyrolysis-induced heat absorption, and chemical inerting, as well as three-phase interface interference. These mechanisms operate synergistically to regulate flame propagation stages, reducing both the probability and intensity of coal dust explosions. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of coal dust explosions in mines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 138440"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138226
Hui Yang , Jiajia Chen , Yuanzheng Li
{"title":"Two-layer iterative optimization for enhanced electricity–carbon pricing to promote renewable integration and load smoothing with multi-type prosumer","authors":"Hui Yang , Jiajia Chen , Yuanzheng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) prosumers in distribution systems has exacerbated the peak-to-valley load gap, leading to imbalances between electricity supply and demand. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a two-layer iterative optimization-based enhanced electricity–carbon pricing approach, designed to incentivize users to smooth load curves and enhance renewable energy accommodation. In the upper layer, the distribution system operator designs customized time-of-use, reactive power, demand, on-grid, and carbon prices for PV prosumers and consumers, aiming to minimize power purchase, carbon trading, and network loss costs while adhering to power flow constraints. In the lower layer, users respond to these price signals by configuring energy storage and optimizing operational strategies, considering PV uncertainty to minimize power transaction, carbon trading, and energy storage configuration costs. Simulation results based on a modified IEEE 15-bus distribution network show that the proposed approach achieves a 13.44% improvement in social welfare, a 27.8 kW reduction in the peak–valley load difference, and a 120 kg decrease in carbon dioxide emissions, highlighting its effectiveness in enhancing both economic and environmental performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 138226"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138426
Natalia Naval, Jose M. Yusta
{"title":"Assessment of the impact of electricity market prices on pumped hydro storage operation with renewable generation","authors":"Natalia Naval, Jose M. Yusta","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growth of renewable energy plants and storage systems challenges future energy management. This paper analyzes the impact of hourly electricity price variations in Spain from 2023 to 2050 on the operation of pumped hydro storage systems with renewable energy. A mixed-integer hourly mathematical model that maximizes the monthly operating profit of a pumped hydro storage plant with grid-connected wind and photovoltaic generation facilities over an entire year is formulated. Subsequently, a regression model is estimated to represent the price profile of the Spanish electricity market in 2023, considering hourly electricity price data and technical and economic variables that affect price formation. The model is applied to the different hourly electricity market price profiles obtained in the proposed scenarios up to 2050. Results show an increase of 75 % of the energy imported from the grid in 2050 compared to 2023, as a consequence of the continuous reduction of electricity market prices. In addition, the use of storage is increased by 12 % because the energy produced from renewable energy facilities is used to fill the storage and ensure energy available at times of insufficient renewable generation and higher electricity market prices to maximize the system's profit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 138426"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138433
Jong-Woo Kim , Joo-Sik Kim
{"title":"Direct production of olefins from the auger reactor-assisted steam pyrolysis of waste polyethylene","authors":"Jong-Woo Kim , Joo-Sik Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138433","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138433","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Waste polyethylene was pyrolyzed using a process that combines auger reactor (AR) and fluidized bed reactor (FBR). This study primarily investigated the effects of the AR temperature, fluidized bed temperature, FBR freeboard temperature, and the type of fluidizing medium (steam vs. N<sub>2</sub>) on product distribution and light olefin yield. The most critical aspect of the process is the role of the AR. When the AR temperature is maintained at around 300 °C, the polymers inside the reactor melt. In this molten state, they are fed into the FBR, where pyrolysis takes place. Introducing polymers into the pyrolysis reactor in a molten, rather than solid state promotes their decomposition more effectively, resulting in enhanced production of light olefins. The experimental results confirmed this hypothesis. When the AR temperature was at 300–350 °C, the yield of C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>4</sub> olefins ranged from 50 to 52 wt%, which is up to approximately 8 wt% higher than the yield (44 wt%) obtained when the AR was unheated. The fluidized bed and freeboard temperatures were also found to influence gas production and the yield of C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>4</sub> olefins. In contrast, the choice of fluidizing medium had only a minimal effect on product distribution and light olefin yields. In conclusion, this study suggests that the AR-assisted steam pyrolysis process could serve as a straightforward method for the large-scale production of light olefins from plastic waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 138433"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138406
Hongyu Ye , Yuanxin Yao , Daoyi Chen , Jun Duan , Xuezhen Wu , Dayong Li , Mucong Zi
{"title":"Hydrate-based CO2 sequestration in post-exploitation natural gas hydrate reservoir: A numerical method considering mixed hydrate","authors":"Hongyu Ye , Yuanxin Yao , Daoyi Chen , Jun Duan , Xuezhen Wu , Dayong Li , Mucong Zi","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrate-based CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration (HBCS) in post-exploitation natural gas hydrate (NGH) reservoirs via forming CO<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>4</sub> mixed hydrate has been proposed to achieve CO<sub>2</sub> sequestration and geological restoration simultaneously. However, existing numerical models struggle to accurately simulate the mixed hydrate formation and geomechanical responses. Thus, we proposed a numerical method to solve the limitations of the existing model that can only consider pure CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> hydrates, which was verified by laboratory experiments with an error of ≤3.54 %. Then, we evaluated the HBCS in the post-exploitation NGH reservoir under medium-temperature and high-pressure conditions (10–15 °C, 11–16 MPa) based on geological data at Site W17. Results show: (i) Depressurization-induced NGH dissociation enlarges pore spaces and causes subsidence, while CO<sub>2</sub> injection restores pressure and forms mixed hydrates with residual CH<sub>4</sub> for structural support. (ii) The injection process may cause hydrate accumulation near the wellbore, blocking the seepage channel and inhibiting the sequestration effect. (iii) Some NGH stimulation measures have a synergistic effect with HBCS. For example, complex structural wells allow CO<sub>2</sub> to be injected more dispersed, forming a wider area of mixed hydrates and avoiding local blockage. (iv) The high permeability case (20 mD) exhibits superior synergy effects with an energy efficiency of 448 and a sequestration capacity of 5786 tons, but the higher the exploitation degree, the worse the geological restoration effect. These findings provide a reference for future HBCS in post-exploitation NGH reservoirs, including blockage risk mitigation and well design optimization, obtaining additional benefits from carbon trading to reduce costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 138406"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138441
Jiangwei Shen , Weiqiang Liu , Xing Shu , Shiquan Shen , Yonggang Liu , Fuxing Wei , Zheng Chen , Xuelei Xia
{"title":"Simultaneous estimation of SOC and capacity for lithium-ion battery packs throughout full lifespan based on migration modeling","authors":"Jiangwei Shen , Weiqiang Liu , Xing Shu , Shiquan Shen , Yonggang Liu , Fuxing Wei , Zheng Chen , Xuelei Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate estimation of state of charge (SOC) and capacity is critical for ensuring safe and reliable operations of lithium-ion battery packs, especially when subjected to wide temperature ranges and capacity degradation. To address these influences, this study develops a migration model combined with the risk-minimizing particle filter (RMPF) algorithm for individual cell SOC and capacity estimation, and then applies the <em>V</em><sub>min</sub> + <em>V</em><sub>max</sub> model (VVM) for the pack state estimation. Firstly, a migration framework based on a first-order resistance-capacitance (RC) equivalent circuit model is established to enable automatic updating of model parameters, accurately capturing the effects of temperature variations and battery aging on battery state estimation. Secondly, the capacity parameterization is conducted to address the rapid SOC change and the slow capacity variation and achieve mutual decoupling in simultaneous estimation of SOC and capacity for individual cells, which is then estimated by the RMPF algorithm. Finally, a VVM with incorporated weighting factors is employed to compensate cell inconsistency. To assess the accuracy, adaptability and efficiency of the proposed method for simultaneous estimation of SOC and capacity, experimental validations are performed on packs under various dynamic conditions. The results show that, for individual cells, the maximum mean absolute error (MAE) in SOC and capacity estimation is 0.92 % and 1.46 %, respectively. For the battery pack estimation, the maximum MAE is 0.96 % and 2.03 %, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 138441"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138429
Yang Yu , Boxiao Wang , Tingyan Lv , Xiao Chen
{"title":"Rapid energy management strategy for multi-lithium battery systems considering synergistic balancing of SOC and SOH under time-delay environments","authors":"Yang Yu , Boxiao Wang , Tingyan Lv , Xiao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138429","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138429","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current multi-lithium battery system (MLBS) balancing methods have the problems of neither considering performance parameter differences nor clarifying the balancing relationship between state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH), while the distributed management algorithms exhibit slow iteration speed and poor iteration accuracy. Hence, a rapid energy management strategy is proposed for MLBS to achieve synergistic balancing of SOC and SOH under time-delay environments, incorporating the following actions: First, considering parameters including scale, efficiency and temperature, a battery aging rate evaluation model is constructed to clarify the balancing relationship between SOC and SOH. Based on this, a multi-operational-state synergistic balancing method is designed. Next, causes of slow iteration speed and poor iteration accuracy in the time-delay distributed consensus algorithm (TD-DCA) are identified. By improving the Laplacian matrix and weighting matrix, an improved TD-DCA (ITD-DCA) is proposed. Finally, leveraging the balancing method and ITD-DCA, a energy management strategy for MLBS is devised. Results from various simulations show ITD-DCA's iteration speed and iteration accuracy are enhanced. The strategy accommodates parameters and improves SOC and SOH balancing. Experimental results align with simulations. This work provides a feasible solution for achieving multi-operational-state balancing distributed energy management in MLBS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 138429"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138388
Xiaoyu Luo , Kaiwen Wang , Yonghang Fan , Yifan Fan , Weijun Gao , Jian Ge
{"title":"Multi-objective optimization for green retrofitting of existing school buildings considering life cycle carbon emissions, energy use intensity and indoor environment","authors":"Xiaoyu Luo , Kaiwen Wang , Yonghang Fan , Yifan Fan , Weijun Gao , Jian Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138388","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138388","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The green retrofitting of existing buildings is critical for achieving energy savings and carbon emission reduction within the construction sector. Numerous school buildings have significant potential for environmental performance optimization, energy savings and carbon emission reduction. The current research disregards students' environmental needs, complex budget constraints and life cycle carbon (LCC) emissions. This study uses a typical school building in Hangzhou as a case. We establish a multi-objective optimization model for existing school buildings, which comprehensively considers LCC emissions, energy use intensity (EUI), initial investment cost (IC), and thermal and lighting environment. By integrating an artificial neural network (ANN) model for rapid building performance prediction and employing Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), the model optimizes the building envelope, lighting, air-conditioning, and photovoltaic (PV) system. The results show that, without a PV system, the optimal solutions, which require an average investment of 280 CNY/m<sup>2</sup> and an average payback period of 22.3 years, can achieve an average energy saving rate of 32 % and an average carbon emission reduction rate of 21.6 %. With a PV system, the average payback periods range from 13.4 to 21.2 years across different IC levels. An investment of 630 CNY/m<sup>2</sup> can achieve net-zero energy consumption; for retrofit solutions exceeding 995 CNY/m<sup>2</sup>, however, LCC emissions begin to increase. This study reveals a nonlinear relationship between IC and LCC emissions and proposes differentiated retrofit strategies based on different PV installation scenarios and IC gradients. These findings provide technical pathways and decision-making support for the green retrofitting of school buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 138388"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138405
Houjian Gong , Junru Wu , Yuhang Qin , Huihui Luo , Rongjia Li , Yaoxuan Cai , Hai Sun , Long Xu , Mingzhe Dong
{"title":"Experimental and mechanistic insights into enhancing shale oil recovery using supercritical CO2 and surfactant composite systems","authors":"Houjian Gong , Junru Wu , Yuhang Qin , Huihui Luo , Rongjia Li , Yaoxuan Cai , Hai Sun , Long Xu , Mingzhe Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Efficient development of shale oil using CO<sub>2</sub> flooding remains one of the most pressing challenges in the petroleum industry and environments protection. Here, the effect of a composite system consisted of alkyl polyether surfactant and CO<sub>2</sub> on enhanced oil recovery was compared with CO<sub>2</sub> flooding. Additionally, the influence of oil composition, injection mode, displacement pressure, surfactant structure, and the surfactant concentration in the CO<sub>2</sub>/surfactant composite system were investigated. The results show that the overall recovery of crude oil is notably lower than that of simulated oil, attributed to its complex composition. The CO<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>4</sub>(PO)<sub>6</sub> composite system flooding following CO<sub>2</sub> flooding can significantly improve the oil recovery, particularly from micropores. The direct composite system flooding is more effective than the CO<sub>2</sub> flooding and subsequent composite system flooding, especially for the cores saturated with crude oil. Increasing the displacement pressure from 15 MPa to 25 MPa enhances the recovery of oil from micropores, macropores and overall oil by 2.74 %, 4.87 % and 3.33 %, respectively. This indicates that the higher pressure of the composite system can slightly improve the displacement effect. Among the composite systems respectively containing C<sub>4</sub>(PO)<sub>6</sub>, C<sub>8</sub>(PO)<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub>(PO)<sub>3</sub>, the CO<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>4</sub>(PO)<sub>6</sub> composite system performed the best in enhancing oil recovery, with the micropore recovery at 58.73 %, macropore recovery at 91.06 %, and overall oil recovery at 67.18 %. The CO<sub>2</sub>-philic and lipophilic properties of C<sub>4</sub>(PO)<sub>6</sub> enable the composite system to achieve synergistic effects on interactions with oil, thereby enhancing shale oil recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 138405"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}