IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138808

Ruonan Ding , Yingchao Shang , Yanxiang Song , Weichang Gu , Xinghang Luo , Yang Liu , Zhen Guo

{"title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of honeycomb-shaped flow field for enhanced mass transport and performance in PEM fuel cells","authors":"Ruonan Ding , Yingchao Shang , Yanxiang Song , Weichang Gu , Xinghang Luo , Yang Liu , Zhen Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen, known for its high efficiency, renewability, and ease of storage, is vital for low-carbon energy transitions, with proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) being an ideal energy conversion solution for automotive and stationary power generation. However, their commercialization is still limited by challenges in water management and oxygen transport at high current densities. To address these issues, we designed honeycomb-shaped flow fields (HCFF) with alternating branching and merging channels. The comprehensive experimental tests and numerical simulations were conducted to compare their performance with the conventional 3-serpentine straight flow field (SPFF). It showed that HCFF significantly improved fuel cell performance by enhancing oxygen transport and water management. HCFF-2, in particular, outperformed the other designs, demonstrating superior peak power density (1774.1 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) under 80 % humidity and 150 kPa backpressure conditions, a 19.1 % improvement over the conventional SPFF (1490.1 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements confirmed that HCFF-2 exhibited a lower mass transport resistance, with a mass transfer resistance (<em>R</em><sub><em>mt</em></sub>) value of 0.02753 Ω cm<sup>2</sup>, significantly lower than the 0.07362 Ω cm<sup>2</sup> of the conventional SPFF, ensuring enhanced fuel cell performance. Additionally, the HCFF demonstrated excellent stability and a substantial pressure drop, further highlighting its advantages in overall fuel cell operation. These findings further supported by numerical simulations, which visualize the improved current density distribution, gas transport, and water management in HCFF. This research provides valuable insights into the design of fuel cell flow fields, offering a promising direction for improving PEMFC performance in practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138808"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Layer-by-layer stacked nano-CuZn5 for conductivity multi-enhancement and surface engineering of anode current collector in dendrite-free sodium metal batteries 层叠纳米cuzn5在无枝晶钠金属电池中电导率多层增强及阳极集流器表面工程研究

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138809

Wanzhen Zhang , Ling Suo , Jing Wen , Xiafang Ji , Jinwang Huang , Yuxiang Zhao , Yulong Qian , Caili Suo , Hongbo Zhang , Yue Ma , Fayan Zhu , Bo Zhang , Wu Li

{"title":"Layer-by-layer stacked nano-CuZn5 for conductivity multi-enhancement and surface engineering of anode current collector in dendrite-free sodium metal batteries","authors":"Wanzhen Zhang , Ling Suo , Jing Wen , Xiafang Ji , Jinwang Huang , Yuxiang Zhao , Yulong Qian , Caili Suo , Hongbo Zhang , Yue Ma , Fayan Zhu , Bo Zhang , Wu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138809","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138809","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interfacial instability caused by Na dendrite growth on the anode hinders the further development of sodium metal batteries. To prohibit dendrite growth, constructing anode current collectors with excellent conductivity and surface-regularizing capability is an effective strategy. Here, we report a layer-by-layer stacking design of CuZn<sub>5</sub> layer on an Al-based anode current collector. The densely stacked CuZn<sub>5</sub> hexagonal nanosheets, working in synergy with the Al substrate and Cu surface layer, significantly enhance the conductivity (50.63 × 10<sup>6</sup> S m<sup>−1</sup>) through size-confinement, tunnelling effect, ordered nanostructure, built-in electric field, and surface engineering. This enables fast electron supply/collection for uniform Na plating. Moreover, the layer-by-layer stacked CuZn<sub>5</sub> nanosheets induce Cu plating into a rough mountain-like structure with amounts of surface defects, providing abundant active sites for rapid formation of NaF-rich solid electrolyte interphase, which also helps uniform Na plating. The assembled symmetric cell of Na@Cu/CuZn<sub>5</sub>@Al exhibits low polarization from 0.5 to 5 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, and cycles for over 2000 h. The half cell maintains 98 % CE after 500 cycles, whereas cells using Na‖Al and Na‖Cu all show pronounced CE decay within 110 cycles at 1 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, 1 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup>. This work introduces a strategy for fabricating a high-performance, lightweight anode current collector for dendrite-free sodium metal batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138809"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermochemical conversion of microplastics: Kinetics refining via whale optimization algorithm for energy applications 微塑料的热化学转化：通过鲸鱼优化算法进行能量应用的动力学精炼

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138838

Wei-Hsin Chen , Charles B. Felix , Shih-Che Sun , Thanh-Binh Nguyen , Eilhann E. Kwon , Jenn-Long Liu

{"title":"Thermochemical conversion of microplastics: Kinetics refining via whale optimization algorithm for energy applications","authors":"Wei-Hsin Chen , Charles B. Felix , Shih-Che Sun , Thanh-Binh Nguyen , Eilhann E. Kwon , Jenn-Long Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138838","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138838","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics, while persistent environmental pollutants, also constitute an energy-rich feedstock suitable for thermochemical conversion. This study introduces the first application of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to model isothermal thermodegradation kinetics of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) using thermogravimetric analysis. A two-step reaction model optimized by WOA achieved high fit qualities of 99.75 %, 98.93 %, and 99.97 % for PE, PP, and PS, respectively, with activation energy ranges of 14.97–85.24, 68.49–95.92, and 47.99–103.58 kJ mol<sup>−1</sup>. The integration of an inert dispersant such as SiO<sub>2</sub> improved heat transfer uniformity, enhancing the accuracy of kinetic parameter estimation. These parameters enable the design of energy-optimized torrefaction and pyrolysis systems capable of achieving over 70 % weight loss at 400 °C, maximizing volatile yields for fuel production. Compared with particle swarm optimization, WOA demonstrated superior accuracy and convergence stability, highlighting its potential for modeling complex degradation processes. The results provide a robust computational framework for scaling waste-to-energy applications, supporting both energy recovery and circular economy objectives in plastic waste management<strong>.</strong></div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138838"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

High-fidelity LES of ammonia spray evaporation and mixing under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions 高温高压条件下氨喷雾蒸发混合的高保真LES

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138794

Yanzhi Zhang, Ming Jia, Yachao Chang, Yaopeng Li

{"title":"High-fidelity LES of ammonia spray evaporation and mixing under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions","authors":"Yanzhi Zhang, Ming Jia, Yachao Chang, Yaopeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138794","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138794","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the challenge of accurately predicting ammonia spray primary atomization, evaporation, and mixing under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. The objectives are to improve modeling fidelity and to clarify the governing mechanisms of ammonia evaporating sprays. High-fidelity large-eddy simulations (LES) were performed using a Blob injection model coupled with a Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) breakup model to represent primary breakup. The performance and grid sensitivity of this approach were systematically compared against a random model. Differences between ammonia and diesel sprays were quantified. A parametric analysis was conducted, and the resulting effects on local equivalence ratio and temperature of ammonia spray were summarized for the first time. The results show that the Blob–KH model provides more accurate predictions and is less sensitive to grid resolution than the random model. Ammonia spray exhibits a substantially higher evaporation rate than diesel spray, especially in the near-nozzle region, followed by a rapid decrease in the equivalence ratio in both axial and radial directions. Ammonia spray tends to fall below the stoichiometric ratio, resulting in a much larger lean region compared to diesel spray. Higher ambient temperatures markedly accelerate evaporation yet have limited impact on mixing extent; increased injection pressure intensifies turbulence and expands the lean region; larger nozzle diameters enrich the equivalence ratio and enhance spray cooling; and higher ambient pressures promote a leaner mixture while reducing spray cooling. These findings offer key insights into evaporating ammonia spray behavior, supporting the advancement of ammonia-fueled engine technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138794"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a 350MW down-fired boiler under multi-source acoustic waves 多源声波作用下350MW锅炉燃烧与排放特性试验研究

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138839

Jiwei Ma , Yanfeng Yang , Liang Liu , Jianguo Liang

{"title":"Experimental study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a 350MW down-fired boiler under multi-source acoustic waves","authors":"Jiwei Ma , Yanfeng Yang , Liang Liu , Jianguo Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138839","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138839","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To investigate the impact of multi-source acoustic waves on pulverized coal combustion under varying unit loads, an experimental study was conducted on a specific down-fired boiler with a rated capacity of 350 MW. In the test, 12 and 4 acoustic-assisted combustion devices were installed, respectively, in the primary combustion zone and the burning-out zone. The frequency of each single motor was controlled at 35Hz, and the intake pressure was 0.35–0.47 MPa. They were put into operation in a cycle of every 3 units. The combustion characteristics of W boilers under three loads of 190 MW (60 %), 265 MW (75 %), and 315 MW (90 %) were comparatively analyzed. The results show that at low load (190 MW), the sound wave effect leads to A-side 3.45 % increase in SOx concentration, significant fluctuations in NOx concentration (0.62 % increase on the A-side and a 9.23 % increase on the B-side), a 0.29 % decrease in coal consumption, and a 1.27 % decrease in the carbon content of fly ash. Under medium load (265 MW), the SOx concentration decreased by 0.2 %, the NOx concentration increased by 6 %–7 % (7.47 % on the A-side and 6.79 % on the B-side), coal consumption decreased by 0.4 %, and the carbon content of fly ash decreased by 1.55 %. Under high load (315 MW), the SOx concentration decreased by 1.24 %, the NOx concentration decreased by 7–8 % (8.22 % on side A and 7.62 % on side B), coal consumption decreased by 0.33 %, and the carbon content in fly ash decreased by 1.62 %. The test results prove that sound waves can effectively improve the combustion condition of pulverized coal and enhance the thermal efficiency of the boiler. Moreover, the addition of sound waves under high load has the best-promoting effect on the combustion of pulverized coal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138839"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Preparation and properties of nano-composite gel foam for preventing spontaneous combustion of residual coal in mined-out areas 防采空区残煤自燃纳米复合凝胶泡沫的制备及性能研究

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138712

Xuezhao Zheng , Bo Zhou , Guobin Cai , Hu Wen , Shengkai Liu , Yin Liu , Jianhua Zhang , Jian Song

{"title":"Preparation and properties of nano-composite gel foam for preventing spontaneous combustion of residual coal in mined-out areas","authors":"Xuezhao Zheng , Bo Zhou , Guobin Cai , Hu Wen , Shengkai Liu , Yin Liu , Jianhua Zhang , Jian Song","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing technologies for the prevention of spontaneous combustion of coal, such as grouting, inert gases, inhibitors, gels, and foams, have significant drawbacks, including high pollution, poor fluidity, and high-temperature failure. To explore an environmentally friendly, efficient, and highly stable composite gel foam for inhibiting coal self-ignition, SiO<sub>2</sub> and tert-butylhydroquinone were incorporated into the gel foam. The coverage ability of the nano-composite gel foam was assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Physical properties of the gel, namely viscosity, fluidity, and thermal stability, were investigated. Through an <em>in situ</em> infrared spectroscopy simulation, we analysed the changes in the active functional groups between the raw coal and treated coal samples. Additionally, the effectiveness of the nano-composite gel foam in preventing coal self-ignition was verified using a custom-built experimental platform. The results demonstrated that the nano-composite gel foam rendered the active functional groups inert and effectively suppressed the generation of gases, such as CO and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, while also covering the surface of the residual coal, thereby blocking direct contact with oxygen. The results of this study provide the basis for further development of new technologies to prevent spontaneous combustion in goaf areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138712"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Low-carbon and economic operation of integrated energy systems in ammonia-production chemical parks 合成氨化工园区综合能源系统的低碳经济运行

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138837

Lijun Yang , Xinlei Wang , Zhenxiao Chong , Yejin Gao

{"title":"Low-carbon and economic operation of integrated energy systems in ammonia-production chemical parks","authors":"Lijun Yang , Xinlei Wang , Zhenxiao Chong , Yejin Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ammonia production chemical industry, recognized as a major contributor to energy consumption and carbon emissions, urgently necessitates effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions. Due to the immaturity of green ammonia technology and its stringent geographical requirements, the green retrofitting of in-service ammonia production chemical parks has emerged as the important approaches to respond to the dual-carbon targets. Based on traditional production parks, this paper proposes a low-carbon retrofitting scheme featuring the collaboration of multiple hydrogen sources within the park for the first time. It constructs a framework for the park integrated energy system (PIES) and conducts a detailed analysis of the energy coupling relationships in the production process. Renewable energy is installed on the rooftops of buildings and the spaces around the park. The carbon capture and storage (CCS) is introduced, and the carbon sequestration through the photosynthesis of green plants is taken into account. Moreover, a low-carbon economic operation strategy through the collaboration of multiple hydrogen sources is proposed, which reduces carbon emissions. Finally, three performance indicators are introduced to comprehensively evaluate the carbon reduction efficacy of the proposed approach, and sensitivity analyses are conducted across various scenarios characterized by parameter variations. The results indicate that the retrofitting scheme and operation strategy lead to a 36.53 % reduction in the daily total consumption of fossil fuels, a 25.13 % decrease in daily operating costs, and a 46.10 % reduction in carbon emissions, making the production process more low-carbon and economically efficient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138837"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimizing carbon reduction technologies portfolios of buildings: Lifecycle approach based individual and system technology readiness level assessments 优化建筑的碳减排技术组合：基于个人和系统技术准备水平评估的生命周期方法

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138832

Shaoqin Xue , Yinshan Liu , Boqun Zhang , Xiaohui Guo , Qianqian Zhang , Chengcheng Shi , Lei Fan , Liping Wang , Xinlei Chang , Yuanfeng Wang

{"title":"Optimizing carbon reduction technologies portfolios of buildings: Lifecycle approach based individual and system technology readiness level assessments","authors":"Shaoqin Xue , Yinshan Liu , Boqun Zhang , Xiaohui Guo , Qianqian Zhang , Chengcheng Shi , Lei Fan , Liping Wang , Xinlei Chang , Yuanfeng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The building sector contributes significantly to global carbon emissions. Despite the development of various carbon reduction technologies (CRTs), challenges persist in assessing their maturity and effectively selecting technology combinations for emissions reduction. To address this issue, this study constructed a list of building CRTs covering 19 technologies for a Chinese case building, and established a quantitative assessment method for the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) rating of building CRTs. Furthermore, This study developed a System Readiness Level (SRL) evaluation model based on TRL and Integration Readiness Level (IRL), and proposed an optimization model for carbon reduction technology combinations using SRL as a key constraint. The NSGA-III algorithm was utilized to solve for the optimal technology combination of the case study building, aiming to maximize building carbon reduction while satisfying constraints on technology combinations and system maturity. The results show that the SRL of the optimal carbon reduction scheme for the case building is 0.701, in which the CRTs of high level TRL account for more than 54 % of the technology combination, indicating that the scheme has high reliability and operability in practical engineering applications. Meanwhile, the carbon reduction rate of the program reaches 93.91 %, of which the carbon reduction contribution of renewable energy technologies is as high as 47.01 %. The proposed methodology provides a robust framework for selecting scalable and effective CRT portfolios, contributing to whole-life-cycle carbon reduction in buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138832"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Multi-energy scheduling study under uncertainties in iron and steel industry based on multi-objective two-stage robust optimization 基于多目标两阶段鲁棒优化的不确定条件下钢铁工业多能源调度研究

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138798

Sheng Xie , Jingshu Zhang , Datao Shi , Qi Zhang

{"title":"Multi-energy scheduling study under uncertainties in iron and steel industry based on multi-objective two-stage robust optimization","authors":"Sheng Xie , Jingshu Zhang , Datao Shi , Qi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current energy scheduling optimization relies on prefect energy prediction, such as byproduct gases, etc. However, the inherent prediction uncertainties in byproduct gases remain existing, presenting challenges to the safety and reliability of energy system. Meanwhile, renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, are expected to be widely used in a carbon-neutral steel industry. Nonetheless, renewable energy output itself is inherently uncertain. Therefore, considering solar energy for optimal dispatch further increases modeling complexity and uncertainty. The main problem addressed in this study is the robust joint scheduling of the integrated steel energy system with distributed PV under multiple uncertainties. To address this issue, this paper proposes a multi-objective two-stage robust optimization model considering multiple uncertainties for multi-energy scheduling optimization. This model handles uncertainties in byproduct gases prediction and solar energy generation, aiming to concurrently realize minimum economic operating cost (EOC) and total carbon emission (TCE). The effectiveness of the proposed energy optimization model is evaluated using a real steelworks dataset. Comparing to results without uncertainty, the EOC and TCE have average 4.42 %, and 0.25 % reduction with considering multiple uncertainties, respectively. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the decreased electricity price could enhance the EOC and TCE reduction, and the coal price influence EOC and TCE depending on the weight coefficient between the objectives. These findings demonstrate that robust joint scheduling under uncertainty improves energy flexibility through collaborative load scheduling strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138798"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of diesel post-injection strategy on combustion and emission characteristics of a high-speed ammonia/diesel dual direct-injection engine 柴油机后喷策略对高速氨/柴油双直喷发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响

IF 9.4 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138777

Qingyang Wang , Yang Wang , Yuhan Zhou , Yanan Hao , Wuqiang Long , Hua Tian , Pengbo Dong

{"title":"Impact of diesel post-injection strategy on combustion and emission characteristics of a high-speed ammonia/diesel dual direct-injection engine","authors":"Qingyang Wang , Yang Wang , Yuhan Zhou , Yanan Hao , Wuqiang Long , Hua Tian , Pengbo Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global demand for clean energy continues to rise, ammonia has gained increasing attention as a low-carbon energy carrier for internal combustion engines. Ammonia/diesel dual-fuel systems have emerged as a research focus due to their potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, challenges including high levels of unburned ammonia emissions have hindered their widespread adoption. This study investigates the impact of diesel post-injection strategies on the combustion and emission characteristics of an ammonia/diesel dual direct-injection engine using a dedicated experimental platform. The results demonstrate that ammonia addition substantially reduces NO<sub>X</sub> emissions while leading to increased CO emissions and ammonia slip. Under the diesel post-injection strategy, trailing ammonia spray undergoes more complete premixed combustion facilitated by flame entrainment from the post-injected diesel, effectively suppressing ammonia slip. Meanwhile, the combustion of post-injected diesel is unaffected by ammonia quenching, thereby promoting more complete oxidation and reducing CO emissions. This also helps reduce N<sub>2</sub>O formation. However, in the ammonia-rich environment during post-injection combustion, localized high temperatures and sufficient oxygen promote thermal NO<sub>X</sub> formation. Compared to the baseline condition without post-injection, the optimized strategy (DPIT = 8°CA ATDC, DPIR = 48 %) significantly reduces CO, and NH<sub>3</sub> emissions while maintaining or improving engine performance. Only a marginal increase in NO<sub>X</sub> is observed. These findings confirm the technical feasibility of diesel post-injection as an effective strategy to enhance the adaptability of ammonia combustion and mitigate pollutant emissions in dual-fuel engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138777"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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