Energy最新文献

{"title":"Thermodynamic investigation of an efficient combined power and refrigeration cycle designed for providing variable energy output","authors":"Shaobo Zhang,&nbsp;Xunxing Song,&nbsp;Qiaoyun Han,&nbsp;Song Tan,&nbsp;Wei Yin,&nbsp;Xiaoli Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To efficiently recover waste flue gas heat and meet various demands for electricity and cooling, this paper proposes a novel ammonia-water combined power and refrigeration cycle enabling flexible energy output adjustment. The adjustment of energy output is achieved by expanding a portion of ammonia-rich vapor, which is destined for refrigerant production, in a low-pressure turbine. Thermodynamic analysis results demonstrate that the cycle can efficiently reclaim the waste gas heat across a wide range of temperature grades, while offering high flexibility in energy output adjustment. Under the heat source condition of 300 °C/10 kg s⁻¹, the adjustable ranges for the refrigeration capacity and net power are 0–538.2 kW and 348.9–440.4 kW, respectively, while consistently maintaining a sufficient recovery of the heat source (exhaust temperature at around 109 °C). When the cycle achieves the maximum refrigeration capacity and net power, the corresponding effective exergy efficiencies are 0.4119 and 0.3801, respectively. The results also reveal that as the energy output is regulated arbitrarily, the high-pressure turbine sustains a near-constant base power load (361.7–364.7 kW), and only the exergy destruction occur in components associated with refrigeration and low-pressure turbine significantly changes. Furthermore, when compared to two other combined power/cooling cycles in literature and the triple-pressure Kalina cycle, the proposed cycle can achieve 94.15 %, 44.45 % and 10.36 % relatively higher effective exergy efficiency, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137312"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and optimization of a nuclear power S-CO2 recompression Brayton CHP system on Mars using hybrid CPO-SVR-COA metaheuristics","authors":"Tong Lu ,&nbsp;Haochun Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziyang Zhou ,&nbsp;Ersheng You","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Among the planets Mars most closely mirrors Earth and is thus a more viable option for human habitation. Its exceptional strategic significance and value further highlight the crucial necessity of establishing a base on Mars. The primary challenge in constructing a Mars base lies in ensuring a stable supply of electricity and heat. Nuclear reactors, with their high power output, extended operational lifespan, and all-weather stability, serve as an optimal energy source for such a base. Moreover, the Brayton cycle within a megawatt-scale nuclear energy system can enhance efficiency in energy conversion. In this study, a supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO₂) recompression Brayton cycle combined heat and power system (RCBC-CHP) was proposed in the context of Mars base, utilizing a nuclear reactor as its heat source. The thermodynamic model and mass estimation model were developed, analyzing the effects of key parameters—such as compressor inlet temperature and pressure, turbine inlet temperature, pressure ratio, and splitting ratio—on total thermal efficiency, power generation efficiency, total mass, and heating to power ratio. The system prediction model was developed using support vector regression (SVR) optimized by the crested porcupine optimizer (CPO), forming the CPO-SVR approach. Simultaneously, the coati optimization algorithm (COA) was employed to optimize the system, with total thermal efficiency, power generation efficiency, and total mass set as the optimization objectives. Balancing the goals of maximizing total thermal efficiency and power generation efficiency while minimizing total mass, the optimal results obtained were a total thermal efficiency of 79.40 %, a power generation efficiency of 38.16 %, a total mass of 19631.37 kg, and a heating to power ratio of 1.0434.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137353"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site-specific multi-case analysis for carbon-free energy deployment in California using multi-objective optimization","authors":"Manjur R. Basnet,&nbsp;John A. Gardiner,&nbsp;Hailei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The stochastic nature of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind have necessitated options for energy storage. To meet the base demands, consistent generation sources such as, nuclear and geothermal, are beneficial. Moreover, the policy changes based on different regions and countries are also to be considered when designing a reliable energy system to meet the growing energy demands. In this study, a multi-objective optimization to reduce the system levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and emissions has been conducted. A review of the existing literatures for the potential solar, wind, geothermal and hydrogen storage locations in California have been identified. In addition to this, three different case studies have been conducted based on the nuclear energy policies and hydrogen sale price scenarios to study the impact on the system operation and configuration. Based on the results, it was concluded that the hydrogen sale price change from 3.7 to 1.85 $/kg had no significant impact on the system configuration and only decreased the overall system LCOE by 14.9<span><math><mtext>%</mtext></math></span>. Similarly, the use of only RES coupled with battery storage increases the system LCOE by around 26.75<span><math><mtext>%</mtext></math></span> as compared to case 1 and 10.3<span><math><mtext>%</mtext></math></span> as compared to case 2 while the emissions remain comparable to the cases with nuclear sources. The system favored wind turbines in all the cases along with rapid utilization of energy storage options such as batteries and hydrogen to meet the demand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137236"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of magnetic fields and flue gas recirculation (FGR) in a practical MILD heat treatment furnace: Mitigating CO and NO emissions","authors":"Ali Ashouri,&nbsp;Mohammad Zabetian Targhi","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flue gas recirculation (FGR) mitigates remarkably NO formation and emission while it unintentionally increases CO emissions as CO₂ oxidation increases in the recirculated gases. Thus, this study investigates the combined effects of flue gas recirculation (FGR), ranging from 0 % to 60 %, and a 6 T applied magnetic field on temperature uniformity and both pollutant emissions in a MILD combustion furnace. A novel FGR modeling approach is developed, and the location and flux densities of the magnet are investigated. A furnace with CO emissions exceeding EPA regulatory limits is selected to ensure the applicability of the current approach. Magnetic fields influence combustion through the Lorentz force and Joule heating, enhancing flow mixing and improving temperature uniformity. Results indicate that FGR effectively reduces NO emissions by lowering peak temperatures and increasing temperature uniformity. Increasing the FGR ratio from 0 % to 40 % reduces NO from 2.5 ppm to 2.15 ppm under the magnetic field, below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limit. However, FGR significantly increases CO emissions from 382 ppm to 3107 ppm, in a case without the magnetic field. The applied magnetic field mitigates this issue, reducing CO by 96 % to 119 ppm at 40 %FGR and reaching the EPA standard limit. Additionally, MILD combustion criteria analysis confirms a higher MILD quality by combining FGR and magnetic field. Consequently, applying a 6T magnetic field with 40 % FGR optimally reduces emissions, enhances MILD quality, and improves thermal efficiency for cleaner combustion. These findings establish magnetic field-assisted MILD combustion as a promising pathway for high-efficiency, low-emission industrial heating applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137298"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on CO2 flooding in tight sandy conglomerate cores: Oil displacement and CO2 storage","authors":"Mengyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Binfei Li ,&nbsp;Yan Xin ,&nbsp;Xianhuai Han ,&nbsp;Zhaomin Li ,&nbsp;Jingfeng Dong ,&nbsp;Bin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The unique lithology of tight sandy conglomerate leads to severe microscopic heterogeneity, which significantly affects CO₂ flooding. In this paper, four lithologies were classified according to gravel size and content, then CO₂ flooding experiments were conducted to analyze the impacts of CO₂ injection rate, miscible degree, reservoir temperature, and rock lithology. The results show that during initial stage, dissolved gas flooding governs efficient oil production, CO₂ storage is mainly free storage in pores and dissolved storage in oil. Following breakthrough, CO₂ sweep expands significantly, leading to sustained oil production. Concurrently, dissolved storage decreases while free storage increases. After channeling, oil production rate and storage efficiency decays rapidly. Besides, increasing CO₂ injection rate enhances displacement effect, with the highest oil recovery and CO₂ storage factor of 37.96 % and 10.7 % at 0.1 mL min⁻¹. However, excessive injection rate induces premature breakthrough and exacerbates channeling, diminishing displacement efficiency. Under miscible condition, extraction of light hydrocarbons by CO₂ enhances, increasing oil recovery and CO₂ storage factor by 17.7 % and 3.28 %. Increasing reservoir temperature enhances oil fluidity, improving oil recovery factor by 10.93 %, but CO₂ storage diminishes. The lithology difference of tight sandy conglomerate induces severe microscopic heterogeneity, diminishing displacement efficiency. As gravel size and content increase, core's permeability increases but porosity decreases, leading to limited oil supply. And compounded by dual tortuosity in such cores, fluid migration pathways become increasingly tortuous, further exacerbating channeling. Therefore, compared with gravel-bearing coarse sandstone, oil recovery and CO₂ storage factor in sandy coarse conglomerate decrease by 7.41 % and 4.49 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137336"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventing supercritical CO2 boiler overtemperature: A thermal inertia ratio (Xi) criterion for predicting heat transfer deterioration in gas-like region","authors":"Beichen Yu ,&nbsp;Yong Chen ,&nbsp;Meng Zhu ,&nbsp;Lei Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Xu ,&nbsp;Jun Xu ,&nbsp;Long Jiang ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Sheng Su ,&nbsp;Song Hu ,&nbsp;Jun Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO₂) cycle technology provides high efficiency and flexibility, making it a promising option for advanced coal-fired power generation. However, uncertainties in convective heat transfer characteristics of S-CO₂ under typical operating conditions (pressures of 9–33 MPa and temperatures of 90–650 °C, gas-like region) cause furnace wall overheating issues. This study investigated convective heat transfer behavior in the gas-like region S-CO₂ within a vertical upward tube through experimental and numerical methods, focusing on heat transfer deterioration mechanisms. Results indicated that deterioration occurs under low mass flow rate, high heat flux, and inlet temperatures near the pseudo-critical point. Theoretical analysis suggested that the suppression of boundary layer turbulence mixing is the primary reason for this deterioration. Building on our previous work defining the thermal inertia ratio number <em>Xi</em> to indicate relative turbulence intensity in non-isothermal S-CO₂, we proposed a new discriminated method for heat transfer deterioration. Additionally, a high-accuracy correlation for convective heat transfer was established using 2592 data sets, with 76.50 % and 96.80 % of calculated values falling within 10 % and 20 % error ranges. The established criterion and correlation for gas-like region S-CO₂ offer theoretical support to address furnace overheating issues, improving safety and economic performance of S-CO₂ boilers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137182"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuel economy-emission trade-off optimization for diesel/natural gas dual-fuel engine using many-objective many-population hybrid genetic algorithm","authors":"Dexiang Xi,&nbsp;Longlong Jiang,&nbsp;Jingchen Cui,&nbsp;Xilei Sun,&nbsp;Wuqiang Long","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137347","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137347","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enhancing the economy-emission balance of diesel/natural gas dual-fuel engines (DNGDFEs) remains a key bottleneck to their wide-scale adoption. To confront this challenge, this study introduced an integrated data-driven optimization framework that unifies high-fidelity physics, machine learning surrogates and a many-objective evolutionary algorithm. A multiphysics coupled simulation model was first developed and rigorously calibrated against experimental data, and an eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model was established via automated batch-simulation framework. On this basis, the many-objective many-population hybrid genetic algorithm (MMHGA) was proposed to optimize both economic and environmental metrics concurrently. The results demonstrate that the XGBoost model achieves excellent predictive accuracy, with R² values of 0.96134, 0.99846 and 0.99835 for brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, respectively. Across standard benchmark problems, MMHGA consistently surpassed competing optimizers through faster improvement in solution quality, robust convergence and superior Pareto-front uniformity. Among the non-dominated solutions, the fourth-ranked candidate provides the best overall compromise, simultaneously reducing BSFC, CO and HC by 5.16 %, 1.55 % and 2.95 %, respectively. These findings confirm that coupling a machine-learning surrogate with MMHGA offers a computationally efficient and practically viable route for many-objective optimization of DNGDFE operating strategies, offering immediate guidance for low-carbon transport applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137347"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy conservation optimization based on RSM-NPSO and safety boundary research of hydrogen engine thermal management system","authors":"Xiaotian Zhao ,&nbsp;Tingyi Ouyang ,&nbsp;Zeyang Zhao ,&nbsp;Maojun Xu ,&nbsp;Jinxin Liu ,&nbsp;Zhiping Song","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen propulsion is a promising pathway for achieving zero-emission aviation. The thermal management system (TMS) is essential in extending the operational envelope of hydrogen engines. However, the complex thermal regulation mechanisms of TMS can significantly increase operational costs and introduce safety risks. To address these challenges, this study proposes a hybrid strategy integrating response surface methodology with nonlinear adaptive-weight particle swarm optimization (RSM-NPSO) framework. First, an integrated model of the hydrogen engine and its TMS is established. The RSM is employed to quantify the significance of key TMS parameters, and subsequently, the NPSO is applied to optimize energy conservation performance. Finally, the impact of TMS performance deviations on engine safety is examined, enabling the definition of precise safety limits. Results indicate that collectively optimizing heat exchanger power, turbomachinery efficiency, heat transfer medium mass flow, and multi-branch mass flow ratio reduces fuel consumption by 14.54 % and transport cost by 11.74 %. The proposed NPSO outperforms conventional particle swarm optimization method, achieving a 71.37 % reduction in computational time and an average improvement of 22.5s in specific impulse. Additionally, the simulations reveal that safety boundaries of TMS vary considerably across operating points, yielding distinct safety power ranges for each heat exchanger within the flight envelope.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137322"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A three-dimensional dynamic wake prediction framework for multiple turbine operating states based on diffusion model","authors":"Mengyang Song ,&nbsp;Jiancai Huang ,&nbsp;Xuqiang Shao ,&nbsp;Shiao Zhao ,&nbsp;Chenyu Ma ,&nbsp;Zaishan Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The modeling of wind turbine wakes is critical for turbine control, layout optimization, and power prediction, yet achieving both high accuracy and efficient computation remains a challenge. This study proposes a machine learning (ML)-based three-dimensional dynamic wake prediction framework consisting of a freestream field generator, a diffusion model, and an analytical wake model. The framework employs an iteration-independent prediction method to reconstruct wake fields directly from inflow data and turbine states, making prediction errors independent of the time-marching prediction iterations. The framework seamlessly integrates a diffusion model for enhanced prediction of transient wake characteristics, and an analytical model ensuring adaptability to various turbine operating strategies. The performance of the proposed framework was evaluated under various turbine operating strategies, including greedy, wake-steering, and partially-operating. With an 8476<span><math><mo>×</mo></math></span> speedup over Large Eddy Simulation (LES), the framework delivers high-accuracy predictions, showing 3.9% transient and 0.7% time-averaged errors relative to the average freestream velocity. Additionally, the rotor-effective speed derived from the predicted wake fields aligns closely with simulation-derived results, confirming the framework’s accuracy. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first ML-based framework capable of 3-D dynamic wake prediction, offering an accurate and efficient solution for wind turbine wake modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137084"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From demonstration to diffusion: Community dynamics and incentives analysis in household solar photovoltaic adoption","authors":"Shanyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongyang Zou ,&nbsp;Ye Yao ,&nbsp;Kuishuang Feng ,&nbsp;Junfang Tian ,&nbsp;Diyi Liu ,&nbsp;Huibin Du","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.137302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Household solar photovoltaic (PV) systems offer a promising pathway toward decarbonization; however, their widespread adoption remains hindered by low consumer penetration and insufficient diffusion mechanisms. While low-carbon communities have been promoted as prototypes to catalyze PV adoption, existing research lacks a nuanced understanding of how demonstration effects and community behavioral norms shape diffusion dynamics. To address this critical gap, this study employs an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate the adoption of PV systems, leveraging comprehensive survey and electricity consumption data from Tianjin, China. The model captures the interplay between prosumers (PV adopters), potential consumers, and external interventions such as economic subsidies and information dissemination strategies. The findings reveal that moderate community behavioral norms, despite achieving peak adoption 8–9 years later than strong norms, rely on small groups to form demonstration effects, gradually achieving high adoption rates over time. With demonstration effects, the adoption rate increases by 20–30 % under subsidy scenarios and by 38.49 % under information dissemination strategies. Tailored policy strategies are essential. The early adoption of kilowatt-hour subsidies works best in communities with weak behavioral norms, while low-carbon pilot communities with strong governance benefit more from initial installation subsidies. Crucially, the combination of information dissemination and demonstration effects emerges as a highly cost-effective alternative to financial subsidies, accelerating adoption while minimizing fiscal burdens. This study highlights the transformative potential of social dynamics and tailored incentives in driving PV diffusion, offering actionable insights to support global low-carbon energy transitions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 137302"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}