Energy最新文献

{"title":"Strategy research on variable load carbon price and demand response of integrated energy system based on Stackelberg game and cooperative game","authors":"Xiaoou Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>At present, ignoring the carbon emission responsibility of load side has led to a poor effect of optimization operation for low-carbon integrated energy system (IES). In response to the above issues, this paper conducted strategy research on variable load carbon price and demand response of low-carbon IES based on Stackelberg game and cooperative game. Firstly, an accurate description was given of the interest interactions between integrated energy system operator (IESO) and load aggregator (LA) involved in energy market and carbon emission trading market, as well as among users within LA during the power exchange process. The realization path of low-carbon economic dispatch for IES from both the source and load sides was explored. Then, a model of Stackelberg game between IESO and LA was established, aiming at realizing a low-carbon optimization operation. The upper-level IESO formulates a variable load carbon price based on the carbon emission flow (CEF) model. The lower-level LA makes demand response according to energy price and load carbon price. Based on Nash bargaining theory, a model of cooperative game is built to minimize the total cost of LA and realize rational distribution of cooperation benefits among users. The concept of shared energy storage is introduced to further reduce the total cost of LA. In response to the above-mentioned problem of Stackelberg game and cooperative game, the rime optimization algorithm (RIME) is utilized to achieve high-precision and fast solution of the Stackelberg game model, and the adaptive alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is adopted to solve the distributed optimization problem of cooperative game among users within LA. Finally, relying on the clean and low-carbon demonstration zone of Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City in China, it has been proven that the strategy proposed in this paper can achieve energy saving and emission reduction of IES from both source and load sides, and can improve the game solution between IESO and LA, as well as among users within LA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 136579"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of cyclic hydrogen storage in depleted gas reservoirs: considering microbial growth and hydrogen consumption","authors":"Zanfu Xiong ,&nbsp;Qingjun Du ,&nbsp;Jian Hou ,&nbsp;Ruixin Liu ,&nbsp;Yongge Liu ,&nbsp;Haoyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Kang Zhou ,&nbsp;Yang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The physical properties of H₂ and the H₂-consuming effects of microorganisms present challenges to efficient H₂ storage. This study established a comprehensive mathematical model considering the physical properties of H₂ and the mechanisms of microbial growth, combined with mass conservation, to form a numerical simulation method. The effects of H₂ relative permeability hysteresis, dissolution, diffusion, and adsorption, as well as the impact of microbial fate and competition mechanisms are investigated. Results show 21.77 % of H₂ trapped, forming three unrecoverable H₂ pockets near the well zone, lower structural positions of the gas reservoir, and the surrounding areas of the H₂ chamber, over three H₂ storage cycles. The coexistence of methanogens and homoacetogens is hindered by pH selection, while the production of H₂S inhibits the growth of methanogens. Methanogen consumed 5.36 % of H₂, with competition between sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens resulting in the consumption of 9.21 % of H₂. Microorganisms aggregate at the unrecoverable H₂ pockets, where methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria growth result in reservoir blockage, while homoacetogens growth has minimal impact on reservoir blockage. With active microorganisms, the H₂ recovery rate in depleted gas reservoirs ranges from 55.61 % to 61.09 %, with a H₂ recovery purity of 74.94 %–77.82 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 136543"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-time scale game dispatching strategy for microgrid cluster with shared energy storage considering demand response uncertainty","authors":"Pan Li,&nbsp;Yaqi Li,&nbsp;Ziqiang Li,&nbsp;Qingquan Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating a high proportion of renewable energy causes severe power fluctuations in microgrid clusters, and the uncertainty of demand response (DR) on the user side effects the optimal scheduling accuracy of the microgrid cluster. The cooperative operation of shared energy storage (SES) and microgrid cluster can effectively suppress microgrid power fluctuations and reduce the operating costs of independently configured energy storage for microgrid clusters. To effectively reduce the microgrid cluster's operating costs and power fluctuations and achieve mutual benefits for the microgrids and the SES, the paper proposes a multi-time scale game dispatching strategy of the SES and the microgrids with the uncertainty of demand response. Firstly, the uncertainty models for price-based and incentive-based demand responses are established based on the Logistic function and fuzzy chance constraints, respectively. This approach aims to enhance the modeling accuracy of user response behavior and reduce the impact of modeling errors on scheduling plans. Secondly, considering the multi-time scale characteristic and uncertainty of user-side demand response, a multi-time scale master-slave game optimization dispatching model is developed. In this model, the SES operator acts as the leader in adjusting the capacity leasing price and charging-discharging price dynamically, and each microgrid acts as the follower in optimizing the rental capacity and charging-discharging strategy. The model is solved using an adaptive particle swarm algorithm integrated with the CPLEX solver to enhance the accuracy of the dispatching plan. Finally, the performance of the proposed strategy is verified through case analysis. The results demonstrate that the proposed model can reduce energy costs and power fluctuations of microgrids more effectively than the traditional single-timescale scheduling model and realize the mutual benefits for microgrids and SES.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 136568"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving energy sustainability of Pakistan's power sector through long-term scenario modeling and analysis","authors":"Farhan Haider Joyo ,&nbsp;Daniele Groppi ,&nbsp;Laveet Kumar ,&nbsp;Benedetto Nastasi ,&nbsp;Davide Astiaso Garcia","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pakistan's energy sector faces significant challenges compounded by the impacts of climate change from fossil fuel-based emissions. The country's energy sector remains heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels. This reliance also exposes the country to economic vulnerabilities from the volatility of global oil prices, resulting in power shortages and escalating electricity prices. This research explores how long-term energy planning can address these issues by examining four scenarios: Business as Usual (BAU), Zero-Emission (ZE), Indigenous Coal (IC), and Energy Efficiency (EE) for 2030 and 2050 using the EnergyPLAN software. The scenarios are evaluated and ranked using the Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) multi-criteria decision-making technique. Results are compared for policy alignment with Pakistan's Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement. The EnergyPLAN simulation results show that the ZE scenario, a 100 % renewable energy-based system, can meet 1706 TWh demand by 2050, with annual costs of <strong>$</strong>632 Bn, and give a CO₂ reduction of 662 MTCO₂ compared to BAU. The BAU scenario requires <strong>$</strong>610.12 Bn with emissions of 700 MTCO₂, while the IC scenario incurs lower costs of <strong>$</strong>558.95 Bn but has the highest emissions at 889 MTCO₂. The EE scenario achieves the lowest costs at <strong>$</strong>551.39 Bn with 450 MTCO₂ emissions due to improved energy efficiency. The WASPAS results emphasize the need for significant investment in renewable energy and aggressive implementation of energy efficiency measures for a sustainable power sector. This study aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers and energy planners to identify an optimal energy scenario, balancing economic, environmental, and policy factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 136549"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A micro Francis turbine for smart water meter self-generation: Study on the effects of structural parameters on turbine performance based on CFD simulations and experiments","authors":"Longcheng Li ,&nbsp;Daoli Zhao ,&nbsp;Weipeng Sun ,&nbsp;Qiuhong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the popularization of smart water meters, the application of self-generation technology in the field of water meters has attracted much attention. Traditional smart water meters often require disposable battery power supply, which has problems such as battery power limitation and large workload of replacing batteries, and the replaced batteries will also cause pollution to the environment. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposed a micro Francis turbine applied to self-generation of smart water meters, and the effects of turbine structural parameters on turbine performance was investigated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experiments. Through the theoretical design and optimization of the stay vane inlet angle and the blade numbers, the hydraulic turbine prototype for testing was obtained. After turbine performance tests, it was demonstrated that the micro Francis turbine was capable of generating a stable electrical energy output with acceptable water head reduction even at low water flow rates. Based on the verified numerical model, the effects of runner inlet width and runner outlet diameter on turbine performance are investigated by CFD simulation. The simulated results show that the optimized hydraulic turbine had an output power of 2.68 W and an efficiency of 70.1 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 135865"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase equilibrium analysis of CO2-N2 and thermodynamic optimization of a novel liquefied carbon capture system based on decarbonized flue gas expansion refrigeration","authors":"Bo Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Zhi ,&nbsp;Zhou Yuan ,&nbsp;Hengyang Ye ,&nbsp;Shaolong Zhu ,&nbsp;Song Fang ,&nbsp;Limin Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Liquefied carbon capture is essential for achieving global carbon neutrality, offering a direct pathway to liquid products that facilitates storage, transportation, and sequestration. However, refrigeration and compression stages impose substantial energy demands. This study proposes a novel liquefied carbon capture system integrating decarbonized flue gas expansion refrigeration (LCCS-DFER) to utilize cooling from high-pressure gas expansion. Considering the complexity of multiphase equilibrium in liquefied CO₂ from flue gas and the limited explicit analysis of capture performance, phase equilibrium behaviors are investigated for the CO₂-N₂ binary mixture, with particular attention to solid precipitation, a critical factor for operational safety and stability. Sensitivity analysis evaluates the impact of operating conditions on carbon capture rate and product purity. Thermodynamic optimization using a genetic algorithm identifies a minimum specific energy consumption of 287.6 kWh/t, with a compression energy demand of 21.20 MW and a power generation capacity of 8.06 MW, corresponding to operating conditions of 11 MPa and 250.2 K. Exergy analysis highlights turbines as the primary source of irreversible losses, contributing approximately 35.6 % of the total. These findings elucidate the phase equilibrium characteristics of CO₂-N₂ mixtures and provide a theoretical foundation for performance assessment and optimized design of liquefied carbon capture systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 136542"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of high-efficiency flexible heat pipe device for thermal management in foldable phones","authors":"Jiarong Cui ,&nbsp;Wenjun Xu ,&nbsp;Quanyao Yu ,&nbsp;Yao Ma ,&nbsp;Zhanpeng Hu ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Cailian Xu ,&nbsp;Yanxiao Xu ,&nbsp;Weisong Ling ,&nbsp;Wei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional flexible heat pipes (FHPs) are limited by stress differences between the inner and outer sides, and plastic deformation of their flexible shells can lead to blocked vapor channels and stress damage, making it difficult to realize their full thermal management potential in small, compact, and flexible consumer electronics devices. In this paper, a flexible heat pipe is developed with a multi-directional bending corrugated structure flexible shell and a self-supporting structural wick as the core components and deionized water as the working fluid. It has high efficient heat transfer performance and excellent bending durability. The evolution of the microscopic morphology of the flexible heat pipe and the decay process of the bending durability are revealed using visualization and quantifiable techniques. The experimental results show that the heat pipe possesses 0°–180° spatial heat transfer characteristics with a minimum thermal resistance of 1.77 °C/W and a bending life of 5000 times. The flexible heat pipe is designed to be suitable for foldable phones with cyclic bending, and meets the thermal management requirement of cross-axis heat transfer using “vapor-liquid” two-phase high-efficiency heat transfer. Compared with the copper foil cooling solution, the flexible heat pipe solution can reduce the chip temperature by up to 23.2 °C, which improves the temperature uniformity of the body.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 136545"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"P-KTFNet: A prior knowledge enhanced time-frequency forecasting model for natural gas consumption","authors":"Pengtao Niu ,&nbsp;Jian Du ,&nbsp;Ning Xu ,&nbsp;Bohong Wang ,&nbsp;Qi Liao ,&nbsp;Rui Qiu ,&nbsp;Siya Cai ,&nbsp;Yongtu Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural gas is a crucial transitional fuel in the shift toward cleaner energy systems, offering substantial environmental advantages over traditional fossil fuels. Accurate forecasting of natural gas consumption is vital for effective energy planning, system operating, and management, which contributes to carbon emission reduction targets. However, existing forecasting models often struggle to capture complex time-frequency features and incorporate domain-specific prior knowledge, which hinders accuracy improvement. To overcome the shortcomings of existing studies, this work proposed a Prior Knowledge Enhanced Time-Frequency Network (P-KTFNet), to achieve accurate natural gas consumption forecasting. Time-frequency features are extracted through a dedicated module combining discrete wavelet transformation and convolutional neural networks, enabling a robust fusion of temporal and frequency-domain patterns, which are often underrepresented in traditional methods. Nonlinear features are effectively captured by a parallelized multi-layer temporal memory architecture, enhancing the model's generalization capability and stability across diverse forecasting scenarios. Domain-specific constraints are seamlessly incorporated into the loss function, embedding prior knowledge to improve both prediction accuracy and model robustness significantly. The proposed P-KTFNet model was evaluated using three natural gas consumption datasets from different regions and time granularities. Experimental results demonstrate that P-KTFNet consistently outperforms other state-of-the-art models, such as XGBoost, LSTM, and CNN-LSTM, across all datasets and seasons. Compared with these advanced models, P-KTFNet achieved the lowest Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), with improvements ranging from 2.76 % to 74.53 %. These results highlight the superior robustness and predictive accuracy of P-KTFNet in diverse scenarios. An ablation study further proves the contributions of each model component, confirming the effectiveness of integrating prior knowledge and time-frequency feature extraction in enhancing model robustness. This research presents a valuable tool for natural gas consumption forecasting, providing insights that support strategic decision-making in energy management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 136559"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual characterization, exergy and mechanism analysis of in-situ nonequilibrium dynamic phase-behavior of CO2-oil","authors":"Yiqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Shenglai Yang ,&nbsp;Yun Luo ,&nbsp;Yuning Han ,&nbsp;Lerao Tian ,&nbsp;Qing Liu ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Gao ,&nbsp;Bin Shen ,&nbsp;Renfeng Yang ,&nbsp;Jing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is the key technology for upstream petroleum industry to transition towards sustainable development. The phase-behavior of CO₂-oil is the scientific basis for studying CO₂-EOR. In this paper, the in-situ miscibility of CO₂-different oils is described continuously by using visual Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) cell, and the dominant mass transfer effect at different pressures is analyzed. Then, based on the results of PVT physical properties and oil-component changes, phase-behavior differences and miscibility mechanism are investigated. Finally, the advanced exergy analysis of miscible process is carried out, and the effect of different phase-behavior on oil development is evaluated. The results show that the miscible process of CO₂-oil can be divided into three stages. The main mass transfer in the primary oil expansion stage is CO₂ dissolution. In the transition stage of mass transfer, CO₂ and oil begin to transfer mass to each other, CO₂ dissolution and oil extraction coexist, and the dominant mass transfer effect changes. The main mass transfer in miscible stage is the transfer of oil to CO₂ and the realization of miscibility. The pressure is the driving factor of miscibility, and the composition of oil is the essential reason to determine the result of miscibility, the remaining components of different oils show a normalization trend dominated by heavy components in miscible process. The result of exergy calculation can effectively reflect the direction and intensity of mass transfer, and selecting the pressure range corresponding to the positive peak of exergy can improve the effect of phase-behavior on oil development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 136560"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soot emission reduction via magnetic field coupling with carbon dioxide in diffusion flames","authors":"Kaixuan Yang ,&nbsp;Yaoyao Ying ,&nbsp;Dandan Qi ,&nbsp;Runtian Yu ,&nbsp;Chen Chen ,&nbsp;Mingxiao Chen ,&nbsp;Weijie Yan ,&nbsp;Jianhua Yan ,&nbsp;Dong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.136570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering that soot particles emitted from industrial combustion equipment were substantial contributors to global warming and human health issue, the reduction of soot emission via magnetic field coupled with carbon dioxide (CO₂) was explored in this study. As high as an 85 % reduction in soot mass emissions from exhaust gas of inverse diffusion flames could be achieved by introducing a 2T magnetic field and substituting nitrogen (N₂) with CO₂ as the dilution gas, indicating that magnetic fields could effectively synergize with CO₂ to reduce soot emission. Furthermore, to gain insight into the principles of soot reduction, the soot nanostructure and graphitization degree was investigated using the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy. It was discovered that the nanostructure of soot particles became more disordered and exhibited a lower graphitic degree in the presence of magnetic field and CO₂, leading to higher oxidation activity. This finding suggested that magnetic fields and CO₂ addition inhibited soot formation primarily through suppressing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) nucleation and soot surface growth. Given its excellent performance in reducing soot emissions, magnetic field synergistic CO₂ was a promising strategy for developing cleaner combustion devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"328 ","pages":"Article 136570"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}