IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133774

Qiankang Zheng , Le Lu , Zhaofeng Chen , Qiong Wu , Mengmeng Yang , Bin Hou , Shijie Chen , Zhuoke Zhang , Lixia Yang , Sheng Cui

{"title":"The real-time detection of defects in nuclear power pipeline thermal insulation glass fiber by deep-learning","authors":"Qiankang Zheng , Le Lu , Zhaofeng Chen , Qiong Wu , Mengmeng Yang , Bin Hou , Shijie Chen , Zhuoke Zhang , Lixia Yang , Sheng Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass fiber, prized for its high-temperature thermal insulation and radiation resistance, serves as a crucial material for insulating nuclear power pipelines. However, the harsh operational conditions often lead to material defects, underscoring the importance of defect detection for energy efficiency and personnel safety, and manually segmenting and classifying defects can be time-consuming and increase risks. Hence, there is a pressing need for a real-time and accurate detection method. In this work, infrared images of nuclear power pipeline thermal insulation glass fiber defects were collected to establish the dataset, and the damage mechanisms were analyzed. Besides, various prevalent object detection models were tested and found that YOLOv8n exhibited significant potential for improvement with exceptional speed performance and detection accuracy. Through integrated EMA attention blocks, incorporating the FasterNet blocks into the backbone, retrofitting the neck layers with the slim-neck structure, and implementing DyHead in the YOLOv8n's head, our improved model achieves the highest values of mean Average Precision (mAP) scores with 0.5:0.95 intersection over union (IoU) of 57.6 %, and 0.5 IoU of 86.8 %, while maintaining the original high detection speed and low number of parameters, ensures suitability for real-time detection deployment on edge devices of nuclear power plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 133774"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of trade-off, exergetic performance, and greenhouse gas impact-cost analysis of a diesel engine running with different proportions of TiO2, Ag2O, and CeO2 nanoadditives 使用不同比例的 TiO2、Ag2O 和 CeO2 纳米添加剂的柴油发动机的权衡评估、能效和温室气体影响成本分析

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133786

Halil Erdi Gülcan , Derviş Erol , Mehmet Çelik , Cihan Bayındırlı

{"title":"Assessment of trade-off, exergetic performance, and greenhouse gas impact-cost analysis of a diesel engine running with different proportions of TiO2, Ag2O, and CeO2 nanoadditives","authors":"Halil Erdi Gülcan , Derviş Erol , Mehmet Çelik , Cihan Bayındırlı","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the effects of adding different proportions of TiO<sub>2</sub>, Ag<sub>2</sub>O, and CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles to a three-cylinder, water-cooled, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine on engine performance and exhaust emissions are experimentally investigated. The experiments are conducted at four different engine loads (10, 20, 30, and 40 Nm) and a constant engine speed (1800 rpm). TiO<sub>2</sub>, Ag<sub>2</sub>O, and CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles are added to the diesel fuel at concentrations of 50 and 75 ppm each. The test fuels used in the study are as follows: D100, DTi50, DTi75, DAg50, DAg75, DCe50 and DCe75. Using the experimental results, analyses of energy, exergy, sustainability, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impact, and cost are performed. The experimental results reveal that the use of nanoparticles in diesel fuel reduces BSFC. The highest reduction in BSFC is achieved with DTi75 fuel, averaging 9 %. Additionally, DTi75 fuel shows an average increase of 19 % in NO<sub>x</sub> emissions compared to D100 fuel, while smoke emissions decrease by an average of 30 %. The highest average increase in exergy efficiency compared to D100 fuel is obtained with DAg50 fuel (5.6 %), followed by DTi75 fuel (5.3 %). The addition of nanoparticles to diesel fuel also leads to an increase in GHG emissions. Compared to D100 fuel, the highest average contribution to GHG emissions increase is shown by DTi75 fuel (12 %), while the lowest average contribution is observed with DAg50 fuel (4 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 133786"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prediction and optimization design of porous structure properties of biomass-derived biochar using machine learning methods 利用机器学习方法预测和优化设计生物质衍生生物炭的多孔结构特性

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133707

Zejian Ai , Song Luo , Zhengyong Xu , Jianbing Cao , Lijian Leng , Hailong Li

{"title":"Prediction and optimization design of porous structure properties of biomass-derived biochar using machine learning methods","authors":"Zejian Ai , Song Luo , Zhengyong Xu , Jianbing Cao , Lijian Leng , Hailong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar produced from biomass by pyrolysis and activation is a platform porous carbon material that has been widely used in many areas. The porosity properties of biochar such as specific surface area (SSA), total pore volume (Total_PV), micropore volume (Micro_PV), mesopore volume (Meso_PV), and average pore size (Average_PS) are essential to biochar applications. Although previous machine learning (ML) models can precisely predict SSA and Total_PV, these models are unable to comprehensively predict the other porosity characteristics. More importantly, activation, which is a critical process for preparing high-porosity biochar, was generally not considered in previous studies. Here, six single-target models were established first based on pyrolysis & activation conditions for the prediction of SSA, Total_PV, Micro_PV, Meso_PV, Average_PS, and yield, obtaining test R<sup>2</sup> of 0.89, 0.86, 0.88, 0.89, 0.76 and 0.91, respectively. Then, a multi-target model was established for simultaneous prediction with an average test R<sup>2</sup> of 0.87. ML model interpretation indicated agent type and ratio were crucial to porosity properties. Finally, activation and direct pyrolysis biochar production optimum schemes were derived from ML model for a high porosity. Favorable experimental verification results were obtained with validation R<sup>2</sup> of 0.98, indicating the great potential of using ML for biochar engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 133707"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamic characteristics of pumped thermal-liquid air energy storage system: Modeling, analysis, and optimization 抽水蓄热-液态空气储能系统的动态特性：建模、分析和优化

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133776

Wei Ai , Liang Wang , Xipeng Lin , Yakai Bai , Jingjian Huang , Jiexiang Hu , Haisheng Chen

{"title":"Dynamic characteristics of pumped thermal-liquid air energy storage system: Modeling, analysis, and optimization","authors":"Wei Ai , Liang Wang , Xipeng Lin , Yakai Bai , Jingjian Huang , Jiexiang Hu , Haisheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pumped thermal-liquid air energy storage (PTLAES) is a novel energy storage technology that combines pumped thermal- and liquid air energy storage and eliminates the need for cold storage. However, existing studies on this system are all based on steady-state assumption, lacking dynamic analysis and optimization to better understand the system's performance under cyclic operation. To fill this gap, the mainbody-linearized cyclic dynamic model of the PTLAES system with packed bed thermal energy storage (TES) was first developed. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the baseline system were investigated. Sensitivity analyses were carried out on TES parameters. Minimal values of levelized cost of storage (LCOS) were observed for all parameters in the range of interest. Subsequently, the TES circuit was optimized, and a triple improvement of efficiency and energy density enhancement, discharge stabilization, and cost reduction was achieved. The optimized system's round-trip efficiency and energy density increased from 61.7 % to 63.1 % and from 141.9 kWh/m³ to 159.2 kWh/m³, and the LCOS decreased from 163.2 $/MWh to 159.4 $/MWh. A power offset ratio lower than 3 % was reached, which is the lowest value ever reported in the literature. This study provides reference for future design and operation of the PTLAES system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 133776"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation of T2∗-based and T2-based petrophysical parameters frequency-dependent in shale oil 页岩油中基于 T2∗ 和基于 T2 的岩石物理参数频率依赖性的数值研究

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133788

Jilong Liu, Ranhong Xie, Jiangfeng Guo

{"title":"Numerical investigation of T2∗-based and T2-based petrophysical parameters frequency-dependent in shale oil","authors":"Jilong Liu, Ranhong Xie, Jiangfeng Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, the <em>T</em><sub>2</sub>∗-based relaxation theory and numerical simulation method in shale oil were established for the first time, which have been verified through free induction decay (FID) pulse sequence experiments. For the first time, the digital core technology was combined with organic carbon and Rock-Eval analysis, X-ray diffraction quantitative analysis experiments to construct representative digital shale cores. The effects of magnetic field frequency (<em>f</em>), mineral contents and types, as well as the magnetic susceptibilities difference (MSD) on <em>T</em><sub>2</sub>∗ responses were simulated based on the random walk method. For the first time, the frequency conversion cross-plots for <em>T</em><sub>2</sub>∗-based and <em>T</em><sub>2</sub>-based petrophysical parameters were proposed. The results show these effects on NMR-based petrophysical parameters are non-negligible. When <em>T</em><sub>d</sub> = 1 μs, <em>T</em><sub>E</sub> = 0.08 ms, <em>f</em> is 200 MHz, pyrite content is 5.43 %, and MSD is 9 × 10<sup>−5</sup>SI, the porosity, <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mn>2</mn><mtext>LM</mtext></mrow><mo>∗</mo></msubsup></mrow></math></span>, and organic matter content of <em>T</em><sub>2</sub>∗ distribution is 1.32 %, 0.013 ms, and 9.019 %, which are 1.33 times, 0.006 times, and 1.37 times those of <em>T</em><sub>2</sub> distribution. This work contributes to frequency conversion of petrophysical parameters between in the laboratory NMR instrument and NMR logging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 133788"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Improvement of biogas productivity from distillery wastewater by partial potassium reduction pretreatment using two-step microfiltration and nanofiltration 利用两步微滤和纳滤进行部分降钾预处理，提高酒厂废水的沼气生产率

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133779

Kessara Seneesrisakul , Kittitut Kunta , Krittiya Pornmai , Masahiko Abe , Prapan Ariyamethee , Tanakorn Boonayamanop , Sumaeth Chavadej

{"title":"Improvement of biogas productivity from distillery wastewater by partial potassium reduction pretreatment using two-step microfiltration and nanofiltration","authors":"Kessara Seneesrisakul , Kittitut Kunta , Krittiya Pornmai , Masahiko Abe , Prapan Ariyamethee , Tanakorn Boonayamanop , Sumaeth Chavadej","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main purpose of the current study was to employ filtration pretreatment to lower the K concentration in distillery wastewater (DW) from a very high level (8800 mg/L) close to severe inhibition (>12000 mg/L) to 4350 mg/L, which was in the moderate toxic range (2500–4500 mg/L) for methanogens. The filtration pretreatment system consisted of the two steps of microfiltration (MF) to remove large solid particles and nanofiltration (NF) to reduce K concentration in the retained DW. Both steps of MF and NF were operated in batch mode with continuous recirculation. The permeate of the MF step was fed to the NF unit in conjunction with different dilution ratios (dilution water volume-to-feed volume) to lower the K content in the retentate. The higher the cumulative dilution ratio, the lower the K concentration in the retentate of the NF step. However, it has to be traded off against the increasing total volume of permeate with the higher cumulative dilution ratio. Thus, at the optimum cumulative dilution ratio of 0.5:1, the DW from filtration pretreatment with a high COD value of 111500 mg/L and a low K content of 4350 mg/L was found to have significantly higher methanogenic productivities in terms of average production rate and yields of both biogas and methane with a higher optimum COD loading rate, as compared to those of the untreated DW. Moreover, the use of the two-step filtration in this investigation could significantly lower the dilution ratio as compared to the sole dilution method (0.5:1 against 2:1).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 133779"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heuristics for multi-objective operation of EV charging stations based on Chicken Swarm Optimization 基于鸡群优化的电动汽车充电站多目标运行启发式方法

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133749

Sulabh Sachan

引用次数: 0

An IGDT-WDRCC based optimal bidding strategy of VPP aggregators in new energy market considering multiple uncertainties 基于 IGDT-WDRCC 的新能源市场 VPP 聚合体最优投标策略（考虑多重不确定性

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133712

Jun-Hyeok Kim, Jin Sol Hwang, Yun-Su Kim

{"title":"An IGDT-WDRCC based optimal bidding strategy of VPP aggregators in new energy market considering multiple uncertainties","authors":"Jun-Hyeok Kim, Jin Sol Hwang, Yun-Su Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the volatility and uncertainty challenges in managing renewable energy within electricity markets, particularly focusing on the role of Virtual Power Plant (VPP) aggregators. Recognizing the risks these uncertainties pose to the revenue and stability of power systems, the paper presents a novel information gap decision theory (IGDT)-Wasserstein metric based distributionally robust chance constraint (WDRCC) approach to devise an optimal bidding strategy for VPP operators. It involves a data-driven distributionally robust optimization framework, leveraging the worst-case scenario from the distributed resource uncertainties, guided by an ambiguity set rooted in the Wasserstein metric. Furthermore, the distributionally robust chance constraint modeling is introduced ensuring that uncertainty constraints of distributed resources meet a predefined risk level. Although this method shows promising out-of-sample performance, it relies on forecasted energy prices, a notable limitation given the price volatility and information inadequacy in the newly-opened market. To address this, the risk-averse bidding strategy, grounded in IGDT, is proposed simulataneously to safeguard the operator’s expected returns against price uncertainties, implementing an advanced piecewise linear approximation technique, ”nf4l,” for linearizing the bi-linear term from IGDT. The effectiveness of this approach is empirically validated through a comprehensive case study and sensitivity analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 133712"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Green hydrogen, power, and heat generation by polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer and fuel cell powered by a hydrokinetic turbine in low-velocity water canals, a 4E assessment 以低速水渠中的水动力涡轮机为动力的聚合物电解质膜电解槽和燃料电池的绿色制氢、发电和供热：4E 评估

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133781

Omid Rasooli, Masood Ebrahimi

{"title":"Green hydrogen, power, and heat generation by polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer and fuel cell powered by a hydrokinetic turbine in low-velocity water canals, a 4E assessment","authors":"Omid Rasooli, Masood Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thousands of kilometers of man-made low-velocity water transfer canals around the world can be used as a source of renewable energy for electricity and green hydrogen production. These canals have not been well investigated as an energy source, according to the literature. In the present paper, three technologies of Hydrokinetic Turbine (HKT), Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell, and Electrolyzer (PEM-FC/EL) are utilized to produce electricity, green hydrogen, and heat using these canals. Thermodynamic, economic, and environmental models of the cycle are presented, coded in the Engineering Equation Solver software, and finally validated with published research and manufacturers’ data. Two scenarios were examined, first HKT, PEMEL, and PEMFC were used for electricity generation (power-to-hydrogen-to-power, P2X2P) and second only HKT and PEMEL were used for green hydrogen production (power-to-hydrogen, P2X). While both scenarios are economical, the P2X scenario has a smaller payback period (less than 2 years) and a higher net present value. Practical correlations are derived to determine the rate of hydrogen production, power generation, and emission reduction as a function of water velocity. The round-trip energy and exergy efficiency of the system is 46.17 % and 20.78 % and it reduces carbon dioxide by 0.874 tons/year when water velocity is 1.5 m/s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 133781"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A novel hybrid low-temperature thermal catalysis and radiative sky cooling system for day and night air purification and cooling 用于昼夜空气净化和冷却的新型混合低温热催化和辐射天空冷却系统

IF 9 1区工程技术

Energy Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2024.133795

Feiyang Xu , Lei Che , Guoyu Zhang , Xuhui Cao , Niansi Li , Ge Song , Kai Zhang , Jie Ji , Bendong Yu

{"title":"A novel hybrid low-temperature thermal catalysis and radiative sky cooling system for day and night air purification and cooling","authors":"Feiyang Xu , Lei Che , Guoyu Zhang , Xuhui Cao , Niansi Li , Ge Song , Kai Zhang , Jie Ji , Bendong Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133795","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2024.133795","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal catalytic oxidation is an air purification technology that can efficiently and stably degrade volatile organic compounds. However, using thermal catalysis to purify indoor air in the summer can cause problems of indoor overheating. Radiative sky cooling is a passive cooling method that dissipates heat through reflection and radiation, which can provide sub-ambient cooling during day and night. In this study, a novel hybrid low-temperature thermal catalysis and radiative sky cooling system for day and night air purification and cooling was proposed, which combined thermal catalysis with radiative sky cooling, and used low-temperature driven thermal catalysts to solve the problem of indoor overheating in summer. A numerical model of the hybrid system was established to simulate the formaldehyde degradation and cooling performance of the system under different operating conditions. The results show that under summer conditions with an average daily temperature of 35 °C and humidity levels between 70 % and 80 %, the system produced a total of 665.29 m³/m<sup>2</sup> of clean air after running for an entire day. The average single-pass conversion rate of formaldehyde was 0.46, and the maximum temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air was 5 °C. This provides guidance for the integration of the hybrid system with buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"313 ","pages":"Article 133795"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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