EnergyPub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138750
Baowei Fan , Xiaomin Jia , Siquan Huo , Jianfeng Pan , Yonghao Zeng , Xin Wu , Chao Jiang , Yi Zhang , Wenming Yang
{"title":"Numerical investigation of the effects of typical cylinder shapes with turbulent jet ignition on the combustion performance of methanol-fueled rotary engine","authors":"Baowei Fan , Xiaomin Jia , Siquan Huo , Jianfeng Pan , Yonghao Zeng , Xin Wu , Chao Jiang , Yi Zhang , Wenming Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138750","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138750","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the insufficient combustion and high carbon emissions of rotary engine (RE), a strategy employing methanol and turbulent jet ignition(TJI) was adopted, while the primary purpose of TJI mode is to achieve the impingement between rotary piston surface and jet flame in order to enable multi-point ignition. Optimizing this interaction could enhance the ignition efficiency and overall combustion characteristics of methanol fuel within the cylinder. Thus, this paper adopts three typical cylinder shapes to alter impingement height and employs varying TJI ignition strategies to affect in-cylinder flame propagation, investigating the effect of these factors on combustion process and combustion performance via numerical simulation. The numerical outcomes indicate that the cylinder shape, jet orifice angle and ignition timing collectively affect the impingement height between rotary piston surface and jet orifice at 10°CA (BTDC). The intensity of jet flame impinging on the rotary piston surface intensifies as the impingement height decreases, which further promotes the turbulent kinetic energy(TKE) and accelerates in-cylinder flame propagation. Furthermore, the advance of ignition timing improves combustion intensity and flame propagation within the cylinder. Additionally, with the decreasing of jet orifice angle, the flammable blend mass within the pre-combustion chamber is relatively elevated under any fixed cylinder shape, thus facilitating to generate a more intense jet flame Based on the comprehensive analysis of all cases, double pocket(DP) type cylinder shape exhibits optimal combustion performance with −30° jet orifice angle and 35°CA (BTDC) ignition timing, with the peak value in-cylinder pressure(PVIP) of 1.9 MPa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138750"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138700
Shikha Saxena , Sivaraj R. , Thameem Basha H.
{"title":"Cavity shape optimization to maximize thermal efficiency in natural convective GO-MgO/silicone oil hybrid nanofluid flow under periodic magnetic field influence","authors":"Shikha Saxena , Sivaraj R. , Thameem Basha H.","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As global energy consumption continues to rise, the world’s primary energy demand has reached unprecedented levels. A critical step in addressing this challenge involves enhancing the efficiency of thermal systems. This can be achieved through the optimal selection of cavity shape and utilizing a hybrid nanofluid as the working fluid to enhance heat transfer performance. This study investigates fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of Graphene Oxide (GO)-Magnesium Oxide (MgO)-silicone oil hybrid nanofluid in h-shape and square cavities to choose the optimum cavity shape. Seven different types of nanoparticle shapes were assessed to determine which offers the best heat transfer performance. Additionally, it examines how an inclined periodic magnetic field, thermal radiation, and heat source or sink influence the flow field and heat transfer. Four Machine Learning (ML) models (Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Random Forest (RF)) are adopted to select optimal ML model to predict characteristics of average rate of heat transfer and most influential pertinent parameter in cavity. The governing equations are solved using the finite difference approach. The outcomes show that suspending lamina-shaped nanoparticles in the base fluid provides 37.87% and 32.52% higher average heat transfer rates than that of spherical nanoparticles in the h-shape and square cavities, respectively. Compared with other pertinent parameters, radiation and heat source and sink parameters have a dominant impact in determining the heat transfer rate in the h-shape cavity, while Rayleigh number and radiation parameter have a dominant impact in the square cavity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138700"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138806
Yanfei Qiang , Tianyu Zhao , Shibo Bai , Shuofeng Wang , Changwei Ji , Hao Zhang , Jinxin Yang
{"title":"Performance and emissions of passive pre-chamber injection ignition hydrogen engine under different hydrogen supply methods and load control strategies","authors":"Yanfei Qiang , Tianyu Zhao , Shibo Bai , Shuofeng Wang , Changwei Ji , Hao Zhang , Jinxin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138806","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138806","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen fuel is a zero-carbon energy source, and its clean combustion characteristics make it an ideal choice for achieving zero carbon emissions in the transportation sector. This study investigates a four-cylinder water-cooled hydrogen engine equipped with a passive pre-chamber (PPC). By integrating experimental and simulation methods, the research systematically examines the engine's combustion characteristics, power output, and emission performance across a wide range of excess air ratios (λ = 1.3–3.0). This work is conducted at 1600 rpm with a manifold absolute pressure of 70 kPa. An experimental comparison of combustion performance was conducted for hydrogen port injection (HPI) and hydrogen direct injection (HDI) fuel modes, providing a reference for the application of PPC in hydrogen engines. Results indicated that both the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and emissions decreased with increasing λ, while the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) reached its peak at λ = 1.4. A comparison of HPI and HDI performance under different manifold absolute pressure (MAP) conditions revealed that although the BTE of HDI was 0.79 % lower than that of HPI under full load (MAP = 100 kPa), HDI increased power output by 29.5 % and reduced NOx emissions by 41.4 %, demonstrating higher power, efficiency, and lower emissions. Therefore, HDI combined with the PPC scheme offers a promising approach for the practical application of hydrogen engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138806"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental investigations on thermally induced energy storage characteristics of hydrogel thermo-electrochemical cells for low-grade heat recovery","authors":"Yilin Jiang , Chengdong Fang , Yanyu Shen , Zhi Li , Xiaoli Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogel thermo-electrochemical cells (also called thermocells or thermogalvanic cells) represent a novel heat-to-power technology driven by temperature difference for harvesting low-grade waste heat. Recently it has been found that hydrogel thermocells possess certain energy storage function with high energy storage density during the thermoelectric conversion process, indicating great potential for harvesting low-grade waste heat. However, the mechanisms behind their energy storage process remain unclear. Most existing studies focus only on materials, which restricts further exploration of their energy storage characteristics. To address this knowledge gap, we prepared typical hydrogel thermocells consisting of graphite electrodes and polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogel with K<sub>3</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]/K<sub>4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>] redox pair electrolytes. We then built a test bench to investigate the energy storage characteristics of hydrogel thermocells under various parametric conditions, including the effects of electrode temperature difference, electrode average temperature, shelving duration, redox pair ion concentration and hydrogel thickness. The above experiments indicate that the energy storage characteristic of hydrogel thermocells originate from the aggregation of ions near the two electrodes during thermoelectric conversion process, but charge storage is achieved by the gel structure to hinder the ion transport and concentration equilibrium after the removing of the temperature difference. The thermally induced energy storage performance is greatly affected by above parameters, for example, the areal capacitance and the energy storage coefficient both decreased by about 57.5 % when the temperature difference of the electrode increases from 10 °C ∼ to 30 °C. This research provides guidance for designing and optimizing energy storage performance of hydrogel thermocells, filling an important void in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138779"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138527
Ryan B. Morales , Tarek L. Rashwan , Marco A.B. Zanoni , Christopher T. DeGroot , Jason I. Gerhard
{"title":"Exploring waste heat recovery from applied smouldering systems","authors":"Ryan B. Morales , Tarek L. Rashwan , Marco A.B. Zanoni , Christopher T. DeGroot , Jason I. Gerhard","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Applied smouldering systems are used to treat stockpiles of contaminated soils as well as organic liquid/sludge wastes intentionally mixed within a porous medium (e.g., sand). These systems treat virtually all contaminants/wastes, and leave behind a hot, clean, porous media. Large amounts of excess thermal energy are generated during smouldering and ultimately exhausted to the external environment when the hot bed is convectively cooled after treatment. This wasted heat can be harnessed to offset system energy requirements and enhance this system's sustainability, reduce environmental impact, and improve economic competitiveness. In this study, a novel three-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate treatment bed cooling after smouldering and explore the waste heat recovery potential. Key system parameters and bed temperature data from a real-world commercial smouldering application were used to construct the model boundary and initial conditions. This model quantified the temporal availability and quality (i.e., exergy) of the exhaust waste heat for the first time. The model showed how the practical cooling period lasted 4.1 days, where 86 % of the energy stored in the bed was exhausted over this time and the energy release rate was governed by the bed's cooling velocity. Moreover, it was found that the cumulative output exergy during the cooling phase was 45 % of the cumulative electrical energy needed to drive equipment during the smouldering phase. Therefore, this waste heat could substantially offset the energy requirements in neighbouring systems. Overall, this study reveals the significant opportunity for waste heat recovery from applied smouldering systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138527"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138684
Danial Esmaeili Aliabadi , Niklas Wulff , Reinhold Lehneis , Mohammad Sadr , Sandra Gutjahr , Felix Jonas Reutter , Matthias Jordan , Paul Lehmann , Daniela Thrän
{"title":"Climate change may impair the transition to a fully renewable energy system: A German case study","authors":"Danial Esmaeili Aliabadi , Niklas Wulff , Reinhold Lehneis , Mohammad Sadr , Sandra Gutjahr , Felix Jonas Reutter , Matthias Jordan , Paul Lehmann , Daniela Thrän","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138684","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138684","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Renewable sources are vulnerable to climate change. Despite this, the combined impact of climate change and the expansion of renewables in higher spatiotemporal details have not been thoroughly analyzed. In this manuscript, using the state-of-the-art model coupling framework, we address the following research question: How can wind energy and bioenergy be affected regionally considering weather and climate variability in Germany and its possible impact on the neighboring countries? To answer this, we link spatially, temporally, and technologically detailed power and energy optimization models with a physical simulation model for wind power production, taking into account climate and weather scenarios. Our results indicate that significant reductions in biomass production due to climate change may profoundly compromise reaching climate targets. It also damages the resilience of energy systems by decreasing the capacity of flexible bioenergy, thereby increasing vulnerability to other disruptions, such as fluctuations in renewable electricity supply. Our finding suggests that southern German states may require electricity imports from neighboring countries, emphasizing that extreme climate events in other parts of Europe can potentially further reduce resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138684"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138771
Chenghao Ye , Xue Jiang , Xuejing Hu , Peng Hu , Peihong Zhang
{"title":"A quadrangular pyramid thermal radiation model based on flame geometry of two-dimensional diffusive spill fires under longitudinal airflow","authors":"Chenghao Ye , Xue Jiang , Xuejing Hu , Peng Hu , Peihong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An investigation of spill fire thermal radiation under longitudinal airflow enhances understanding of thermal management in energy safety. This study examined heat transfer mechanisms between flame and substrate, flame substrate diffusion shape, burning rate, and flame height in two-dimensional diffusion spill fires under longitudinal airflow, proposing a quadrangular pyramid flame radiation model. The results show that increased airflow velocity divides heat transfer process into conduction through the flame-fuel layer-substrate and radiation heating through flame to substrate, while fuel temperature gradually rises to boiling temperature along the diffusion direction due to heat absorption. Horizontal inertial forces reshape substrate flame shape into an asymmetric rhombus, decreasing windward-side flame length while increasing leeward-side length. The burning rate exhibits a non-linear trend, initially increasing then decreasing with airflow velocity increasing due to counteracting effects between enhanced combustion and convective heat dissipation. Flame height evolution progresses with longitudinal airflow increase through three distinct stages: slow decrease, rapid decline, and stabilization, captured by the dimensionless model based on buoyancy plume versus horizontal inertial force dynamics. Based on the remodeling effect of airflow on the flame diffusion shape, a quadrangular pyramid flame thermal radiation model was proposed. Compared with the triangular prism and rectangular prism models, the new model significantly improves the prediction accuracy of radiant heat flux of spill fire, with the overall error controlled within 20 %. This provides a reliable theoretical model for the management of thermal hazards in the application field of energy storage, utilization and transportation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138771"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measurement and influencing factors of China’s energy transition level from the perspective of the low-carbon and resilience two-dimensional game","authors":"Shaohua Wang, Jinglei Xu, Mengrui Cheng, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138789","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138789","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In light of rising global climate change and severe weather, a low-carbon emission reduction strategy that includes energy system resilience is crucial. Game theory is used to study resilience and low-carbon options. This paper analyzes panel data from 30 provinces from 2013 to 2022 using time-weighted rough set theory, game-theoretic combinatorial empowerment, and uncertainty models to evaluate China’s energy transition. To investigate technological, organizational, and environmental factors causing regional differences, kernel density estimation and the Dagum Gini coefficient were used, followed by a regionally and chronologically weighted regression model. Key findings: China’s energy transformation is “increase-decrease-increase again” with “high levels in the East and low levels in the West” for low-carbon efforts and “greater resilience in the South compared to the North”. Absolute levels rise, but social restrictions limit low-carbon features and resilience increases systemic vulnerabilities. Green technology dominates the technological, organizational, and environmental framework, whereas industrial structure negatively impacts regional heterogeneity and nonlinear temporal dynamics. Beyond single evaluations, this study addresses multi-objective energy transition concerns and informs regional multi-energy systems and institutional innovation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138789"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EnergyPub Date : 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.138715
Yixin Su , Zeyu Wang , Zhengcheng Dong , Xiaojun Hua , Tao Ye , Zida Song , Yun Shao
{"title":"Frequency-aware ultra-short-term wind power forecasting using CEEMDAN–VMD–SE and Transformer–GRU networks","authors":"Yixin Su , Zeyu Wang , Zhengcheng Dong , Xiaojun Hua , Tao Ye , Zida Song , Yun Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable short-term wind power forecasting is crucial for the effective management of renewable energy systems, as it enhances power grid scheduling and ensures system stability. Nonetheless, the sporadic and extremely unpredictable characteristics of wind power render the attainment of high forecasting accuracy a considerable challenge. The present study proposes a hybrid forecasting system that combines Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN), Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), Sample Entropy (SE), Transformer, and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) to address this issue. The suggested method seeks to enhance the precision and resilience of ultra-short-term wind power forecasting by employing frequency characteristics decomposition and classification modeling. First, CEEMDAN is employed for decomposing the original wind power series into numerous Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). The high-frequency components undergo additional denoising via VMD to mitigate noise interference. Then, utilizing the sample entropy values, the decomposed series are categorized into high-frequency and low-frequency components. Transformer and GRU models are respectively applied to predict these reconstructed sub-series. At the end of the predictions of all subseries are consolidated to get the ultimate wind power projection. Experimental results utilizing actual data from a wind farm in France confirm the enhanced forecasting precision of the proposed model, while also illustrating its robust generalization capability and practical applicability in real-world scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138715"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AI-accelerated physics-informed transient real-time digital-twin of SMR-based multi-domain submarine power distribution","authors":"Songyang Zhang, Weiran Chen, Yuzhong Zhang, Venkata Dinavahi","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138753","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.138753","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have emerged as promising solutions for next-generation marine propulsion systems due to their enhanced efficiency, reduced maintenance requirements, and extended operational capabilities. However, traditional transient modeling methods for these systems often rely on conventional numerical integration techniques, which encounter significant challenges when dealing with nonlinear system dynamics, leading to considerable computational latency and extensive parameter tuning efforts. To address these limitations, this paper introduces an artificial intelligence (AI)-accelerated physics-informed real-time digital-twin (RTDT) for an SMR-based multi-domain submarine power distribution system. The proposed approach integrates physics-informed machine learning (PIML) methodologies, combining neural network models with explicit physical constraints. Leveraging the parallel computing capabilities of the Xilinx® UltraScale+ FPGA hardware platform, the proposed framework significantly reduces computational latency. The emulation results validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed PIML-based RTDT, achieving mean percentage absolute errors (MPAEs) consistently below 1%, thus demonstrating superior performance compared to classical numerical methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"338 ","pages":"Article 138753"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145270448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}