Energy最新文献

{"title":"Study for improving ammonia combustion and emissions using different hydrogen addition strategies in pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition mode","authors":"Xiangyu Meng ,&nbsp;Wenchao Zhu ,&nbsp;Shuo Yin ,&nbsp;Jiangping Tian ,&nbsp;Jianlin Cao ,&nbsp;Wuqiang Long ,&nbsp;Mingshu Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135814","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135814","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The turbulent jet ignition (TJI) mode is a viable strategy to achieve high thermal efficiency and low nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions for ammonia (NH₃). In this study, the combustion behavior and NO_x emissions were comprehensively compared under lean-burn condition for active TJI mode with pure NH₃, active TJI mode with pre-chamber H₂ addition, and passive TJI mode with NH₃/H₂ blend. The results indicated that the active TJI mode with the equivalence ratio (ER) of the pre-chamber increased from 0.6 to 0.9 by H₂ addition produces a higher velocity jet flame that rebounds into the main chamber, substantially shortening ignition delay and initial flame duration while avoiding excessive peak heat release rates. Increasing the ER or the H₂ energy ratio in the main chamber raises the flame temperature and radical concentrations. This reduces the final fuel NO and NO₂ emissions while increasing thermal+prompt NO and NO₂ emissions, which become dominant. In all TJI cases in this study, total N₂O emissions are dominated by fuel N₂O. During the early combustion stage, fuel NO_x is concentrated at the flame front. In the later stage, fuel NO and NO₂ are mainly distributed near the chamber wall, while fuel N₂O remains close to zero. Thermal+prompt NO_x is generated in high-temperature regions during the later combustion stage, declining slowly after peaking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 135814"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effects of yaw misalignment and inflow turbulence on tidal turbine wake development","authors":"Matthew Allmark ,&nbsp;Allan Mason-Jones ,&nbsp;Jean-Valery Facq ,&nbsp;Benoît Gaurier ,&nbsp;Gregory Germain ,&nbsp;Tim O’Doherty","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of wakes downstream of horizontal-axis tidal stream turbines is crucial because these devices, when installed in arrays, generate predictable renewable energy. Wake formation impacts both individual turbine performance and overall array efficiency, as upstream turbines can reduce the power output of downstream devices. Additionally, tidal flows are often asymmetric and vary in the predominant incoming flow angle over short time scales. This study presents methods and findings from a lab-scale experimental campaign that investigated wake structure under combined yaw and turbulent flow conditions. A 0.9 m lab-scale tidal turbine was tested under both low- and high-turbulence inflow conditions, with three yaw configurations: <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>20</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> and a no-yaw case. A three-component laser Doppler velocimeter measured the downstream wake to characterise its structure. Under low turbulence, yawing slightly improved wake recovery. While most yaw cases showed wake skew, the centre-line progression of the wake was complex, influenced by constrained inflow characteristics. Some degree of self-similarity in the wake was observed, likely increasing with downstream distance. Analysis of wake turbulence revealed a complex picture. Turbulent kinetic energy was particularly high at the blade tips under yawed flow conditions. In the near to mid-wake region, turbulence length scales were smaller than the rotor plane. The return to isotropic conditions depended on inflow turbulence anisotropy, challenging common assumptions in computational turbulence models. These findings add to a more complex understanding of wake dynamics. The findings of this research suggest that optimisation of tidal devices and arrays utilising devices yawing and wake steering could be fruitful, however the limits of this lab-scale experiment in terms scale, blockage and ambient flow conditions mean that further work is needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 135728"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural networks and adaptive finite-time state observer-based preassigned-time fault-tolerant control of load following for a PWR-SMR under CRDM faults and sensor noises","authors":"Hongliang Liu ,&nbsp;Yingming Song ,&nbsp;Qizhen Xiao ,&nbsp;Qiming Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Load Following (L-F) control of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) under actuator faults and measurement noises remains challenging both in theory and in practice. To solve this challenge, a globally preassigned-time stable fault-tolerant control strategy of rapid L-F for a Pressurized Water Reactor based Small Modular Reactors (PWR-SMR) under control rod drive mechanism (CRDM) faults and sensor noises is first proposed. From a practical standpoint, considering some states of PWR-SMR cannot be measured directly and the sensor noises in practice, a finite-time tracking differentiator and a nonlinear adaptive practical finite-time state observer are tactfully constructed, which can guarantee that the observation error system converges to a small residual set within a finite-time. Under the framework of Filippov solution, the differential inclusion technique is used to tackle the power error system which may be discontinuous. In addition, to compensate the adverse effects of the CRDM faults, a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is employed with a preassigned-time convergent updated law. Then two preassigned-time stable controllers are proposed to guarantee that the prescribed performance of L-F for PWR-SMR can be realized within a preassigned-time. At last, simulation studies, involving performances of L-F, tracking differentiator, finite-time observer and uncertainty of parameters, demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the theoretical results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 135689"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrodynamics performance and dynamic analyses of a low-frequency broadband heaving WEC-type breakwater with customized tri-stable restoring force: A 2D numerical study","authors":"Jian Bao ,&nbsp;Ming Qu ,&nbsp;Zhigang Xu ,&nbsp;Dingyong Yu ,&nbsp;Peng Xu ,&nbsp;Yuanjie Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aiming to broaden the low-frequency operational bandwidth of an oscillating buoy wave energy converter-floating breakwater integrated system (OB WEC-FB), the double snap-through mechanism is utilized to change its linear response to a tri-stable one. The corresponding tri-stable restoring force-displacement curve are first designed to be adjustable based on the coordinates of equilibrium points. Then, the effects of equilibrium positions, spring stiffness, damping coefficient, and wave amplitude on the operational characteristics of a tri-stable floater are investigated in a two-dimensional fully-nonlinear numerical wave tank. The results show that a well-designed double snap-through mechanism can effectively lower the resonance frequency of floater and excite its large-amplitude inter-well oscillation under the action of low-frequency waves. The resulting tri-stable floater significantly outperforms its linear counterparts on both harvesting low-frequency wave energy and attenuating long waves. In addition, the underlying mechanism of coupling nonlinearity between the wave-structure interaction and nonlinear motion states is explored in detail. This paper indicates the potential of a customized tri-stable mechanism in simultaneously enhancing power absorption and wave attenuation at low frequencies and provides a valuable scheme for solving the problem of narrow operational bandwidth of OB WEC-FB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 135869"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parallel structure-based decentralized model predictive control of vehicle PEMFC anode circulation system","authors":"Hongyuan Qing ,&nbsp;Yuan Feng ,&nbsp;Caizhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinwu Gao ,&nbsp;Hao Chen ,&nbsp;Dong Hao ,&nbsp;Pengcheng Yu ,&nbsp;Milos Simonovic","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excessive pressure difference between the cathode and anode and insufficient hydrogen supply in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) can affect their stability, reliability and operating life. Therefore, in this paper, a decentralized model predictive controller (DMPC) based on the parallel structure of the ejector and hydrogen circulation pump is proposed to resist the disturbance of anode pressure and flow rate caused by current variation and purging. In addition, this structure can make up for the defect of the single ejector structure with too narrow operating range. Simulation results show that the proposed DMPC control strategy has better pressure stability and robustness than the traditional model predictive controller (MPC), and can achieve the ideal hydrogen excess ratio faster under low load conditions with step load current, variable reference and purge disturbance. In particular, even under loading current and purge disturbance condition of PEMFC hybrid vehicles, the DMPC with purge disturbance model has better pressure tracking performance and control stability, with an average absolute error of 56.69Pa and a root-mean-square error of 722.82Pa, which is 6.65 % lower than that of the MPC controller.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 135767"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards carbon neutrality: The impact of energy right trading policy on carbon performance of manufacturing enterprises","authors":"Meiling Wang,&nbsp;Zichen Liu,&nbsp;Bingxuan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The energy right trading policy (ERTP) is an important measure for addressing environmental and energy problems. Thus, whether implementing the ERTP can drive manufacturing enterprises to save energy, reduce consumption, and improve their carbon performance urgently needs to be examined. Using China’s A-share listed manufacturing companies from 2010 to 2021 as the research sample, this study constructs a difference-in-differences model based on a quasi-natural experiment. The results show that the ERTP helps improve the carbon performance of manufacturing enterprises, and this promoting effect is more obvious in mature and declining enterprises, non-heavily polluting enterprises, and low-growth enterprises. The mechanism test shows that the ERTP can improve the carbon performance of manufacturing enterprises by increasing their innovation level, green investment, and capacity utilization rate. This study provides new empirical evidence for understanding the relationship between the ERTP and carbon performance of manufacturing enterprises.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 135858"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"District heating resilience under high energy price shocks","authors":"Ieva Pakere,&nbsp;Lauma Balode,&nbsp;Guntars Krīgers,&nbsp;Dagnija Blumberga","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maintaining sustainable heating price levels is a crucial aspect of the future development of district heating (DH) systems to provide a low-carbon and affordable heat supply. The recent extreme increase in resource prices during the energy crisis in 2022/2023 has raised an important question of how to increase the overall resilience of energy systems. This research focuses particularly on the ability of DH systems to maintain affordable heat price levels under significantly increased resource prices. The simple definition of resilience has been attributed to the ability of a system to recover from adversity. A novel resilience capacity quantification methodology has been applied. The research analyses 10 different DH systems in Latvia with various heat production technologies and fuel mixes and their changes in heat prices from 2021 to 2023. The study identifies the resilience curves of each DH system and compares their ability to recover after the disruption. A composite resilience index has been developed for the DH supply systems of several municipalities in Latvia. To construct the DH resilience composite index, indicators were selected and grouped into four dimensions: technical, economic, environmental, and social. The DH resilience composite index merges fourteen criteria and compares which DH systems are more resilient to extreme changes in external conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 135855"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Under complex wind scenarios: Considering large-scale wind turbines in wind farm layout optimization via self-adaptive optimal fractional-order guided differential evolution","authors":"Yujun Zhang ,&nbsp;Zihang Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui Zhong ,&nbsp;Jun Yu ,&nbsp;Essam H. Houssein ,&nbsp;Juan Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhengming Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wind energy has become a crucial solution for reducing environmental pollution through electricity generation. However, the wake effect between different wind turbines significantly impacts the efficiency of power generation in wind farms. Wind farm layout optimization (WFLO) seeks to mitigate the wake effect and improve overall energy conversion efficiency by optimizing turbine placement. As the number of turbines increases, maintaining high efficiency becomes more challenging, testing the performance of optimization algorithms. But existing algorithms often overlook valuable historical information, which can be crucial for improving optimization efficiency. Therefore, this paper proposes self-adaptive optimal fractional-order guided differential evolution algorithm (SaOFGDE) optimizing large-scale and complex WFLO. In SaOFGDE, classification crossover rate update approach based on historical information weighting is proposed to enhance the mutation efficiency of individuals. Secondly, the optimal fractional-order calculus method is designed to make high use of the information of historical individuals, which can provide more accurate derivative approximations to help individuals make optimal decisions. SaOFGDE is tested on four extremely complex WFLO in four large wind farms, comparing with eight well-established algorithms. The results show that SaOFGDE still improves the conversion efficiency by an average of 2.64 %, 5.10 %, 3.04 % and 3.86 % respectively under the largest wind turbine setting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 135866"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of electric vehicle charging station layout considering the improvement of distribution network resilience under extreme disasters","authors":"Haozhou Mei ,&nbsp;Qiong Wu ,&nbsp;Hongbo Ren ,&nbsp;Jinli Zhang ,&nbsp;Qifen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The challenge posed by extreme natural disasters to the resilience of power distribution networks is growing increasingly severe. Electric vehicles, as distributed and mobile energy storage devices, have the potential to enhance the resilience of distribution networks through vehicle to grid technology. In this study, resilience is integrated into the evaluation metrics for charging station layout planning, and a methodology for the layout of electric vehicle charging stations is proposed, balancing both economy and resilience. After constructing a typical extreme disaster scenario model using typhoons as an example, a resilience deployment model for charging stations is developed, which comprehensively considers the resilience of the distribution network and traffic flow. The objective function is designed to minimize the annual total social cost, which includes factors such as construction and operation costs, user usage costs, charging loss costs, and resilience configuration costs. A joint solution algorithm, combining the Voronoi diagram and particle swarm optimization algorithm, is proposed to solve the model. According to the simulation results of an illustrative example, the resilience optimization scenario performs well in terms of load loss penalty. This indicates that, in extreme disaster situations, this planning approach can effectively mitigate losses caused by power outages and improve the reliability and stability of the power system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 135831"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injectable conductive hydroxylamine nitrate ionic gel materials crosslinked by xanthan gum for ultra-fast multiple ignitions response via electrical stimulation","authors":"Chuntian Li ,&nbsp;Lian Li ,&nbsp;Zhidong Wang ,&nbsp;Qianyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Hanwen Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiwen Wang ,&nbsp;Ruiqi Shen ,&nbsp;Luigi T. De Luca ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.energy.2025.135872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve accurate and adjustable propulsion power, it is essential to utilize propellant materials undergoing repeated ignition and combustion cycles. Injectable gel propellant materials possess superior mechanical properties and fluidity, allowing for the regulation of their combustion process through the precise control of flow rate. Herein, an injectable conductive ion gel which uses hydroxylamine nitrate ([NH₃OH]⁺[NO₃]^-, HAN) high-energy ion salt as matrix and lithium perchlorate ([Li]⁺[ClO₄]^-, LP) and ammonium nitrate ([NH₄]⁺[NO₃]^-, AN) ion salt to adjust its conductivity was reported. The components of this injectable conductive gel material exhibit high compatibility, as confirmed by XPS and FT-IR analysis, and the uniqueness of the conversion between liquid and solid has established a good supply property. After centrifugation at 5000 r·min^-1 for 15 min, the eccentricity was only 0.6%, demonstrating its excellent stability. Compared with the existing gel propellant materials, its ignition delay time in a single ignition test reached 700ms under 225V and 8ml·min^-1. More importantly, the ignition delay can be reduced to around 200ms after multiple repeated ignition tests, indicating an ultra-fast response phenomenon that rarely occurs in most of the research process, paving the way for realizing the ultrafast multiple repeated application of gel propellant materials in space propulsion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11647,"journal":{"name":"Energy","volume":"323 ","pages":"Article 135872"},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}