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The orbitofrontal-anterior temporal network complements the attention network for where to look in social situations. 眶额-前颞网络补充了注意网络,决定了在社交场合该往哪里看。
IF 2.6 3区 医学
eNeuro Pub Date : 2026-09-22 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0203-26.2026
Nico Marek, Radha Nila Meghanathan, Stefan Pollmann
{"title":"The orbitofrontal-anterior temporal network complements the attention network for where to look in social situations.","authors":"Nico Marek, Radha Nila Meghanathan, Stefan Pollmann","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0203-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0203-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human neuroimaging experiments have consistently found dorsal and ventral attention networks subserving spatial shifts of covert attention or eye movements. However, these experiments used abstract, artificial stimuli for better experimental stimulus control and clearly defined instructions about where to attend or what to search for. This clearly is not an adequate model of eye movement control in natural environments full of semantic and social information. Here, we show that during movie viewing, activation of the dorsal and ventral attention networks was complemented by activation patterns in orbitofrontal and anterior temporal cortex, previously not implicated in human eye movement control, supporting individual decisions where to look. This effect was largely driven by looking at faces. We compared similarity relationships between eye fixation patterns on the one hand and brain activity patterns on the other hand in human participants of either sex. Searching for between-scenes changes in activation patterns that mirrored changes in fixation patterns, we were able to identify the attention networks defined by previous experiments with artificial stimuli. In contrast, interindividual differences in fixation patterns, indicative of endogenous decisions about where to look, were mirrored by activation pattern differences in orbitofrontal and anterior temporal cortex, particularly for scenes presenting faces. Thus, we could precisely replicate the role of the attention networks in a more natural viewing environment. Crucially, we also showed that previous lab experiments, lacking the complexity of free viewing in a naturalistic environment, overlooked the importance of the orbitofrontal - anterior temporal network for individual differences in active vision. Our findings show that the orbitofrontal - anterior temporal network needs to be considered in studies of active vision, particularly in social situations.<b>Significance Statement</b> Human attention networks have been replicated in a naturalistic setting. The attention networks could be mapped by comparing the similarity of fixation patterns and local brain activation patterns between scenes of a movie. In contrast, searching for brain activation reflecting interindividual differences in fixation patterns yielded an orbitofrontal-anterior temporal network. This network showed the highest similarity of fixation and brain activation patterns during scens containing faces, in line with its known function for social communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13649639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149024364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Allometric Approach to Fine-Mapping Subcortical Volume Alterations in RASopathies. 一种异速测量方法精细定位rasopathy的皮质下体积改变。
IF 2.6 3区 医学
eNeuro Pub Date : 2026-09-21 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0017-26.2026
Chloe A McGhee-Deakin, Odeya Russo, Julia R Plank, Tamar Green
{"title":"An Allometric Approach to Fine-Mapping Subcortical Volume Alterations in RASopathies.","authors":"Chloe A McGhee-Deakin, Odeya Russo, Julia R Plank, Tamar Green","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0017-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0017-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Structural neuroimaging in youth with RASopathies has shown alterations in total brain volume (TBV) and subcortical structures. However, whether these subcortical differences scale proportionately with TBV or follow nonlinear allometric relationships remains unclear, limiting accurate interpretation of neuroanatomical findings and their relevance to cognition. Using an allometric framework, this study aimed to determine whether (1) subcortical volumes exhibit deviations from normative scaling in RASopathies and (2) methods used to account for TBV influence the detection of subcortical volume alterations. We examined youth with RASopathies (<i>N</i> = 132), including neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1; <i>N</i> = 27), Noonan syndrome (<i>N</i> = 100; <i>PTPN11</i>, 72; <i>SOS1</i>, 22; <i>RAF1</i>, 6), and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML; <i>N</i> = 5), compared with 80 age- and sex-matched controls. Subcortical volumes were analyzed using an allometric framework, compared with linear TBV correction methods (normalization and covariation), and explored in sex-stratified analyses. Allometric analyses revealed deviations from normative scaling in the thalamus for NF1; the caudate, putamen, ventral striatum, and pallidum for <i>PTPN11</i>; and the ventral striatum for <i>SOS1</i> No significant deviations were observed for NSML or <i>RAF1</i> Exploratory sex-stratified analyses suggested similar directional scaling patterns across sexes, with greater deviations in females, although subgroup sizes were small. Comparisons across correction methods demonstrated that linear approaches may overestimate regional differences, whereas thalamic alterations in NF1 and striatal alterations in <i>PTPN11</i> were consistent across methods, suggesting robust, region-specific genetic effects beyond scaling. These findings highlight genotype-specific deviations from normative allometric scaling and underscore the importance of nonlinear scaling frameworks to accurately characterize neuroanatomical differences in RASopathies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148911204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reward Modality and Task Complexity Shape Learning Dynamics during Multi-decision Sequential Navigation. 奖励模式和任务复杂性影响多决策顺序导航学习动力学。
IF 2.6 3区 医学
eNeuro Pub Date : 2026-09-21 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0126-26.2026
Juliette Archimbaud, Charlotte Lehericy, Céline Auger, Christelle Rochefort, Laure Rondi-Reig
{"title":"Reward Modality and Task Complexity Shape Learning Dynamics during Multi-decision Sequential Navigation.","authors":"Juliette Archimbaud, Charlotte Lehericy, Céline Auger, Christelle Rochefort, Laure Rondi-Reig","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0126-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0126-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Learning dynamics depend on internal and contextual multifactors among which the interaction between motivational context and task demands plays an important role. Spatial navigation provides a powerful framework to study these interactions as it integrates cognitive, motivational, and motor components. To examine how reward modality and task complexity modulate learning dynamics in male mice, we used a sequential navigation task in which the number of decision points progressively increased across training, while preserving the same geometrical context and goal location. We compared three versions of the same task, in which the fixed goal location was rewarded by either escape from water (aquatic version), food pellets, or medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation associated with different levels of complexity. At low task complexity, the aquatic group achieved a higher level of performance. However, this effect does not extend to the acquisition of the most complex sequence, as all groups ultimately converge toward comparable abilities to perform direct trials. Furthermore, reward type appears to modulate motivational engagement and speed in all training conditions. Together, these data show that, during spatial navigation, reward modality influences not only the level of learning but also its behavioral execution.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592737/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148886742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamic Network Model Linking Intermittent Postural Control to Sway-Related Beta-Band Oscillations. 一个将间歇性姿势控制与摇摆相关的β波段振荡联系起来的皮质-基底神经节-丘脑网络模型。
IF 2.6 3区 医学
eNeuro Pub Date : 2026-09-18 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0283-26.2026
Shota Tsugaya, Akihiro Nakamura, Taishin Nomura
{"title":"A Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamic Network Model Linking Intermittent Postural Control to Sway-Related Beta-Band Oscillations.","authors":"Shota Tsugaya, Akihiro Nakamura, Taishin Nomura","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0283-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0283-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies of human quiet stance demonstrate beta-band event-related desynchronization (beta-ERD) during the micro-fall phase of postural sway, followed by event-related synchronization (beta-ERS; post-movement beta rebound) during the micro-recovery phase. These modulations correlate with intermittent ankle muscle inactivation that exploits the stable manifolds of an unstable upright equilibrium; however, how such sway-related beta dynamics arise within closed-loop brain-body interactions remains unclear. Here, we investigated a possible circuit-level account of these dynamics using an embodied spiking neural network model of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuitry integrated with an inverted pendulum. In this closed-loop system, continuous sensory feedback is integrated into the striatum, while the motor cortex executes decisions via drift-diffusion-like population competition, where decision time (DT) represents the intermittent control-off period. We demonstrate that simulated cortical LFPs exhibit characteristic sway-phase-locked beta-ERD and beta-ERS when corticostriatal synaptic weights are functionally balanced to implement intermittent control. Conversely, a forced-choice continuous-like regime that ceaselessly generates feedback torque fails to replicate these modulations, sustaining flat network states devoid of control-off periods (DT). Structural dissections show that, within the model, disrupting bidirectional thalamocortical loops or the GPe-STN circuit abolishes sway-phase-locked beta modulation, despite continuous sensory drive. Our findings provide a computational account linking sway-phase-locked beta activity to intermittent motor selection within the proposed CBGT framework. This closed-loop modeling framework offers a testable candidate account for how alterations in brain-body dynamics may jointly affect behavioral intermittency and beta-band modulation, with potential relevance to postural impairments in Parkinson's disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148891385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comparative Electrophysiological Analysis of Trigeminal and Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in Mice. 小鼠三叉神经节与背根神经节神经元电生理对比分析。
IF 2.6 3区 医学
eNeuro Pub Date : 2026-09-18 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0269-26.2026
Sachin Goyal, Nesia A Zurek, Sascha R A Alles
{"title":"Comparative Electrophysiological Analysis of Trigeminal and Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in Mice.","authors":"Sachin Goyal, Nesia A Zurek, Sascha R A Alles","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0269-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0269-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cultured dissociated trigeminal ganglion (TG) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are widely used to study peripheral sensory function, yet direct electrophysiological comparisons under identical experimental conditions remain limited. We compared intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mouse TG (mTG) and mouse DRG (mDRG) neurons using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology from male mice. In addition to conventional comparisons of membrane properties, action potential waveform characteristics, and firing behavior, neurons were stratified by soma size and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson's correlation analyses to determine ganglia-specific electrophysiological signatures. mTG neurons exhibited enhanced stimulus-evoked excitability compared with mDRG neurons, characterized by shorter first spike latency, increased repetitive firing, and greater action potential output despite similar resting membrane potential, rheobase, and input resistance. These differences were primarily driven by small-diameter neurons, which displayed increased rebound and repetitive firing, whereas differences in spontaneous activity were predominantly observed in large-diameter neurons. PCA revealed distinct clustering of TG and DRG neurons based on electrophysiological properties, while Pearson's correlation analyses demonstrated tissue-specific relationships among electrophysiological parameters, particularly involving afterhyperpolarization, indicating that coordinated regulation of excitability differs between sensory ganglia. These findings demonstrate that TG and DRG neurons differ not only in individual electrophysiological properties but also in the coordinated organization of those properties. Together, these data provide a functional framework for understanding ganglion-specific regulation of peripheral sensory neuron excitability and establish a foundation for future mechanistic studies and the development of targeted therapies for peripheral pain disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Developmental Scarcity Induces Sex Differences in Social Recognition and CA2 Perineuronal Nets. 发育稀缺性导致社会认知和CA2神经周围网络的性别差异。
IF 2.6 3区 医学
eNeuro Pub Date : 2026-09-18 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0199-26.2026
Renée C Waters, Isha R Gore, Casey J Brown, Aimee L Skweres-Gilmartin, Aarushi B Rathaur, Elizabeth Gould
{"title":"Developmental Scarcity Induces Sex Differences in Social Recognition and CA2 Perineuronal Nets.","authors":"Renée C Waters, Isha R Gore, Casey J Brown, Aimee L Skweres-Gilmartin, Aarushi B Rathaur, Elizabeth Gould","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0199-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0199-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early-life adversity (ELA) has a lasting negative impact on social behavior in both humans and rodents. Sex differences exist in functional outcomes of postnatal stress, but underlying mechanisms remain incompletely explored. Using the limited bedding and nesting paradigm, a mouse model of developmental scarcity, we found sex differences in social behavior with adult males showing impaired social recognition and adult females showing intact social recognition with enhanced social novelty preference. Perineuronal nets (PNNs), specialized extracellular matrix structures, are known to inhibit developmental plasticity and are concentrated in the CA2 region of the hippocampus in adulthood. We found higher intensity of CA2 PNNs in adult males, but not adult females, after ELA. Focal degradation of the extracellular matrix in the CA2 region restored social recognition function in adult males previously subjected to early stress, suggesting that the effects of developmental adversity may be improved by targeted intervention in adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13592735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148886770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Electrophysiological Profiling of Exocytosis during Early-Stage Development of the Zebrafish Lateral Line. 斑马鱼侧线发育早期胞吐的电生理特征。
IF 2.6 3区 医学
eNeuro Pub Date : 2026-09-17 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0479-25.2026
Jiali Wang, Ane Landajuela, Joseph Santos-Sacchi, Erdem Karatekin, David Zenisek
{"title":"Electrophysiological Profiling of Exocytosis during Early-Stage Development of the Zebrafish Lateral Line.","authors":"Jiali Wang, Ane Landajuela, Joseph Santos-Sacchi, Erdem Karatekin, David Zenisek","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0479-25.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0479-25.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hair cells of the zebrafish lateral line have proven to be a good model for studying hair cell function in a system that is easily genetically manipulated, rapidly develops, and is experimentally accessible. However, characterization of potential developmental changes and possible differences along lateral line position are lacking. Here, we used in vivo patch clamp to investigate the exocytic properties of neuromast hair cells over early development across body location. Long depolarizations led to steady increases in membrane capacitance, presumably due to exocytosis of vesicles localized to ribbon synapses. The magnitude and kinetics of capacitance changes did not vary significantly across the L1-L6 positions of neuromasts along the lateral line, but the magnitudes were found to be significantly smaller in hair cells found in the tail region across all developmental time points. For each region, we found no significant changes in capacitance responses between 3 and 7 d after fertilization. Hair cell capacitance responses were greatly reduced in animals injected with CRISPR/Cas9 with gRNAs targeted to <i>otoferlin b</i> These results confirm the essential role of otoferlin b in neuromast hair cell function, and they demonstrate the fidelity of CRISPR/Cas9 to rapidly mediate genetic removal of critical genes to study their impact on synaptic release.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13590465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148891437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Automated Behavioral Tracking of Zebrafish Larvae with DeepLabCut and SLEAP: Pretrained Networks and Datasets of Annotated Poses. 使用DeepLabCut和SLEAP对斑马鱼幼虫进行自动行为跟踪:预训练网络和标注姿势数据集。
IF 2.6 3区 医学
eNeuro Pub Date : 2026-09-16 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0071-26.2026
Leandro A Scholz, Tessa Mancienne, Sarah J Stednitz, Ethan K Scott, Conrad C Y Lee
{"title":"Automated Behavioral Tracking of Zebrafish Larvae with DeepLabCut and SLEAP: Pretrained Networks and Datasets of Annotated Poses.","authors":"Leandro A Scholz, Tessa Mancienne, Sarah J Stednitz, Ethan K Scott, Conrad C Y Lee","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0071-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0071-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zebrafish are an important model system in behavioral neuroscience due to their rapid development and suite of distinct, innate behaviors. In this study, we tracked the behavior of 6 d postfertilization larval zebrafish (of indeterminate sex, as larvae at this developmental stage are sexually undifferentiated). Quantifying many of these larval behaviors requires detailed tracking of eye and tail kinematics, which in turn demands imaging at high spatial and temporal resolution, ideally using semi- or fully automated tracking methods for throughput efficiency. However, creating and validating accurate tracking models is time-consuming and labor-intensive, with many research groups duplicating efforts on similar images. With the goal of developing a useful community resource, we trained pose estimation models using a diverse array of video parameters and a 15-keypoint pose model. We deliver an annotated dataset of free-swimming and head-embedded behavioral videos of larval zebrafish, along with four pose estimation networks from DeepLabCut and SLEAP (two variants of each). We also evaluated model performance across varying imaging conditions to guide users in optimizing their imaging setups. This resource will allow other researchers to skip the tedious and laborious training steps for setting up behavioral analyses, guide model selection for specific research needs, and provide ground-truth data for benchmarking new tracking methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13586483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148758661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Local Synthesis of CaMKII Does Not Contribute to Activity-Dependent Generation of Ghost Boutons. CaMKII的局部合成对活动依赖性鬼钮扣的产生没有贡献。
IF 2.6 3区 医学
eNeuro Pub Date : 2026-09-14 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0196-26.2026
Kelsey J Clements, Leslie C Griffith
{"title":"Local Synthesis of CaMKII Does Not Contribute to Activity-Dependent Generation of Ghost Boutons.","authors":"Kelsey J Clements, Leslie C Griffith","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0196-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0196-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Activity-dependent structural plasticity is essential for the growth and remodeling of synaptic connections. At the <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), spaced stimulation induces the translation-dependent formation of ghost boutons (GBs), which are immature boutons that lack a corresponding postsynaptic structure. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has previously been implicated in GB formation and is locally translated at synapses, raising the possibility that activity-dependent CaMKII synthesis contributes to GB formation. We examined activity-induced synaptic outgrowth in female larvae using a spaced depolarization paradigm combined with genetic manipulations of the endogenous CaMKII locus. While whole-animal <i>CaMKII</i> null mutants exhibited fewer GBs after spaced depolarization, selective disruption of activity-dependent CaMKII synthesis by deletion of the <i>CaMKII</i> 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) in either presynaptic motor neurons or postsynaptic muscle cells had no effect on GB formation. Consistent with this, inhibition of the signaling pathways upstream of CaMKII synthesis also did not impair bouton outgrowth. Cell-specific deletion of the CaMKII coding region in presynaptic neurons also did not alter GB formation, but postsynaptic deletion significantly reduced it. These findings demonstrate that local synthesis of CaMKII is dispensable for activity-dependent GB formation. Instead, our results indicate that only steady-state CaMKII protein is necessary for this specific type of structural plasticity and identifies a new transsynaptic function for postsynaptic CaMKII in GB formation. These findings distinguish the role of CaMKII protein from CaMKII synthesis and suggest that other locally translated proteins underlie the protein synthesis dependence of GB formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13583335/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148864021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Novel Computation for Dimming Relative to the Adaptation Level in the Frog Retina. 一种相对于青蛙视网膜适应水平的新的调光计算方法。
IF 2.6 3区 医学
eNeuro Pub Date : 2026-09-11 Print Date: 2026-09-01 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0061-26.2026
Shun Murakami, Jun Umemoto, Miyu Horiguchi, Hiroshi Ishikane
{"title":"A Novel Computation for Dimming Relative to the Adaptation Level in the Frog Retina.","authors":"Shun Murakami, Jun Umemoto, Miyu Horiguchi, Hiroshi Ishikane","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0061-26.2026","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0061-26.2026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ambient luminance varies widely, and retinal output is shaped by adaptation-dependent gain control. Relative to the adaptation level, a decrease in light intensity can either return intensity toward the adaptation level or drive it farther away from that level. Whether OFF retinal outputs signal both changes simply as light-intensity decrements or distinguish them according to their relationship to the adaptation level is currently unclear. This study examined OFF sustained retinal ganglion cells in bullfrogs (<i>Rana catesbeiana</i>) of either sex and quantified response bias by comparing spike counts during decrements that moved toward and away from the adaptation level. Responses fell into two functional populations: one signaled decrements in both cases, whereas the other selectively signaled decrements that moved away from the adaptation level, indicating adaptation level-referenced encoding. Although surround suppression was considered a possible contributor to these differences, manipulations expected to reduce classical surround contributions did not explain the selective suppression of responses during decrements that moved toward the adaptation level. Blocking GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors (GABA<sub>A</sub>Rs) consistently weakened the response asymmetry between decrements that moved toward and away from the adaptation level, suggesting that GABA<sub>A</sub>R-dependent inhibition contributes to the mechanism underlying adaptation level-referenced responses. Taken together, these findings reveal a distinct computation for light-intensity decrement processing and expand the functional diversity of OFF outputs across light-intensity contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13576493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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