eNeuro最新文献

{"title":"Electroacupuncture Neural Stimulation Mitigates Bladder Dysfunction and Mechanical Allodynia in Cyclophosphamide Induced Cystitis through Downregulation of the BDNF-TrkB Signaling Pathway.","authors":"Ying Su, Fei Yang, Jun-Cong Xie, Chi Zhang, Rui-Xiang Luo, Wen-Shuang Li, Bo-Long Liu, Min-Zhi Su","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0329-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0329-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Central sensitization plays a critical role in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). Electroacupuncture (EA) nerve stimulation therapy has been broadly acknowledged as an effective means of alleviating chronic pathological pain. However, it remains to be explored whether EA is effective in mitigating pain-sensitive symptoms of BPS/IC and the mechanisms involved. This study aims to investigate the analgesic effect and mechanism of EA therapy. To achieve this goal, we employed several techniques: mechanical pain threshold tests to assess pain sensitivity, urodynamic studies to evaluate bladder function, Western blotting (WB) for protein analysis, immunofluorescence for visualizing, and transcriptomics. A rat cystitis model was established through a systemic intraperitoneal injection with cyclophosphamide (CYP). EA therapy was executed by stimulating the deep part of the hypochondriac point, where the 2nd-4th sacral nerves traverse. EA treatment was observed to effectively reduce mechanical allodynia, enhance urinary function, suppress the activation of microglial cells, and alleviate neuroinflammation. Additionally, EA demonstrated the capability to downregulate BDNF-TrkB signal transduction in the spinal dorsal horn. Transcriptome sequencing has indicated that EA therapy potentially inhibits excitatory neural transmission and modulates several pathways related to longevity. Furthermore, EA therapy has shown efficacy in treating conditions such as Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. In conclusion, by regulating the BDNF-TrkB signaling, EA nerve stimulation can effectively alleviate bladder dysfunction and mechanical allodynia in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis model. Our research elucidates the underlying mechanisms of EA therapy in treating bladder dysfunction and offers new theoretical insights for addressing painful sensitization in BPS.<b>Significance Statement</b> Central sensitization is a major factor in bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC), making effective pain management crucial. This study explores the potential of electroacupuncture (EA) as a therapeutic approach to alleviate pain and improve bladder function in a rat model of BPS/IC induced by cyclophosphamide. Our findings demonstrate that EA therapy significantly reduces mechanical allodynia, enhances urinary function, and decreases neuroinflammation by modulating BDNF-TrkB signaling in the spinal dorsal horn. The research highlights EA's capability to inhibit excitatory neural transmission and provide relief in chronic pain conditions. These results offer new insights into the mechanisms of EA therapy, potentially improving treatment strategies for BPS/IC and similar pain syndromes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11913400/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143596615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Common Stay-on-Goal Mechanism in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex for Information and Effort Choices.","authors":"Valeria V González, Melissa Malvaez, Alex Yeghikian, Sydney Wissing, Melissa Sharpe, Kate M Wassum, Alicia Izquierdo","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0454-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0454-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans and nonhumans alike often make choices to gain information, even when the information cannot be used to change the outcome. Prior research has shown that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is important for evaluating options involving reward-predictive information. Here we studied the role of ACC in information choices using optical inhibition to evaluate the contribution of this region during specific epochs of decision-making. Rats could choose between an uninformative option followed by a cue that predicted reward 50% of the time versus a fully informative option that signaled outcomes with certainty but was rewarded only 20% of the time. Reward seeking during the informative S+ cue decreased following ACC inhibition, indicating a causal contribution of this region in supporting reward expectation to a cue signaling reward with certainty. Separately in a positive control experiment and in support of a known role for this region in sustaining high-effort behavior for preferred rewards, we observed reduced lever presses and lower breakpoints in effort choices following ACC inhibition. The lack of changes in reward latencies in both types of decisions indicate the motivational value of rewards remained intact, revealing instead a common role for ACC in maintaining persistence toward certain and valuable rewards.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hawkmoth Pheromone Transduction Involves G-Protein-Dependent Phospholipase Cβ Signaling.","authors":"Anna C Schneider, Katrin Schröder, Yajun Chang, Andreas Nolte, Petra Gawalek, Monika Stengl","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0376-24.2024","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0376-24.2024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evolutionary pressures adapted insect chemosensation to their respective physiological needs and tasks in their ecological niches. Solitary nocturnal moths rely on their acute olfactory sense to find mates at night. Pheromones are detected with maximized sensitivity and high temporal resolution through mechanisms that are mostly unknown. While the inverse topology of insect olfactory receptors and heteromerization with the olfactory receptor coreceptor suggest ionotropic transduction via odorant-gated receptor-ion channel complexes, contradictory data propose amplifying G-protein-coupled transduction. Here, we used in vivo tip-recordings of pheromone-sensitive sensilla of male <i>Manduca sexta</i> hawkmoths at specific times of day (rest vs activity). Since the olfactory receptor neurons distinguish signal parameters in three consecutive temporal windows of their pheromone response (phasic; tonic; late, long-lasting), respective response parameters were analyzed separately. Disruption of G-protein-coupled transduction and block of phospholipase C decreased and slowed the phasic response component during the activity phase of hawkmoths without affecting any other component of the response during activity and rest. A more targeted disruption of G_α subunits by blocking G_αo or sustained activation of G_αs using bacterial toxins affected the phasic pheromone response, while toxins targeting G_αq and G_α12/13 were ineffective. Consistent with these data, the expression of phospholipase Cβ4 depended on zeitgeber time, which indicates circadian clock-modulated metabotropic pheromone transduction cascades that maximize sensitivity and temporal resolution of pheromone transduction during the hawkmoth's activity phase. Thus, discrepancies in the literature on insect olfaction may be resolved by considering circadian timing and the distinct odor response components.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11964160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143064545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semicircular Canals Input Can Modify the Fast-Phase Nystagmus in Off-Vertical Axis Rotation of Mice.","authors":"Shijie Xiao, Tong Zhao, Wenda Liu, Zihao Peng, Fangyi Chen","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0461-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0461-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vestibular research is essential for understanding and treating disorders such as vertigo and Meniere's disease. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a key method for assessing vestibular function and an essential tool for diagnosing vertigo. Traditionally, the VOR comprises angular VOR (aVOR) and translational VOR (tVOR), which originate from the vestibular semicircular canals (SCCs) and otolith organs, respectively. VOR consists of both fast-phase and slow-phase eye movements, which functionally interact to contribute to gaze control. However, to calculate the gain and phase parameters of the VOR, it is common practice to exclude fast-phase information superimposed on slow-phase eye movements. As a result, the information contained in the fast phase has not been fully utilized. OVAR is primarily used to evaluate otolith function, as there is no SCC input during its steady state. It is widely accepted that fast-phase nystagmus (FPN) during OVAR is generated by periodic otolith inputs via the central vestibular velocity storage mechanism. Surprisingly, we discovered in this study that SCC input can modify the generation of FPN in mouse OVAR test, as demonstrated by testing <i>Zpld1</i> (Zona pellucida-like domain containing 1 protein) mutant mice with SCC deficits. This finding was further confirmed using both unilateral and bilateral semicircular canals dehiscence surgical models. In addition to revealing the dependence of FPN on SCC input, we demonstrated that FPN can be used to evaluate vestibular function, particularly in conditions that are difficult to assess using slow-phase eye movements, such as unilateral vestibular lesions and central modulation via baclofen treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143491326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Mitotic Neuroblasts Provides Additional Evidence of Steady-State Neurogenesis in the Adult Small Intestinal Myenteric Plexus.","authors":"Anastazja M Gorecki, Jared Slosberg, Su Min Hong, Philippa Seika, Srinivas N Puttapaka, Blake Migden, Anton Gulko, Alpana Singh, Chengxiu Zhang, Rohin Gurumurthy, Subhash Kulkarni","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0005-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0005-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maintenance of normal structure of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which regulates key gastrointestinal functions, requires robust homeostatic mechanisms, since by virtue of its location within the gut wall, the ENS is subject to constant mechanical, chemical, and biological stressors. Using transgenic and thymidine analog-based experiments, we previously discovered that neuronal turnover-where continual neurogenesis offsets ongoing neuronal loss at steady state-represents one such mechanism. Although other studies confirmed that neuronal death continues into adulthood in the myenteric plexus of the ENS, the complicated nature of thymidine analog presents challenges in substantiating the occurrence of adult neurogenesis. Therefore, it is vital to employ alternative, well-recognized techniques to substantiate the existence of adult enteric neurogenesis in the healthy gut. Here, by using established methods of assessing nuclear DNA content and detecting known mitotic marker phosphor-histone H3 (pH3) in Hu⁺ adult ENS cells, we show that ∼10% of adult small intestinal myenteric Hu⁺ cells in mice and ∼20% of adult human small intestinal myenteric Hu⁺ cells show evidence of mitosis and hence are cycling neuroblasts. We observe that proportions of Hu⁺ cycling neuroblasts in the adult murine ENS neither vary with ganglionic size nor do they differ significantly between two intestinal regions, duodenum and ileum, or between sexes. Confocal microscopy provides further evidence of cytokinesis in Hu⁺ cells. The presence of a significant population of cycling neuroblasts in adult ENS provides further evidence of steady-state neurogenesis in the adult ENS.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11884873/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143398624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Imaging to Identify Brain Markers of Human Prosocial Behavior.","authors":"Toru Ishihara, Hiroki Tanaka, Toko Kiyonari, Tetsuya Matsuda, Haruto Takagishi","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0304-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0304-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>How humans achieve such a high degree of prosocial behavior is a subject of considerable interest. Exploration of the neural foundations of human prosociality has garnered significant attention in recent decades. Nevertheless, the neural mechanisms underlying human prosociality remain to be elucidated. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed multimodal brain imaging data and data from 15 economic games. The results revealed several significant associations between brain characteristics and prosocial behavior, including stronger interhemispheric connectivity and larger corpus callosum volume. Greater functional segregation and integration, alongside fewer myelin maps combined with a thicker cortex, were linked to prosocial behavior, particularly within the social brain regions. The current study demonstrates that these metrics serve as brain markers of human prosocial behavior and provides novel insights into the structural and functional brain basis of human prosocial behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11884870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143514698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Auditory Feedback Promotes Fine Motor Skill Learning in Mice.","authors":"Dongsheng Xiao, Matilde Balbi","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0008-25.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0008-25.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motor skill learning enables organisms to interact effectively with their environment, relying on neural mechanisms that integrate sensory feedback with motor output. While sensory feedback, such as auditory cues linked to motor actions, enhances motor performance in humans, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Developing a reliable animal model of augmented motor skill learning is crucial to begin dissecting the biological systems that underpin this enhancement. We hypothesized that continuous auditory feedback during a motor task would promote complex motor skill acquisition in mice. We developed a closed-loop system using DeepLabCut for real-time markerless tracking of mouse forepaw movements with high processing speed and low latency. By encoding forepaw movements into auditory tones of different frequencies, mice received continuous auditory feedback during a reaching task requiring vertical displacement of the left forepaw to a target. Adult mice were trained over 4 d with either auditory feedback or no feedback. Mice receiving auditory feedback exhibited significantly enhanced motor skill learning compared with controls. Clustering analysis of reaching trajectories showed that auditory feedback mice established consistent reaching trajectories by Day 2 of motor training. These findings demonstrate that real-time, movement-coded auditory feedback effectively promotes motor skill learning in mice. This closed-loop system, leveraging advanced machine learning and real-time tracking, offers new avenues for exploring motor control mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies for motor disorders through augmented sensory feedback.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11884872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143499866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ex Vivo Functional Characterization of Mouse Olfactory Bulb Projection Neurons Reveals a Heterogeneous Continuum.","authors":"Sana Gadiwalla, Chloé Guillaume, Li Huang, Samuel J B White, Nihal Basha, Pétur Henry Petersen, Elisa Galliano","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0407-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0407-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) act as an input convergence hub and transmit information to higher olfactory areas. Since first characterized, they have been classed as distinct projection neurons based on size and location: laminarly arranged MCs with a diameter larger than 20 µm in the mitral layer (ML) and smaller TCs spread across both the ML and external plexiform layers (EPL). Recent in vivo work has shown that these neurons encode complementary olfactory information, akin to parallel channels in other sensory systems. Yet, many ex vivo studies still collapse them into a single class, mitral/tufted, when describing their physiological properties and impact on circuit function. Using immunohistochemistry and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in fixed or acute slices from adult mice, we attempted to align in vivo and ex vivo data and test a soma size-based classifier of bulbar projection neurons using passive and intrinsic firing properties. We found that there is no clear separation between cell types based on passive or active properties. Rather, there is a heterogeneous continuum with three loosely clustered subgroups: TCs in the EPL, and putative tufted or putative MCs in the ML. These findings illustrate the large functional heterogeneity present within the OB projection neurons and complement existing literature highlighting how heterogeneity in sensory systems is preponderant and possibly used in the OB to decode complex olfactory information.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143188610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Signaling Together with Neuronal Activation Enhances Forelimb Motor Recovery after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury.","authors":"Hirohide Takatani, Naoki Fujita, Fumiyasu Imai, Yutaka Yoshida","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0359-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0359-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Singular strategies for promoting axon regeneration and motor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) have been attempted with limited success. For instance, the deletion of <i>RhoA</i> and phosphatase and tensin homolog (<i>Pten</i>) (an extrinsic and intrinsic modulating factor, respectively) in corticospinal neurons (CSNs) promotes axon sprouting after thoracic SCI; however, it is unable to restore motor function. Here, we examine the effects of combining <i>RhoA/Pten</i> deletion in CSNs with chemogenetic neuronal stimulation on axonal growth and motor recovery after SCI in mice. We find that this combinatorial approach promotes greater axonal growth and presynaptic bouton formation in CSNs within the spinal cord compared with <i>RhoA</i>;<i>Pten</i> deletion alone. Furthermore, chemogenetic neuronal stimulation of <i>RhoA</i>;<i>Pten</i>-deleted CSNs improves forelimb performance in behavioral tasks after SCI compared with <i>RhoA</i>;<i>Pten</i> deletion alone. These results demonstrate that combination therapies pairing genetic modifications with neuronal stimulation can promote greater presynaptic formation and motor recovery following SCI than either strategy alone.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11881905/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143370528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facial Paralysis Algorithm: A Tool to Infer Facial Paralysis in Awake Mice.","authors":"Elías Perrusquia Hernández, Diego Israel Villeda Arias, Claudia Daniela Montes Ángeles, Rey David Andrade González, Joel Lomelí González, Isaac Obed Pérez-Martínez","doi":"10.1523/ENEURO.0384-24.2025","DOIUrl":"10.1523/ENEURO.0384-24.2025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Facial paralysis is characterized by an injury to the facial nerve, causing the loss of the functions of the structures that it innervates, as well as changes in the motor cortex. Current models have some limitations for the study of facial paralysis, such as movement restriction, the absence of studying awake animals in behavioral contexts, and the lack of a model that fully evaluates facial movements. The development of an algorithm capable of automatically inferring facial paralysis and overcoming the existing limitations is proposed in this work. In C57/BL6J mice, we produced both irreversible and reversible facial paralysis. Video recordings were made of the faces of paralyzed mice to develop an algorithm for detecting facial paralysis applied to mice, which allows us to predict the presence of reversible and irreversible facial paralysis automatically. At the same time, the algorithm was used to track facial movement during gustatory stimulation and extracellular electrophysiological recordings in the anterolateral motor cortex (ALM). In the basal state, mice can make facial expressions, whereas the algorithm can detect this movement. Simultaneously, such movement is correlated with the activation in the ALM. In the presence of facial paralysis, the algorithm cannot detect movement. Furthermore, it predicts that the condition exists, and the neuronal activity in the cortex is affected with respect to the evolution of facial paralysis. This way, we conclude that the facial paralysis algorithm applied to mice allows for inferring the presence of experimental facial paralysis and its neuronal correlates for further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11617,"journal":{"name":"eNeuro","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11963837/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143413614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}