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A 4.6-nW, 100-Hz, 63.88-dB DR, Second-Order Subthreshold Gm-C Filter for Portable Biomedical Applications 用于便携式生物医学应用的4.6 nw, 100 hz， 63.88 db DR二阶亚阈值Gm-C滤波器
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70190
Cheng Huang, Yan Han, Qiang Cui
{"title":"A 4.6-nW, 100-Hz, 63.88-dB DR, Second-Order Subthreshold Gm-C Filter for Portable Biomedical Applications","authors":"Cheng Huang,&nbsp;Yan Han,&nbsp;Qiang Cui","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter presents a subthreshold second-order transconductor–capacitor (<i>G<sub>m</sub></i>-<i>C</i>) low-pass filter (LPF) for portable biomedical applications. To broaden the range of linear signal processed by the filter, we modified the source–follower biquad and proposed an advanced <i>g<sub>m</sub></i> cell based on source-coupled pair (SCP). The implementation of self-cascode composite transistors (SC) in the <i>g<sub>m</sub></i> cell resulted in a notable enhancement of the filter's linearity and dynamic range (DR) while maintaining a low power consumption level. The circuit simulations using a 55-nm CMOS process verified that the proposed filter consumes 4.6 nW and contributes input-referred noise (IRN) of 104 µV<sub>rms</sub> at a cut-off frequency of 100 Hz. Furthermore, the LPF attains DR and figure of merit (FoM) values of 63.88 dB and 14.71 fJ, respectively, which is a potential candidate for biomedical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Forward jamming mitigation using partially occupied DDMA-MIMO waveform 利用部分占用的DDMA-MIMO波形缓解正向干扰
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70169
Xuan Fang, Dehua Zhao, Liang Zhang
{"title":"Forward jamming mitigation using partially occupied DDMA-MIMO waveform","authors":"Xuan Fang,&nbsp;Dehua Zhao,&nbsp;Liang Zhang","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter proposes a novel approach to suppress forward jamming from mainlobe using partially occupied Doppler division multiple access (DDMA) waveforms. The partially occupied DDMA mode indicates that the radar only transmits waveforms through part of the orthogonal Doppler channels. It is proved that the forward jamming yields a fake Doppler component in the blank Doppler channel, if the jammer works in saturation. Leveraging this feature, a jamming mitigation method in slow time is proposed and conduct numerical experiments to validate our method.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pseudorandom-Noise-Modulated Ultra-Wideband Magnetless Nonreciprocal Transmission Line 伪随机噪声调制超宽带无磁非互易传输线
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70186
Haoran Wang, Tao Zhang, Xiaoyi Wang, Guo-min Yang, Zhaohui Chen
{"title":"Pseudorandom-Noise-Modulated Ultra-Wideband Magnetless Nonreciprocal Transmission Line","authors":"Haoran Wang,&nbsp;Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Wang,&nbsp;Guo-min Yang,&nbsp;Zhaohui Chen","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70186","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nonreciprocal transmission is essential in a wide range of applications due to its unique ability to control the flow of signals or energy in a specific direction without allowing for its reversal. This letter proposes a novel ultra-wideband magnetless transmission line using pseudorandom noise (PN) sequence modulation. By applying the properties of strong autocorrelation for PN sequences, two PN sequences with the same elements but different delays are utilised to achieve synchronised forward transmitting propagation and unsynchronised backward isolating propagation. A pair of double-sideband mixers are applied for the modulation. An experiment is performed to demonstrate the proposed nonreciprocal transmission line. The experimental results show that a ultra-wideband from 0.5 to 3.5 GHz forward propagation and more than 13 dB backward isolation are achieved. The proposed nonreciprocal transmission line is compatible with silicon-based integration.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Categorization Method of Power Supply Quality Events Using Rule-Based Decision Trees, Combining Traditional Indices With Higher-Order Statistics 基于规则的决策树、传统指标与高阶统计量相结合的供电质量事件分类方法
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70189
Paula Remigio-Carmona, Olivia Florencias-Oliveros, Juan-José González-de-la-Rosa
{"title":"Categorization Method of Power Supply Quality Events Using Rule-Based Decision Trees, Combining Traditional Indices With Higher-Order Statistics","authors":"Paula Remigio-Carmona,&nbsp;Olivia Florencias-Oliveros,&nbsp;Juan-José González-de-la-Rosa","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70189","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter presents a novel method for power quality event detection using higher-order statistical indicators and rule-based decision trees. The method achieves up to 90% efficiency in the most challenging cases and excels in hybrid event classification, increasingly common in modern grids. Its simplicity enables fast execution and real-time applicability, making it a robust complement to traditional visualization tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Note of Non-Existence of Strongly Regular and Deza Graphs 强正则图和Deza图的不存在性注记
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70179
Fernando Andres Benavides, Carlos Alberto Trujillo Solarte
{"title":"A Note of Non-Existence of Strongly Regular and Deza Graphs","authors":"Fernando Andres Benavides,&nbsp;Carlos Alberto Trujillo Solarte","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70179","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this letter, we prove that strongly regular graphs and Deza digraphs do not exist with parameters <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>p</mi>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mi>k</mi>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$(p^m,k,2^m,2^m)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> where <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mo>=</mo>\u0000 <mn>3</mn>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mn>4</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$m=3,4$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. As a consequence, we provide many parameters for which there is no a difference set.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143471980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A GGIW PMBM Smoother for Multiple Extended Object Tracking 多扩展目标跟踪的GGIW PMBM平滑器
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70188
Wenhui Wang, Ye Xu, Kejie Zhang, YouPeng Sun, Peng Li
{"title":"A GGIW PMBM Smoother for Multiple Extended Object Tracking","authors":"Wenhui Wang,&nbsp;Ye Xu,&nbsp;Kejie Zhang,&nbsp;YouPeng Sun,&nbsp;Peng Li","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70188","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) filtering is an effective method for multi-extended target tracking. However, it has a low utilization of information from multiple time scans, leading to potential errors such as jumps and discontinuities in the target trajectories. To address this, propose a gamma Gaussian inverse Wishart PMBM filter that uses multiple time scans for smoothing. The results of continuous tracking are smoothed and corrected at regular intervals, resulting in more accurate tracking performance. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively reduces generalized optimal sub-pattern assignment errors compared to the original PMBM filter.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhanced Segment Anything Model for Accurate White Blood Cell Segmentation 增强分割任何模型准确的白细胞分割
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70185
Yu Zang, Yang Su, Jun Hu
{"title":"Enhanced Segment Anything Model for Accurate White Blood Cell Segmentation","authors":"Yu Zang,&nbsp;Yang Su,&nbsp;Jun Hu","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p>White blood cell image segmentation plays a vital role in the accurate analysis and diagnosis of blood-related diseases, facilitating the identification and quantification of white blood cells (WBCs) in microscopic images. This process is essential for early disease detection, treatment monitoring, and immune response studies, ultimately supporting clinical decision-making. In this paper, we propose an enhanced approach based on the segment anything model (SAM). First, contrast limited adaptive histogram equalisation is applied for preprocessing to enhance the features of WBCs. Then, SAM is utilised for segmentation. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on cross-domain datasets, providing accurate and reliable segmentation of WBCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143455995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
BLADE: Energy-efficient attention accelerator with fused kernel and bit-level redundancy elimination BLADE：具有融合核和位级冗余消除的节能注意力加速器
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70137
Zhiwei Lin, Yubin Qin, Jiachen Wang, Yang Wang, Huanyu Wang, Zhe Zheng, Wenpeng Cui, Shaojun Wei, Yang Hu, Shouyi Yin
{"title":"BLADE: Energy-efficient attention accelerator with fused kernel and bit-level redundancy elimination","authors":"Zhiwei Lin,&nbsp;Yubin Qin,&nbsp;Jiachen Wang,&nbsp;Yang Wang,&nbsp;Huanyu Wang,&nbsp;Zhe Zheng,&nbsp;Wenpeng Cui,&nbsp;Shaojun Wei,&nbsp;Yang Hu,&nbsp;Shouyi Yin","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Attention-based transformer model has achieved remarkable performance in various artificial intelligence fields, while the attention computation, being a combination of matrix multiplication and softmax function, is still sub-optimized in terms of hardware implementation. Normally, it needs 3 pass of input memory access to compute attention, and the on-chip storage requirement is coupled with the input length, both of which pose significant memory issues. Further, the computation burden is heavy for long inputs. This paper proposes an algorithm-hardware co-design for attention. On algorithm side, it uses a linear-softmax fused kernel to fuse the matrix multiplication and non-linear functions, which enables high on-chip memory source utilization. On hardware side, it shows an accelerator named BLADE with identical partial product removing, which eliminates unnecessary computation by exploiting math feature of softmax. Experiment on ViT, Swin transformer, GPT-2, and LLaMA2 show that the proposed design achieves <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>10.6</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$10.6$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>–<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>18.7</mn>\u0000 <mo>%</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$18.7%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> of energy efficiency improvement compared to state-of-the-art FlashAttention implementations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
LET-NLM-Decoder: A WFST-based asynchronous lazy-evaluation token-group decoder for first-pass neural language model decoding let - nlm解码器：一种基于wfst的异步延迟求值令牌组解码器，用于首遍神经语言模型解码
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70145
Fangyi Li, Hang Lv, Yiming Wang, Lei Xie
{"title":"LET-NLM-Decoder: A WFST-based asynchronous lazy-evaluation token-group decoder for first-pass neural language model decoding","authors":"Fangyi Li,&nbsp;Hang Lv,&nbsp;Yiming Wang,&nbsp;Lei Xie","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70145","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neural language models (NLMs) have been shown to outperform n-gram language models in automatic speech recognition (ASR) tasks. NLMs are usually used in the second-pass lattice rescoring rather than the first-pass decoding, since its encoded infinite history virtually cannot be compiled into static decoding graphs. However, the modeling power of NLMs is not fully leveraged due to the constraints imposed by the lattice, leading to accuracy loss. To improve this, on-the-fly composition decoders were proposed to utilize NLMs in first-pass decoding with increased computational cost. In this paper, an asynchronous lazy-evaluation token-group decoder with exact lattice generation is proposed to reduce the computational cost of the on-the-fly composition decoder, achieving significant decoding speedup. More specifically, having a novel token-group with a representative element data structure, the proposed decoder performs lazy-evaluation which expands the tokens until a word boundary is reached. Furthermore, based on the score of the representative element in a token-group, the decoder prunes unpromising tokens by an A* algorithm. The experiments show that the proposed decoder can accelerate the vanilla on-the-fly composition decoder by up to 6.9 times, and get paths with even better average likelihoods than lattice rescoring approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70145","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Time-Based Wireless Synchronous Detection of Bioimpedance Signals 基于时间的生物阻抗信号无线同步检测
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70181
Virgilio Valente, Hanieh Ashrafirad
{"title":"Time-Based Wireless Synchronous Detection of Bioimpedance Signals","authors":"Virgilio Valente,&nbsp;Hanieh Ashrafirad","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This letter presents a novel time-based scheme for wireless measurement of bioimpedance. Conventional circuits measure impedance in the analogue or digital domain, incurring in high power and area consumption resulting from either the use of analogue multipliers and high-order filters, or high-speed ADCs. Wireless transmission of impedance bits further results in a power penalty. Time domain solution offer a unique advantage both in terms of power consumption and technology scalability. Here we present a system that combines a pulse-width modulation–pulse position modulation readout with a pulse-harmonic modulation wireless link for power efficient transmission of impedance data. The paper presents a system-level description of the wireless readout architecture and its operation simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and LTSpice. The work presented here can provide the foundation for the design of novel time-based energy-efficient wireless impedance analysers.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143446807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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