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Accelerated decoding method in fractal image coding
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70120
Qiang Wang
{"title":"Accelerated decoding method in fractal image coding","authors":"Qiang Wang","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To accelerate the fractal decoding process, a minimum domain block set (MDBS)-based fast fractal decoding method is proposed here. In fractal encoding process, it is found that there exists a MDBS which can provide the best-matched domain blocks for all range blocks. In the decoding process, MDBS is first identified before the first iteration. Then, only the range blocks inside MDBS are reconstructed in each of the first to penultimate iterations, and the computations of reconstructing the remaining range blocks outside MDBS can be saved to speedup the decoding process. Finally, all range blocks are reconstructed to obtain the decoded image in the last iteration. Experimental results show that about 5%–17% of total computations in decoding process can be saved.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beam downtilt reconfigurable linear antenna array for 5G/6G macro base stations
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2024-12-23 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70112
Li Chen, Weiyang Liu, Huawei Lin, Yue Zhao, Lei Ge
{"title":"Beam downtilt reconfigurable linear antenna array for 5G/6G macro base stations","authors":"Li Chen,&nbsp;Weiyang Liu,&nbsp;Huawei Lin,&nbsp;Yue Zhao,&nbsp;Lei Ge","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70112","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this letter, a beam downtilt reconfigurable linear antenna array is presented for the demand of the electrical downtilt of 5G/6G macro base station antennas. The antenna is capable of fine-angle beam direction reconfiguration, allowing for improved adaptability in various environmental conditions. A hierarchical network design is employed, which incorporates essential elements such as phase shifter modules, power dividers, and couplers. These fundamental components are used to construct a five-element reconfigurable feeding network for the antenna array. The designed network ensures stable phase shifts and excellent impedance matching performance. By integrating the feeding network with the antenna elements, the system achieves electronic beam tilt adjustment across four states, enabling the linear array to tilt downward within a range of 6–12° around 3.5 GHz. This design provides enhanced beam control, making it suitable for next-generation macro base station applications in 5G and 6G networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An innovative semantically guided SAR imaging and target enhancement method
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70123
Guoru Zhou, Zhe Zhang, Bingchen Zhang, Yirong Wu
{"title":"An innovative semantically guided SAR imaging and target enhancement method","authors":"Guoru Zhou,&nbsp;Zhe Zhang,&nbsp;Bingchen Zhang,&nbsp;Yirong Wu","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70123","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conventional sparse synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging methods apply regularisation to constrain scene priors. However, these methods often neglect specific target regions, resulting in undifferentiated imaging. This letter introduces a novel network for sparse SAR imaging and target region enhancement, using target segmentation semantic information to integrate a modified attention mechanism into the image formation process. The complex-valued convolution is used to handle SAR's complex-valued data. Additionally, SAR imaging operator and its inverse operator accelerate echo processing. Experiments show improvements in the target–background ratio (TBR) and overall reconstruction quality across various downsampling scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A CNN-transformer-based unsupervised aware hierarchical network for medical image registration
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70124
Bo Fang, Lisheng Wang
{"title":"A CNN-transformer-based unsupervised aware hierarchical network for medical image registration","authors":"Bo Fang,&nbsp;Lisheng Wang","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70124","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Medical image registration is a fundamental and important technique in the field of medical image analysis. This study proposes a novel unsupervised end-to-end registration network, aiming to enable the model to actively acquire image features in the field of medical imaging with limited samples, which efficiently integrates multi-scale features to achieve higher accuracy in registration. By utilizing region-to-region routing, this model actively preserves the most relevant features of the images, thereby improving training and learning efficiency. The model is evaluated by several publicly available datasets. The new network proposed in this study achieved the best registration accuracy among various advanced traditional and learning-based methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
High-speed serializer timing-error detection circuit with enhanced verification reliability through floating state prevention
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2024-12-22 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70121
Jongchan Lee, Joo-Hyung Chae
{"title":"High-speed serializer timing-error detection circuit with enhanced verification reliability through floating state prevention","authors":"Jongchan Lee,&nbsp;Joo-Hyung Chae","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article presents a serializer (SER) timing-error detection circuit that enhances the verification reliability of high-speed wireline interfaces. A timing mismatch in the SER leads to bit errors during data transmission. To detect the timing error, the proposed design employs a set-reset latch to self-latch the detection result, improving the error detection accuracy, unlike the previously reported timing-error detection design using a D flip-flop. The prototype transmitter chip, fabricated using a 28-nm CMOS process, was validated for accurate error detection across wide data rates ranging from 1.25 to 13 Gb/s, ensuring reliable high-speed operation while efficiently handling timing mismatches across multiple SER stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143117961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lasers with double asymmetric barrier layers: Direct versus indirect capture of carriers into the lasing ground state in quantum dots 双非对称势垒层激光器：直接与间接捕获载流子进入量子点的激光基态
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70117
Cody Hammack, Levon V. Asryan
{"title":"Lasers with double asymmetric barrier layers: Direct versus indirect capture of carriers into the lasing ground state in quantum dots","authors":"Cody Hammack,&nbsp;Levon V. Asryan","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Static and dynamic characteristics of a quantum dot (QD) laser with double asymmetric barrier layers – an advanced type of semiconductor laser – are studied. Both direct and indirect capture of carriers into the lasing ground state in QDs is considered. The intradot relaxation of carriers, which controls the laser characteristics in the case of only indirect capture, is shown to not be a significant factor in the case of both direct and indirect capture. In the latter case, both the output optical power and modulation bandwidth are considerably increased.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142869001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
W-band LNA employing current reuse and non-linearity cancellation in 28 nm CMOS for automotive radar and 6G applications 采用电流复用和非线性抵消的w波段LNA在28纳米CMOS中用于汽车雷达和6G应用
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70122
Barha Khan, Ellora Kalita, Mustafijur Rahman
{"title":"W-band LNA employing current reuse and non-linearity cancellation in 28 nm CMOS for automotive radar and 6G applications","authors":"Barha Khan,&nbsp;Ellora Kalita,&nbsp;Mustafijur Rahman","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work reports a W-band 2-stage stacked LNA featuring post-distortion non-linearity cancellation (PDC) with programmable gain and enhanced common-mode (CM) stability, fabricated in TSMC 28-nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS). The PDC technique employs diode-connected NMOS transistors to enhance linearity. The diodes are connected to drains of the stage one and, therefore, are isolated from the input, leading to minimal impact on input matching. Since the diodes are in strong inversion, they track well with the main transistors, resulting in robust cancellation across PVT. Additionally, the diodes also enhance the CM stability of the LNA by reducing the CM gain. Use of stacked architecture lowers the DC power consumption, through current re-use in the two stages. Switchable neutralized differential pair cells are used in stage one to achieve variable gain. The LNA consumes 31 mW of power with an IP1dB of -5.5 dBm and IIP3 of 6 dBm leading to an figure-of-merit (FOM) of 31.3 dB. The peak gain is 13 dB at 84.2 GHz, and it maintains <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mo>&gt;</mo>\u0000 <annotation>$mathrm{&gt;}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>5 dB gain between 75 and 95 GHz. The LNA has 2.7 dB of programmable gain control. The minimum measured NF is 6.78 dB at 89.4 GHz. The proposed LNA is suitable for high-linearity receivers for automotive radar and 6G applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142851556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A power-saving control voltage-retention circuit for fast-locking phase-locked loops with sleep mode 一种具有休眠模式的快速锁相环的节电控制保压电路
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70118
Min-Ji Kim, Won-Young Lee
{"title":"A power-saving control voltage-retention circuit for fast-locking phase-locked loops with sleep mode","authors":"Min-Ji Kim,&nbsp;Won-Young Lee","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70118","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study proposes a voltage-retention circuit (VRC) for a low-power phase-locked loop (PLL) designed for mobile interfaces. The PLL, incorporating the proposed scheme, supports the sleep mode to achieve low power consumption and fast switching between the sleep and active modes. To facilitate rapid switching between these modes, the proposed VRC stores the filter information from the previous input during sleep mode, ensuring quick settling upon reactivation. The VRC comprises a resistor-steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC), a comparator, and a counter. During the active mode, the circuit adjusts the DAC using the comparator and counter to track the loop-filter voltage, and it holds the tracked voltage value during the sleep mode. The proposed circuit, designed using a 65-nm CMOS process, demonstrates 54% improved settling time compared to conventional circuits. Additionally, it reduces power consumption during sleep mode by 88%.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70118","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142851557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study of bistability and hyperchaos in a coupled class-B laser system 耦合b类激光系统的双稳性和超混沌研究
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70119
Senlin Yan
{"title":"Study of bistability and hyperchaos in a coupled class-B laser system","authors":"Senlin Yan","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A coupled class-B laser system is presented to obtain a nonlinear emitter. Its bistability was theoretically predicted, and numerically illustrated to demonstrate by a typical bistable curve diagram. The bistable system exhibits some typical nonlinear dynamic behaviours, such as hyperchaos, quasi-period as well as coexistent scenarios, and shows a route to a single-period away from hyperchaos. The hyperchaotic states are diagnosed to find by Lyapunov exponent. The hyperchaotic four-scroll strange attractor was illustrated to be characterized by ergodicity, complexity, and randomness. The result has a reference value for a bistable optical device, a hyperchaotic emitter, and their applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142861662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modified fast discrete-time PID formulas for obtaining double precision accuracy 改进快速离散PID公式，获得双精度精度
IF 0.7 4区 工程技术
Electronics Letters Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1049/ell2.70114
Eungnam Kim, Jin-Young Choi
{"title":"Modified fast discrete-time PID formulas for obtaining double precision accuracy","authors":"Eungnam Kim,&nbsp;Jin-Young Choi","doi":"10.1049/ell2.70114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/ell2.70114","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers are widely used across various industries. This paper presents a new modified PID controller based on integer origin raw data, which are equivalent to classic PID controller based on floating-point actual values. These new formulas presented in new PID controller provide a mathematical approach to the ‘Classic PID Formula’, ‘Subtractor Formula’ and ‘Scaling Formula’, which form the basis of classic PID controller. The approach integrates these three formulas and separates them into integer and real value by applying the properties of associativity and commutativity. This method uses origin raw data as input to perform integer-based computation and performs floating-point operations once. This resulted in faster computation time and energy savings, while showing accuracy comparable to the existing double precision formulas.</p>","PeriodicalId":11556,"journal":{"name":"Electronics Letters","volume":"60 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/ell2.70114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142851555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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